The transition period is a critical phase for the sow due to physiological changes and nutritional requirements. A diet balanced in energy and amino acid (AA) content could improve reproductive performance, colostrum quality and piglets' growth. This study evaluated the efficacy of a transition diet (TRT) with higher energy (12.97 MJ/kg of metabolizable energy (ME)) and SID lysine (Lys; 0.85

The INFOGEST protocol is widely used for standardized in vitro digestion studies, but its application to cell models remains challenging due to residual enzyme activity, bile salts, and matrix effects that impair cell metabolism. This study investigated a post-digestion processing strategy to enable direct testing of INFOGEST digesta on 2D Caco-2 monolayers and intestine-on-chip systems without chemical inhibitors. Five post-digestion storage methodologies were compared: A, no storage; B, liquid nitrogen at - 80 °C; C, liquid nitrogen/freeze-drying; D, - 20 °C/freeze-drying; and E, - 20 °C. Residual enzymatic activities and effects on epithelial cell morphology and viability were evaluated, and the optimized workflow was validated in a microfluidic intestine-on-chip, including plant matrices. The condition D significantly reduced residual enzymatic activity, especially trypsin, identified as a key mediator of epithelial cell disruption. This storage method preserved Caco-2 monolayer integrity at a 25% dilution, with no cytotoxicity or cell detachment. When applied to digested Brassica oleracea and Malus domestica matrices, condition D did not compromise cell viability as evidenced by the results obtained with INFOGEST digesta in the absence of plant food matrices. In intestine-on-chip experiments, treated digesta produced stable TEER values and continuous ZO-1 localization, confirming barrier integrity. This simple freeze-then-lyophilize workflow enables a scalable and biocompatible integration of INFOGEST digestion with advanced cellular models for studying food bioaccessibility and intestinal absorption.

BACKGROUND:Colostrum is recognised as the "golden elixir of health" due to its optimal chemical, immunological and nutraceutical properties for newborns, but little is known about its nature in the pig. This study aims to provide a multi-omics characterisation of pig colostrum from different parities (gilts, n = 7, second, n = 7 and mature, n = 6 sows) to identify the most relevant bioactive compounds associated with piglet survival and average daily gain (ADG) and faecal microbiota till d 6 and d 24. RESULTS:Nine hundred and fifty metabolites (108 chemically confirmed) and 71 fatty acids (FAs) were characterised in colostrum. Parity class was the main driver for piglet survivability (P < 0.001; highest in second parity), metabolomics (R2 = 0.97; Q2 = 0.52; > 200 discriminated metabolites) and lipidomic profile (22 discriminated FAs) and piglet faecal microbiota (beta diversity P < 0.05 at d 6 and d 24). Colostrum composition allowed clustering for piglet mortality from d 0 to d 6 (Q2 > 0.50). Mortality classes at d 6 were discriminated by 177 metabolites and 2 FAs and 248 metabolites and 21 FAs at d 24. At both timepoints a higher abundance of C18:2 8trans,10cis discriminated for lower mortality (importance = 1 for d 6 and 0.34 for d 24). Pathway analysis at d 6 and d 24 indicated arginine biosynthesis and alpha-linoleic acid metabolism as most enriched metabolism in swine colostrum related to higher survivability. The multi-omics integration analysis revealed that a higher faecal abundance of Lachnospiraceae_FCS020, Holdemania, Roseburia, and a higher colostrum abundance of C18:2 8trans,10cis, and the C18:1 5trans and salicylic acid as metabolites were the most associated with a lower mortality. The ADG classes d 0-24 were discriminated by 151 metabolites and 33 FAs. Higher ADG (240 g/d) was discriminated by colostrum vitamin E, histidine, and branched-chain amino acids (VIP score > 1), while L-kynurenine and gamma-aminobutyric acid were linked to lower growth, suggesting maternal stress. CONCLUSION:This study confirms the importance of parity order in shaping colostrum composition and identifies several bioactive compounds, some parity-dependent and others parity-independent, that may be associated with improved piglet survival and gut microbiota maturation. The findings may also support the development of next-generation artificial colostrum supplements.

