A review of accumulated international clinical experience and prognostic significance calculations of metastatic involvement of the lingual lymph nodes is given. Anatomical terminology of lingual lymph nodes and its contradictive aspects are discussed. It is shown that metastatic lesions of the lingual lymph nodes posses high prognostic value, therein a topographic anatomic classification of the lingual lymph nodes is needed to increase the efficiency of diagnosis and augmenting of the oncologic treatment results. This classification should be unified to avoid misunderstanding between researchers.

Ovarian serous borderline tumors are usually found in women of reproductive age and perimenopausal women. Therefore, the issue of preserving the reproductive and hormonal functions is highly relevant. We analyzed specific ultrasonic characteristics of ovarian serous borderline tumors by comparing preoperative ultrasound and postoperative morphological findings in 98 patients. Ultrasonography is an effective method of patient monitoring after conservative and ultraconservative surgeries for ovarian serous borderline tumors.

Gestational trophoblastic disease is a group of pathological conditions of the trophoblast, which includes both benign and malignant forms. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor is one of the rare malignant trophoblastic tumors. The tumor develops from intermediate trophoblastic cells and is characterized by the absence of villi and presence of clusters of atypical mononuclear trophoblastic cells and elements of syncytiotrophoblast, similar to epithelial cells in their appearance. Patients with epithelioid trophoblastic tumors usually have extragenital tumor foci with no pathology detected in the uterus. Pelvic ultrasound is an essential stage of such patients' examination. Conventional ultrasound and Doppler ultrasonography are informative, reliable, easy to use, and non-invasive diagnostic procedures that provide wide opportunities of dynamic evaluation of the disease during the course of anticancer therapy and subsequent follow up. Comprehensive diagnostics enables timely detection of a rare morphological variant of a malignant trophoblastic tumor and ensures right decision on the treatment strategy, which is the key to a favorable outcome with preserved reproductive function.

Objective is to identify regularity of metastases distribution of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the lymph nodes of the neck without revealed primary focus, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of various methods of treatment.Materials and methods. Performed the retrospective 45 patients data analysis with metastases of SCC in cervical lymph nodes without the revealed primary focus treated in different departments of N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology from 2005 to 2012. The source of information were outpatient studies and medical histories, histological preparations and paraffin blocks.Results. Metastases of SCC without revealed primary focus are most typical for nodes of a neck and upper part of the body, there are among the patients mostly males aged 50–59 years. To establish the localization of the primary focus, traditional diagnostic procedures are not always effective: in morphological analysis, the primary focus can be hidden behind inflammatory changes, in addition, the tumor lesion can be of a primary focus. Tumors, similar to lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, could also simulate metastasis in the lymph node. Tonsil cancer is very often not detected even with repeated biopsies, therefore diagnostic tonsillectomy is justified. Survival depends slightly on the identification of the source of metastasis. The range of treatment methods for SCC is limited, combined and complex methods demonstrate greater efficiency, chemotherapy is less reasonable. The leading prognostic factor is the degree of distribution of metastatic lesion. Virologic analysis allows only to assume localization of the tumor process in the nasopharynx in patients with human papillomavirus and predict their greater survival, and the number of patients with Epstein–Barr virus is too small for reasonable hypotheses.Conclusion. With metastases of SCC in the lymph nodes of the neck without the revealed primary focus, the hidden distributing tumor is most often appears in the pharyngeal tonsils and in the root region of the tongue. In some cases, the metastatic node can be the primary focus. The most effective complex therapy is surgical intervention with followed radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy. The spectrum (range) of diagnostic procedures can include bilateral tonsillectomy and mucosectomy of the root region of the tongue.

In this article there are considered current views on biology of ovarian serous borderline tumors, there is presented a modern histological classification of 2014, which has undergone some changes. Variants of serous borderline tumors are described in terms of morphology, clinical course and prognosis. Also there is discussed the issue of the pathogenesis in the development of ovarian borderline tumors, the contribution of gene mutations in the occurrence of borderline, poorly or well differentiated ovarian tumors. There are described in details features of morphology of serous borderline tumors, the interrelationship of their occurrence and dedifferentiation in dependence on the molecular and genetic deteriorations. In the article there is considered the microinvasive version of the serous borderline tumors and specified criteria for the establishment of this diagnosis. There are given the definition and characterization of micropapillary serous borderline tumors, there is discussed their impact on the course of the disease and prognosis. The issue of terminology is considered in terms of current views and history.

The paper discusses the results of studies conducted in international clinics and the authors’ data on approaches to treating borderline ovarian tumors. It analyzes and comparatively assesses groups of patients who have received chemotherapy and those who have not. The authors mainly state the view that chemotherapy for borderline ovarian tumors affects their prognosis in no way, but makes it even worse in a number of investigations. They also give the data of their observations, which show that attitudes towards chemotherapy for borderline ovarian tumors change in different decades. If in the 1980s chemotherapy was a mandatory treatment stage, it is nowadays prescribed only in exceptional cases in the author’s clinic. Different predictors, such as microinvasion, the micropapillary pattern of borderline tumors, invasive implants, their impact on the probability of recurrences and survival are being investigated. Whether chemotherapy against unfavorable factors, such as invasive implants, may be used is considered. There is evidence that conservative and ultraconservative surgeries for borderline ovarian tumors may be performed. Ultraconservative operations that can spare ovarian tissue as much as possible demonstrate the best pregnancy and labor outcomes as compared with conservative surgical approaches. Thus, this paper considers whether it is expedient to use chemotherapy in patients with borderline ovarian tumors. It also discusses scientists’ views and the authors’ data on neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments, predictors in borderline ovarian tumors, and survival rates in different international clinics.

Organ-preserving operations (OPO) in patients with immature ovarian teratoma are shown to be a required technique that permits reproductive function to be preserved in young female patients. The most important positive aspect of OPO is also to preserve a normal hormonal background, owing to which surgical castration-related disorders may be prevented.

To paper describes the general provisions of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of borderline ovarian tumors, which are based on current literature data. Their correct diagnosis will be able to perform adequate and at the same time organ-sparing surgery volume that will be re- sponsible for preserving reproductive and endocrine functions. Whether chemotherapy used as usual in patients with borderline ovarian tumors in some healthcare facilities is unadvisable is discussed.

This article considers the clinical features, morphology and general conteporary principles of treatment of ovarian serous borderline tumors. Despite to presence of several malignant signs in borderline ovarian tumors, disease rather has favorable outcome. It allows to perform the conservative surgery for patient in reproductive age, preserve ovarian tissue and save fertility.

The paper deals with the data on treatment of 63 patients with serous borderline tumors of the ovary (SBTO). Mean age was 40.2 years. The study included 30 patients (47.6%) with stage IA tumor, 15 (23.8%)--IB, 4 (6.3%)--II and 14 (22.2%)--stage III. Relapse frequency was 14.3%, irrespective of stage and method of therapy. Surgery was given to 18 patients (28.6%), combined therapy--by 45 (71.4%). Recurrent tumor was recorded after surgery in 2 (3.2%) and in 7 (14.8%) after combined therapy. Generally, surgery is the main treatment received by patients with SBTO. Adjuvant chemotherapy was not followed by decrease in relapse rates.