Adansonia digitata L. (Kalpvriksha, Baobab) of the family Malvaceae is an endangered flora in India. The micropropagation of woody plants, adventitious root and shoot development remain some of the major problems due to their recalcitrance to in vitro handling. In the present study, an efficient protocol for in vitro shoot regeneration and propagation of recalcitrant baobab trees was developed. Shoot induction on nodal explants was evaluated using various concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Kinetin (Kn) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) with NAA. The highest number of adventitious shoots per explants (3.2±2.33) and longest shoots (3.3±2.20) were recorded on 0.5mg/L BAP and 0.2mg/L NAA treatments. Three auxins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were used in the induction of roots. The highest rooting was achieved with IBA-treated shoots at 1.0 mg/L concentration. Although A. digitata has previously revealed complexity in in vitro proliferation, the results proved efficient and reproducible. The 74% survival rates of plantlets was observed after three months.

The artificial intelligence (AI) has been a platform of immense assistance to develop and simplify discoveries in medical science. However, the environmentalist have been researching this concept to benefit the environment to establish multidimensional discoveries of clean energy. An increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) is caused by most human developmental activities. Direct or indirect emission of GHGs by person, group, event, or any other activity contributes to the carbon footprint. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, USA, major sources of increasing GHGs are transportation (29%), electricity (28%), industry (22%), commercial and residential (12%), and agriculture (9%). Vigorous effects are required to control the increasing GHGs by developing and implementing policies and utilizing new technologies. In this time of challenges presented by climate change, technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) or digital assistance have made a significant impact on people's lifestyles. AI-based technologies to monitor, predict, and reduce GHGs emissions may help in a cleaner environment. This article aims to describe different AI-based approaches to minimize carbon footprints as well as discuss the role of AI in various industries and its economic and societal outcomes. Specifically, we have attempted to fill the research gaps by investigating existing opportunities in the field of AI toward reducing GHG emissions.

This research explores the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia occidentalis L. seed extract. Various analytical techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), were employed for comprehensive characterization. The UV–visible spectra revealed a distinct peak at 425 nm, while the seed extract exhibited peaks at 220 and 248 nm, indicating the presence of polyphenols and phytochemicals. High-resolution TEM unveiled spherical and oval-shaped AgNPs with diameters ranging from 6.44 to 28.50 nm. The SEM exhibiting a spherical shape and a polydisperse nature, thus providing insights into the morphology of the AgNPs. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver atoms at 10.01% in the sample. XRD results unequivocally confirm the crystalline nature of the AgNPs suspension, thereby providing valuable insights into their structural characteristics and purity. The antioxidant properties of AgNPs, C. occidentalis seed extract, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were assessed, revealing IC50 values of 345, 500, and 434 μg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial evaluation against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli demonstrated heightened sensitivity of bacteria to AgNPs compared to AgNO3. Standard antibiotics, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, acting as positive controls, exhibited substantial antibacterial efficacy. The green-synthesized AgNPs displayed potent antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential as a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics for combating pathogenic bacterial infections. Furthermore, potential biomedical applications of AgNPs were thoroughly discussed.

This study evaluated the effects of pH and inorganic nitrogen sources (KNO3 and NH4NO3) on the regeneration of Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. The pH and nitrogen concentration in the medium were crucial for the successful micropropagation of E. ganitrus. The concentration of nitrogen in the medium significantly affected the development and growth rate of cultures. As a basal medium, Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) was employed together with various nitrogen concentrations and plant growth hormones. After 4-5 weeks of inoculation, BAP (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l) produced the maximum number of shoots (4.42 ± 2.17) among all the growth hormones tested. To obtain the maximum number of shoots and shoot length, different strengths of KNO3 (500-3500 mg/l), NH4NO3 (500-3500 mg/l), and pH (5-7.5) were adjusted in the medium. The largest number of roots was contained in MS medium with 1.0 mg/l NAA (4.47 ± 1.38) after root induction was carried out on MS with NAA, IBA, and IAA (0.2-2.0 mg/l). When the medium contained 1500 mg/l KNO3 and 2000 mg/l NH4NO3 (3.02 ± 1.60), the highest root initiation was observed. The rooting medium with a pH of 6.0 had the most influence and produced the maximum number of roots (4.8 ± 0.48). The plantlets were allowed to harden and acclimate in a greenhouse. A 76% survival rate was noted in the field.