Microbial muramidase (MUR) can hydrolyses bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) in the gut, thereby reducing PGN-induced mucosal inflammation and promoting intestinal homeostasis. Based on this, it was hypothesised that dietary supplementation with microbial MUR in weaned pigs would enhance growth performance and improve gut health and microbial balance. Ninety-six pigs (28 ± 0.2 days old) were assigned to either a control group (CTR, standard diet) or a treatment group (TRT, diet supplemented with 65,000 lysozyme specific units measured with a fluorescein assay (LSU(F)/kg) from day (d) 0 (weaning) to d44. Weekly assessments included body weight (BW), feed intake, faecal scores, and antibiotic treatments. Faecal samples were collected on d9 and d28. The MUR supplementation reduced antibiotic treatments up to d28 (p < 0.01). Pigs receiving MUR had a higher final BW (d44, p = 0.01), average daily gain (d0–d44, p < 0.05) and a better feed efficiency (p < 0.05) compared to the CTR group. Microbiota analysis showed reduced alpha diversity (Chao1 index) at d9 (p = 0.02) in TRT pigs, but no differences at d28. Beta diversity differed at both time points (R2 = 0.05; p < 0.05). LEfSe analysis revealed reduced abundance of Turicibacter (LDA > 3, p < 0.01), and Colidextribacter (LDA > 3, p < 0.01) in the TRT group at both d9 and d28. Despite microbiota changes, volatile fatty acid concentrations remained unchanged, suggesting intact fermentative activity. Overall, MUR improved growth and reduced antibiotic use, possibly by affecting gut microbiota and nutrient utilisation.

The present study evaluates the effects of tree presence in an agroforestry system on maize performance, focusing on yield, nutritive value, fatty acid composition, and resistance to biotic stresses. Two maize hybrids, FAO C300 and FAO C500, were cultivated (i) in the narrow alleys of an agroforestry alley-cropping system based on SRC poplar tree rows and (ii) in a treeless control system. In 2023, the results indicate that tree presence does not reduce the average grain yield. However, a significant interaction between systems and maize hybrids was observed. FAO C500 demonstrated superior adaptability to the agroforestry environment, likely due to its longer growth cycle and more developed leaf and root systems, which allow for better resource utilization under water stress conditions. Tree presence did not affect the fatty acid profile of the grains, although FAO C500 accumulated more linoleic acid, while FAO C300 showed higher levels of oleic acid. The agroforestry environment reduced seed infestation by Aspergillus niger, particularly in the FAO C500 hybrid, but increased damage by insects on ear surfaces. These findings highlight the variability in maize hybrid suitability for agroforestry; however, since these results are based on only one year of experimentation, further trials over multiple years are necessary to validate these findings and gain a deeper understanding of tree effects on maize performance.

Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) and using synthetic amino acids (AAs) reduces environmental impact but may affect pigs' growth. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a low CP and a low amylose-to-amylopectin ratio (AM:AP) diet on performance, welfare, and faecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs. 384 pigs (36.76 kg) were assigned to a control (CO) or a treated (TRT) diets blocked for sex and body weight. The TRT reduced the CP by 1.5%, 1.4%, and 0.7% across three feeding phases and the AM:AP ratio (TRT = 7 vs CO = 16.97). Pigs were weighed at day (d) 0, d36 and d160; faecal samples (16 pigs/group) were analysed for microbiota (v3–v4 16S rRNA gene sequencing), calprotectin, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia concentrations at d11, d36 and d160. Behavioural indices and pen-level air gases were monitored monthly. No differences in performance were observed. Faecal microbiota alpha diversity was affected by diet-time interaction (p < 0.0001). At d36 and d160, the TRT had a higher abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (p = 0.002, p = 0.009, respectively) and Terrisporobacter (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively). Total VFAs and butyric acid at d11 and iso-butyric and iso-valeric acids at d161 were higher in the males of the TRT group (p < 0.05). On d71, the TRT group had a higher environmental carbon dioxide (p < 0.02) concentration. TRT pigs exhibited greater activity (p = 0.03 at d50), with no differences in tail or ear lesions. In conclusion, a low CP and AM:AP diet can maintain fattening pigs performance and welfare while indirectly potentially reducing environmental impact.

The aquaculture sector has seen significant growth recently but also faces sustainability challenges due to the use of fish meal and fish oil. This project explored the potential of using partially defatted Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae meal (BSFL meal) as a sustainable alternative to fish meal in Sparus aurata diets. The trial was conducted with 132 fish reared in six tanks and fed two aquafeeds: a standard (CTRL) and an experimental (IF) in which fish meal was replaced (10%) with partially defatted BSFL meal. Fillets were analysed for chemical composition, elemental composition, fatty acid (FA) profile, primary and secondary oxidative products, cholesterol, pH and colour. Moreover, a panel of food experts (n = 26) was involved in a discrimination sensory test (duo–trio test) on raw and cooked fillets. The results showed no differences in chemical and physical analyses. The FA profile of IF was characterised by a significantly higher content of lauric acid (p-value 0.009) and myristic acid (p-value 0.049) than the CTRL ones. The panellists correctly identified the raw samples and found differences. On the other hand, only about 50% of the assessors correctly identified the cooked samples. The overall results suggest that partially defatted BSFL meal may represent a valid alternative for aquafeed production that could affect the sensory properties of raw fillets without altering their nutritional composition.

This study evaluated the effects of on-farm slaughter (OF) compared to traditional slaughter (TS) on animal welfare, meat quality, and microbiological safety in Cinta senese pigs reared outdoors. Forty pigs were slaughtered using both methods across different seasons, allowing for the analysis of environmental influences via the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). Blood parameters (cortisol, LDH, CPK), carcass and meat microbial loads, and technological meat quality traits were assessed. Pigs slaughtered on-farm showed significantly lower levels of cortisol, LDH, and CPK, indicating reduced physiological stress. Meat from these animals also had a lower pH 24 h post-mortem, suggesting improved glycolytic activity and better preservation of quality traits. Microbiological analysis showed no significant differences between the two methods, with all carcasses remaining within safety thresholds, although mesophilic counts tended to be lower in OF carcasses. Environmental conditions, especially THI in the two weeks before slaughter, affected some microbial loads in meat but not in carcasses. The results demonstrate that OF slaughter is a viable alternative that can significantly reduce animal stress and maintain both meat quality and microbiological safety, offering a sustainable and ethical option for small-scale or pasture-based pig farming.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for piglets, especially during the challenging post-weaning period. This study investigated the effects of two dietary Zn sources, namely zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and a porous zinc oxide (pZnO), used at the European-authorized dietary level on piglets of differing birth body weights (BBWs): low (LBBW <1 kg) and normal (NBBW >1 kg). At weaning (25 days, d0), 64 piglets were assigned to four groups based on BBW and Zn source and fed diets that reached a total Zn level of 150 mg/kg. Body weight was monitored weekly until d21. On d9 and d21, 32 piglets were slaughtered for gut histology, immunohistochemistry, gene expression, blood markers, pH measurement, microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis. The NBBW group had higher BW throughout the study (P<0.01), confirming BBW as a key factor influencing growth and physiological maturity. The pZnO group tended to have a higher average daily gain in the periods d0-d9 and d9-d14 (P<0.10). The pZnO reduced jejunum pH at d21 (P = 0.02). The interaction between diet and BBW influenced the nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 (NFKB2) expression at d9 (P = 0.03), with LBBW piglets fed ZnSO4 showing higher expression. At d21, the interaction between diet and BBW affected the villus height (P = 0.05) and the absorptive mucosal surface (P = 0.02), which were higher in the NBBW group than in the LBBW group fed ZnSO4, while no difference was observed between the NBBW and LBBW groups fed the pZnO. Differences in microbiota beta diversity were associated with BBW (P = 0.07 at d9; P = 0.03 at d21), and taxa abundance varied with Zn source and BBW. Overall, the results demonstrate that the pZnO positively influenced gut health and performance in weaned piglets, particularly in the LBBW group. The differential response to Zn sources according to BBW suggests that tailored mineral strategies could help mitigate the effects of weaning stress in vulnerable piglets.