The use of plant tissue culture (PTC) techniques has been explored in the production of secondary metabolites that have pharmacological properties, including antimalarial agents. Secondary metabolites are produced by plants in response to stress and are valuable sources of bioactive compounds used in pharmaceutical industries, cosmetics, dietary supplements, and other sectors. PTC techniques provide an alternative method to traditional cultivation, which is dependent on climatic and geographical conditions, for the sustainable and economical production of these valuable metabolites. This chapter assess the advantages of PTC techniques, the distribution of important secondary metabolites in plant families, the strategies involved for optimal metabolite production, and the industrial importance of selected secondary metabolites in the context of antimalarial agents. By exploring the potential applications of PTC in the production of antimalarial agents, this chapter highlights the benefits of using this technique in the fight against malaria, a major global health problem.

Background: Piperine is a natural compound found in black pepper that has been traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes. In the ayurvedic system of medication there is a lot of evidence which shows that the piperine is widely used for different therapeutic purpose. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the pharmacological and therapeutic potential of piperine and its derivatives in modern medicine. In order to increase the bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness of piperine and its analogs, researchers have been looking at various extraction methods and synthesis approaches. Many studies have been conducted in this area because of the promise of piperine as a natural substitute for synthetic medications. Objectives: The objective of this review article is to provide an up-to-date analysis of the literature on the synthesis of piperine analogs, including their extraction techniques and various biological activities such as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, insecticidal, antimicrobial, and antibiotic effects. Additionally, the review aims to discuss the potential of piperine in modern medicine, given its traditional use in various medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. The article also provides a comprehensive analysis of the plant from which piperine is derived. Conclusion: This review article provides a thorough examination of piperine and the source plant. The best extraction technique for the extraction of piperine and the synthesis of its analogs with various biological activities, including antihypertensive, antidiabetic, insecticidal, antibacterial, and antibiotic properties, are covered in the article. This review aims to provide an updated analysis of the literature on the synthesis of piperine analogs.

EDITORIAL article Front. Plant Sci., 09 August 2023Sec. Technical Advances in Plant Science Volume 14 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1256319

In this study, we review the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and their prospective uses as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anticancer agents in the pharmaceutical sector. Copper nanoparticles could be created through a variety of methods, including chemical reduction, green synthesis, physical methods, electrochemical deposition, and the microemulsion method. These methods make it possible to precisely create nanoparticles with the necessary shapes, sizes, and surface properties, which in turn affect how well they perform biologically. CuNPs have strong antioxidant properties because they can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent oxidative damage. In addition to their antioxidant properties, CuNPs show antibacterial activity against a number of microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The potential of CuNPs as an anticancer agent has also been extensively investigated. These nanoparticles have toxic effects on a variety of cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and preventing tumour angiogenesis. Because of their specific toxicity towards cancer cells while protecting normal cells, they provide the fascinating potential for tailored therapy to overcome multidrug resistance. CuNPs have also been studied in relation to their usage in medications. They may be utilised to improve drug delivery systems, wound healing, diagnostic imaging, immunotherapy, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. They can also be used to improve pharmaceutical stability, bioavailability, and provide controlled release. More research is needed to ensure their safety, enhance their synthesis processes, and explore their full potential in therapeutic situations

Adventitious rooting is an innate de novo process that allows the propagation of many economically important plant species through vegetative means. Cytokinins are known to promote the cell division in meristem. Quite often, it has been reported that when the ratio of cytokinin: auxin is large, it primarily induces bud formation; however, when the ratio of cytokinin: auxin is low, it promotes root formation. It has been experimentally observed that plant roots in which the cytokinin signaling is suppressed show faster growth and development compared to wild-type roots becoming longer and ramified. Exogenous application of cytokinin inhibits root elongation. It happens due to a decrease in the number of dividing cells and size of root meristem. Overall, it has been noticed that the synthesis of cytokinin is essential during root formation. Cytokinins may strongly inhibit rooting; nonetheless, they maybe at low concentrations enhance adventitious root (AR) formation. In the present chapter, we have tried to compile the information on the role of phytohormones in the AR formation with special emphasis on relationship of cytokinin-mediated regulation of AR formation.

Adventitious rooting (AR) is a crucial step toward vegetative cloning of horticultural, agricultural, and forest-based plant species of economic importance. AR is governed by numerous endogenous and environmental factors. In this connection, among the phytohormones, auxins play an important and intimate role in AR development. The molecular mechanisms of the action of auxins and the role of different genes, that is, Aux/IAA, auxin response gene family, and many other signaling pathways have been investigated in detail. In this chapter, we examine the work done to understand physiological and molecular control of AR. Additionally, the main emphasis is on the role of different auxins in AR development.

The plants have an embryonically developed primary root system from the root meristem. The different postembryonic root types (lateral and adventitious) arise from stem and become the part of mature root system in plants. The development of these roots can be induced in response to environmental conditions. In the present chapter, we have reviewed the molecular regulation of adventitious root formation. The role of various phytohormones (auxin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, gibberellins, etc.) and the possible mechanism in regulation of adventitious root development are discussed. The knowledge on adventitious root development would open a new perspective to propagate many recalcitrant plants through clonal propagation. It is also crucial in understanding the mechanisms that lie in the plants to adapt adverse climatic conditions and different environmental stresses during adventitious root formation.