Background The prolificacy of sows (litter size at birth) has markedly increased, leading to higher post-natal mortality. Heat stress can exacerbate this issue. Arginine plays an important role in several physiological pathways; its effect on gestating sows can depend on the period of supplementation. This study evaluated the effects of arginine supplementation on the productive performance and physiological status of sows during different gestation periods and seasons, using a multi-omics approach. Methods A total of 320 sows were divided into 4 groups over 2 seasons (warm/cold); a control group (CO) received a standard diet (including 16.5 g/d of arginine) and 3 other groups received the standard diet supplemented with 21.8 g/d of arginine (38.3 g/d of arginine) either during the first 35 d (Early35), the last 45 d (Late45) or throughout the entire gestation period (COM). The colostrum was analyzed for nutritional composition, immunoglobulins and metabolomic profile. Urine and feces were analyzed on d 35 and 106 for the metabolomic and microbial profiles. Piglet body weight and mortality were recorded at birth, d 6, d 26, and on d 14 post-weaning. Results Interactions between arginine and season were never significant. The Early35 group had a lower percentage of stillborn (P < 0.001), mummified (P = 0.002) and low birthweight (LBW) piglets (P = 0.02) than the CO group. The Late45 group had a lower percentage of stillborn piglets (P = 0.029) and a higher percentage of high birthweight piglets (HBW; P < 0.001) than the CO group. The COM group had a higher percentage of LBW (P = 0.004) and crushed piglets (P < 0.001) than the CO group. Arginine supplementation modifies the metabolome characterization of colostrum, urine, and feces. Creatine and nitric oxide pathways, as well as metabolites related to microbial activity, were influenced in all matrices. A slight trend in the beta diversity index was observed in the microbiome profile on d 35 (P = 0.064). Conclusions Arginine supplementation during early gestation reduced the percentage of stillborn and LBW piglets, while in the last third of pregnancy, it favored the percentage of HBW pigs and reduced the percentage of stillbirths, showing that arginine plays a significant role in the physiology of pregnant sows.

Soy contributes to the environmental impact of Italian pork production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a reduced soybean meal (SBM) and crude protein (CP) finishing diet on growth performance, health, behaviour and gut health of Italian heavy pigs. 1920 pigs (35.6 kg body weight; (BW)) balanced by sex and BW were assigned to the control diet (CO), or the treated diet (TRT) formulated by reducing SBM by 31%, 67% and 69% (replaced by pea and sunflower meal) in 3 feeding phases, respectively, and 1.2% CP in the third phase. 251 pigs were individually weighed at d11, d94 and d181. Feed intake (FI), behavioural indices and air gases at pen-level were monitored monthly. Faecal samples (20/pigs/group) for microbiota, ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and hair for stress biomarkers were collected. Diet did not affect final BW, faecal ammonia, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone. From d11-d94, the CO group had higher gain to feed (G:F) (p = .007), favourable faecal VFAs profile and a lower environmental ammonia (p < .0001). From d10-d181, the TRT diet increased the ADG (p = .04) and G:F (p = .01), reduced FI (p < .0001) and the lesions score index at d102 (p = .03) and promoted Methanobrevibacter (d94; padj. = 0.013) and Clostridium sensu stricto (d181; padj. = 0.001). Overall, the TRT diet combined with the stress of the transport and acclimatisation to the farm may limit the growth of pigs in the initial period, but it can increase their growth in the long term. Concluding, replacing 56% of SBM with sustainable alternatives seems promising for heavy pig.

Improving the synchrony between amino acids (AAs) and glucose appearance in the blood can support the growth performance of weaned pigs fed a low crude protein (CP) diet. This can be achieved using a diet with a low amylose-to-amylopectin ratio (AM/AP). The aim of this experiment was to evaluate whether reducing the AM/AP by using a corn variety characterized by a high amylopectin content, in the weaning diet can sustain growth performance and improve the intestinal health of pigs fed a low-CP diet. At weaning (25 +/- 2 d), 90 pigs were assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) control group (CTR), fed a standard diet with a medium-high CP content and high AM/AP (days 0 to 13: 18.0% CP, 0.13 AM/AP; days 14 to 27: 16.6% CP, 0.30 AM/AP; days 28 to 49: 16.7% CP, 0.15 AM/AP); 2) a group fed a low-CP diet with a high AM/AP (LP) (days 0 to 13: 16.0% CP, 0.17 AM/AP; days 13 to 27: 14.7% CP, 0.17 AM/AP; days 28 to 49: 14.5% CP, 0.25 AM/AP); 3) a group fed a low CP and a low AM/AP diet (LPLA) (days 0 to 13: 16.0% CP, 0.09 AM/AP; days 14 to 27: 14.7% CP, 0.05 AM/AP; days 28 to 49: 14.5% CP, 0.09 AM/AP). Pigs were weighted weakly until day 49. Fecal samples were collected on days 10 and 42 (12 samples/group/timepoint) for ammonia and calprotectin content and microbiota profile characterization. Until day 28, body weight (BW) of pigs from CTR was not different from pigs of the LPLA group, whereas it was higher from pigs of the LP group (P < 0.05). Thereafter, CTR group had greater BW compared with LP and LPLA groups for all the other timepoints considered (P < 0.05). From days 0 to 7 LPLA group had a lower incidence of diarrhea than the LP group (P = 0.04). On day 10, LPLA group had a greater alpha diversity (Shannon and InvSimpson indices), than the CTR (P = 0.03) and LP (P = 0.04) groups. On day 42, LPLA group had significantly greater InvSimpson diversity than LP group (P = 0.028). On day 10, LP group was characterized by greater abundance of Lactobacillus (LDA score = 5.15, P = 0.02), Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1 (LDA score = 4.90, P = 0.02) and Oscillospiraceae NK4A214-group (LDA score = 4.87, P = 0.004), whereas LPLA group was characterized by greater abundance of Prevotella (LDA score = 5.04, P = 0.003) and Agathobacter (LDA score = 4.77, P = 0.05). In conclusion, while reducing CP levels may negatively impact growth performance, when combined with higher amylopectin levels, it can reduce the incidence of diarrhea and increase fecal microbial diversity.

Specific characteristics of the eggs from nucleus populations of Ancona (AN), Bianca di Saluzzo (BS), Bionda Piemontese (BP), Livorno, Mericanel della Brianza (MB), Mugellese (MU), Siciliana (SI) and Valdarnese (VA) chicken breeds kept in University Research Centres across Italy were evaluated. The physical characteristics considered were whole egg weight and shell, yolk and albumen proportion. The chemical characteristics considered were dry matter (DM), ash and protein content of the yolk and albumen, and the yolk fat. Among the breed groups evaluated in this study, BS and BP produce large eggs that are rich in total crude protein and lipids, with abundant egg whites. MB and MU produce small eggs with a high yolk percentage. AN and SI hens produce medium-small-sized eggs. The heaviest yolks were observed in AN eggs, and the highest shell percentage was found in SI eggs. LB and VA produce medium-large-sized eggs with low yolk lipid content.