Spinacia oleracea (spinach) and Musa acuminata (banana) were chosen for the study, and aqueous extracts of spinach leaf extract (SLE) and banana peel extract (BPE) were prepared for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), and their antibacterial potential against pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (MTTC 1133) and Escherichia coli (MTTC 62) was evaluated. In 10 minutes at 60°C, the color of the mixture (FeCl3+SLE) changed from light green to dark blackish-brown, and the color of the mix (FeCl3+BPE) changed from transparent yellow to dark black, confirming the synthesis of FeNPs from SLE and BPE, respectively. The UV-Vis spectra of spinach- and banana-derived FeNPs revealed two peaks ranging from 240 to 430 nm and multiple peaks at 240, 270, and 395 nm, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was used to show different functional groups on BPE and SLE, and their role in FeNP synthesis was predicted. TEM micrographs showed that the particles were in nanoscale, ranging in size from 20 to 50 nm for BPE-derived FeNPs and 10 to 70 nm for SLE-derived FeNPs. The FeNP (BPE and SLE) XRD analysis revealed amorphism, with a weak iron characteristic peak, indicating noncrystallinity. The antibacterial potential of BPE- and SLE-FeNPs was investigated, and inhibition zones (mm) against B. subtilis ( 22.70 ± 0.4 ) and E. coli ( 20.45 ± 1.66 ) were observed, as well as SLE-FeNPs against B. subtilis ( 23.56 ± 1.00 ) and E. coli ( 20.33 ± 0.58 ). There were no significant differences in antibacterial activities between BPE-FeNPs and SLE-FeNPs. Positive controls were tetracycline and gentamicin, both standard antibiotics, at 5 μg/disk. SLE- and BPE-derived green FeNPs were also analysed in vivo of D. melanogaster life history traits, i.e., fecundity, hatchability, viability, and duration of development for toxicity evaluation. SLE- and BPE-derived green FeNPs at a concentration of 10 mg/L were fed flies compared to normal diet-fed flies (control sample), and no significant differences were observed between them. The findings suggest that FeNPs have a high antibacterial potential and could be used as antibacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria while being nontoxic in nature.

The effect of nitrogen was investigated on the organogenesis of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) to overcome the challenges related to its cultivation. The best callogenic response was observed on root explants inoculated onto MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l) along with 2,4-D (0.5 mg/l) after 35 days of culture. Subsequent transfer of callus for multiplication on the same media composition under complete darkness presents the best results in terms of callus multiplication. Callogenic cultures were subculture onto modified MS medium supplemented with inorganic nitrogen sources, i.e., NH4NO3 (14-56N/l), KNO3 (100-400N/l) with BAP (3.0 mg/l) were observed. Organogenic response (52%) was observed after 8-12 weeks of culturing. The maximum number of the shoot was recorded on MS medium with NH4NO3 (28 N/l), KNO3 (300N/l) with BAP (3.0 mg/l). Moreover, 90% of them were able to regrow when sub-cultured on the same media. Sixteen weeks old multiple shoots were subcultured on MS medium supplemented with different auxins. IAA was proved to be the best hormone rooting purpose. However, the best rooting response regarding the number of roots and an average length of roots was obtained at IAA (1.0 mg/l). Survival of 90% was achieved when rooted plantlets were successfully established in substrate containing sand, vermicompost, and garden soil in equal proportion for hardening and acclimatized.

Aptamers are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA (ssDNA or ssRNA) molecules that can selectively bind to a specific target, including proteins, peptides, small molecules and toxins. Aptamers are usually created by selecting them from a large random sequence. Aptamers have been used for several targets including small molecules like mycotoxins. However, the high cohesion for their related target molecules is a need. Newly, there has been a rise in demand for the identification of small molecules (<900 g/mol) like mycotoxins, secondary metabolites created by fibrous fungi continuously affecting crop items before improvisation, as well as processed food products. Mycotoxins create a wide range of hostile and venomous effects in animals in summation to being foodborne hazards to humans. The general fungal genera creating mycotoxins include Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. This paper dealt with an in-silico approach for rapid screening of ssDNA aptamer sequences against ergot alkaloid, citrin and aflatoxin G1 (AFG1).

The plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of virtually every aspect of plant growth and development. The lateral root formation is also regulated through complex transcriptional networks regulated by auxins. The microarray datasets containing novel auxin responsive genes were identified. The dataset containing the potential transcription factors were clustered to reveal the sequential activation of expression. Auxin regulates transcription by rapidly modulating levels of AUX/IAA proteins throughout development. Modulation of auxin pathway has a great potential for crop improvement.