Exposure to air and light lowers the meat quality of chickens, which is mainly determined by the color alteration and accumulation of detrimental products from lipid oxidation. This study tests the effects of 2 supplements rich in polyphenols, Oxilem (OX) and OxiGem (OG), on broiler Ross 308 performance and meat quality in comparison to a control group (C). A total of 105 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were allocated to 21 pens and randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments. The trial lasted 42 d. Individual live weight and feed intake per pen were recorded. Proximate analysis, color, cholesterol content and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), fatty acids (FAs), volatile aldehydes profile, and secondary oxidation products of meat FAs were determined, with analyses for detecting oxidative alterations conducted on breast burgers preserved for 7 d at 4°C. Birds fed OG grew 7 g/d more than those receiving OX, reaching a higher final weight. After slaughtering, meat from the OX group had a higher yellow index compared to C. After 7 d of air and light exposure, the influence on the color parameters of the OG and OX burgers was significantly less pronounced than that of C. Secondary oxidation products of the FAs of the burgers were not significantly affected by the diet regimens. In addition, OX and OG burgers exhibited lower amounts of volatile aldehydes, triol and COPs. These results confirm the effectiveness of OX and OG supplementation against lipid oxidation at the inclusion level used in this trial.

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BACKGROUND: Few reports have addressed the change in renal replacement therapy (RRT) management in the In-tensive care Units (ICUs) over the years in western countries. This study aims to assess the trend of dialytic practice in a 4.5-million population-based study of the northwest of Italy.METHODS: A nine-year survey covering all the RRT provided in the ICUs. Consultant nephrologists of the 26 Nephrol-ogy and Dialysis centers reported their activities in the years 2007, 2009, 2012, and 2015. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2015 the patients treated increased from 1042 to 1139, and the incidence of RRT from 254 to 263 cases/10 boolean AND 6 inhabitants. The workload for dialysis center was higher in the larger hub hospitals. RRT for acute kidney injury (AKI), continuation of treatment in chronically dialyzed patients, or extrarenal indications accounted for about the stable rate of 70, 25 and 5% of all RRT sessions, respectively. Continuous modality days increased from 2731 days (39.5%) in 2007 to 5076 (70.6%) in 2015, when the continuous+prolonged treatment days were 6880/7196 (95.6% of total days). As to RRT timing, in 2015 only the classical clinical criteria, and no K-DIGO stage were adopted by most Centers. As to RRT interruption, in 2015 urine volume was the first criterion. Implementation of citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for RRT patients significantly increased from 2.8% in 2007 to 30.9% in 2015, when it was applied in all 26 Centers. CONCLUSIONS: From 2007 to 2015, current practice has changed towards shared protocols, with increasing continuous modality and RCA implementation.

Although increasingly used in animal feeding, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens - HI) and mealworm (Tenebrio molitor - TM) larvae and pupae require the characterization and modulation of their fat profile for use in the feed industry. In this study, we provide a comprehensive fatty acid profile of the total lipid triglycerides and phospholipids, and sterol composition. For a more detailed characterization of the nutritional properties, we defined the profile of esterified fatty acids (FAs) in the sn-2 position of the triglycerides, which represents the most adsorbed fraction by animals during digestion. Twenty-four batches (12 batches per species divided into 6 batches of larvae and 6 batches of pupae) of 70 subjects were used for the analysis. For each of the developmental stages, individuals in the intermediate stage were considered (2 months and 8 days for TM larvae and pupae respectively; 9 days and 7 days for HI larvae and pupae respectively). Some fatty acids (decanoic, lauric, or myristic acid) were more abundant in HI than in TM. These FAs were produced de novo, indicating that HI produce them from carbohydrates as a source of acetyl-CoA. Hermetia illucens showed a higher level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, a class of fatty acids with positive health effects. In contrast, TM showed a similar fatty acid profile to the plant lipid source (such as soy and sunflower) due to the high level of linoleic acid. Analysis of the triglyceride fraction showed a different affinity for the three glyceride positions. In particular, lauric acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 and CLA isomers esterified preferentially in sn-2, and therefore were the most adsorbed by the animal during digestion. As for the phospholipids, HI showed a higher level, above all in terms of the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Interestingly there was no sphingomyelin in the pupae of both species. The high level of phospholipids is a useful feature for the emulsion of fats in animal feed diets. Lastly, we observed a considerable amount of phytosterol in the sterol profile of both species, which makes these insects a valid alternative to other food sources of plant origin for animal nutrition. We believe that our findings provide new nutritional information for the use of TM and HI in the animal diet.

Linseed supplementation improves the fatty acid (FA) profile of meat, primarily by increasing α-linolenic acid (ALA). Pork is one of the most consumed meats, though the high level of saturated FA, therefore, a change of the FA profile is needed to improve the health properties. The aim of this work was to study the influence of extruded linseed supplementation on the FA profile in 5 different pork cuts, increasing their nutraceutical properties. Sixty pigs were divided into two groups, which were fed two different diets: control (C) and experimental (L, 8% supplementation with extruded flaxseed). Five cuts were sampled: backfat (Bf), bacon (B), Boston shoulder (Bs), ham lean part (Hl) and ham fatty part (Hf). The L diet reduced fat content in Hf (-6%) and B (-11%), while the other cuts did not show differences. Moreover, L group showed a higher level of n-3 PUFA (approx. 9-fold), with a significant reduction in the n-6/n-3 from 20 to 2.5. In cuts rich in fat (Bf, B and Hf) of L group, the level of n-3 PUFA was higher than the thresholds set by EU to obtain the claim "Source of omega-3 fatty acids". In contrast, the lean cuts (Hl and Bs) did not exceed the threshold of n-3 PUFA required to obtain the claim, as consequence of the low level of fat. The results demonstrated that a diet with 8% extruded linseed enhanced the nutraceutical quality of pork meat.

A leitura é um processo que compreende um trabalho minucioso visando o entendimento dos objetivos e a compreensão do que se depende ensinar e aprender. É a concretização do conhecimento adquirido através da organização das palavras. Para compreender como a leitura é aprendida, é necessário, em primeiro lugar, compreender o que significa o ato de ler. O ensino da leitura e da escrita deve ser ministrado de tal maneira que enfatize não apenas o domínio dos elementos textuais, mas também a importância da compreensão e interpretação desses elementos. A presente pesquisa foi realizada na Escola Municipal Miguel Duarte Castelo Branco, fica localizada no Conjunto Jose Furtado, 65625-000 Duque Bacelar – MA. Este estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa de campo de natureza qualitativa, baseando-se nos princípios de Marconi e Lakatos (2011). No decorrer desta pesquisa foi possível observar o desenvolvimento do conteúdo, elaboração de atividade acontece de forma clara e eficiente. Consequentemente observou-se que houve uma animação da turma, pois o interesse pela aprendizagem da leitura de forma lúdica, trouxe encanto e alegria as crianças com o uso de brincadeiras direcionadas. A aquisição da leitura e escrita nas séries iniciais é uma etapa fundamental na formação dos alunos, e a escolha adequada das metodologias utilizadas pelas escolas desempenha um papel crucial nesse processo.

We compared the effect of two different kinds of steam oven-a standard (SO) and a superheated steam (SHS) oven-on four different kinds of samples: hamburgers, bovine steaks, pork steaks, and salmon fillets. Ten samples of each meat/fish were divided into three parts. Then samples were analyzed as (i) raw, (ii) cooked with SO, and (iii) cooked with SHS. For each sample, we determined the proximate composition, fatty acid composition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The results of fatty acid composition were processed both with a linear model and with a multivariate approach by using three complementary discriminant analysis techniques: canonical (CAN), stepwise (St) and discriminant (DA). SHS was effective in degreasing hamburgers but not the other kinds of samples. Cooking methods selectively affected the fatty acid profile of samples, SHS being higher in MUFA and lower in PUFA n-3 than SO. This result was also confirmed by the discriminant analysis. Finally, samples cooked with SHS showed a lower fatty acid oxidation extent than SO, as the TBARS value was significantly lower in the SHS than in the SO, irrespective of the type of meat/fish cooked.