The depleting conventional sources of energy have put strains on the availability of power in the energy-savvy world. Newer sustainable sources of energy need to be harnessed to meet the ever-growing demand for energy. Fuel cells are one such source, which is non-polluting and sustainable. Fuel cells provide a technological idea for a potentially wide variety of future applications in energy storage applications, which could include on-site electric power for our houses and commercial buildings. They are used in different fields of applications like industrial, residential, commercial, and transportation. Their efficiency is very high as compared to ordinary combustion engines and standard batteries with almost zero emissions. During their operation, there is a complete absence of smog because of the lack of various air pollutants. In this chapter, a detailed description and process of various fuel cells along with their field of applications is presented. This comparison is based upon different parameters as per their field of application. This information is essential for the researchers at the beginning level so that they can compare various fuel cells and choose their occupation of the application accordingly.

As a sustainable and clean energy source, solar power systems have seen a phenomenal increase in popularity.It is difficult to adequately compensate for reactive power in the system, though.Conventional control techniques, like PI or PID controllers, have limitations in accurately handling these problems.This paper suggests a unique control technique for static synchronised compensators (STATCOMs) in solar PV systems using fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) to get around these constraints.In comparison to conventional controllers, the FOPID control technique improves robustness, stability, and flexibility by capturing the complex dynamics of the system.Additionally, by including the idea of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in the suggested control approach, the research intends to maximise the amount of power that can be extracted from solar PV panels.

Industrial IOT has eliminated the need for regular human involvement, surveillance and control Real-time machine fault analysis and processing is essential, but it comes with many technical problems, particularly in industrial application scenarios. In our study, we offer a unique, power, distributed IoT and Cloud framework for real-time machine condition monitoring (MCM) and defect prediction, where computationally expensive activities are divided across fog nodes and decision fusion rules are specified and controlled by the Cloud. For example, after receiving data and instructions that have been processed by the Cloud node, fog nodes do the feature extraction and categorization of health conditions after obtaining data from sensors dispersed among devices.

Energy surplus has always been problematic in isolated and countryside areas of the globe, both monetarily and technically. Prioritizing energy sources to electrify a rural hamlet is the most challenging stage. Because no one option is perfect, pooling resources is always a good idea. The combination of monetary, technological, and eco-friendly factors in planned decision-making complicates building an independent off-grid source of electricity. Due to their cheap cost and low noise, standalone solar systems have been seen as viable and rapidly developing green energy sources, particularly for rural electrification. However, these systems' lowest energy conversion and highest capital expenses are their principal drawbacks. As a result, numerous factors should be considered before installing the system, including PV panel types and configurations, PV module mathematical models, storage batteries, environmental requirements, sizing strategy based on techno-economic objectives, and final design choices. This research aims to present a method for choosing the optimum solar panel for rural electrification based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) strategy. The SPs are associated with various characteristics, like Cost Per Watt, INR (SPC-1), and Nameplate Max. Power rating; Watt (SPC-2), Vmax; Volts (SPC-3), Imax; Amperes (SPC-4), Voc; Volts (SPC-5), Isc; Amperes (SPC-6), Panel; efficiency(%) (SPC-7), Number of cells: quantity (SPC-8) and Weight;kg (SPC-9). The SPC-1 and SPC-9 are nonbeneficial criteria, and the SPC-2 to SPC-8 are beneficial criteria. As a result, the TOPSIS procedure is applied to choose the optimum option out of the 16 options. For equal weight, the MCS value is 0.626, whereas the entropy weight approach has an MCS value of 0.817. Following that, using the TOPSIS technique, SP-12 ranks second in alternatives. If the first option isn't available on the market, the second can be chosen.

The need of world electricity production is growing at an increasing rate and because of its limited supply, it cannot completely be met by ordinary energy framework. The use of hybrid systems by renewable electricity sources for energy generation has also created considerations in general. There is no one source of renewables ready to continuously load electricity, and hybrid systems are thus a key solution. Renewable energy is produced by inexhaustible reserves, usually refilled on a human scale, such as sun, wind, hydro, mainstay, biomass, etc. In four core areas, renewable energy often provides energy: electricity, air and water heating/cooling, transport, and rural (stand-alone and network) energy services. In comparison with other sources, renewable power sources have reserves in large geographical regions amassed in a small number of countries. Rapid organization of renewable energy sources and energy conservation brings enormous energy stability, ecological change relief and financial benefits. Hybrid systems (PV-Biomass) are used in different regions to provide electricity to overcome discontinuity and transition in solar and wind power. This paper discusses the techno-economic feasibility analysis of solar biomass system in the Ludhiana district of Punjab.

Optimization of energy footprint using clean and eco-friendly renewable energy resources is an ideal design for human–computer interface. The Internet of things is also very helpful in developing sustainable products. Digital and IoT twins in product design can help manufacturers determine the energy impact and resource utilization of the equipment they manufacture, as well as determine legality. With smart design, manufacturers can create devices that produce less energy and less waste. They can use digital modeling tools to help manufacturers, correct design errors, and save on maintenance and repair costs to identify potential problems. Organizations can identify ways to improve the Internet of things. The supply chain is intended on the basis of each product line and segment, allowing for the unique product information found in the chain to be fully customized and used in the market. This paper reviews various strategies of optimization of energy requirements in smart houses/buildings by improving device efficiency, and by emphasizing on the necessity of balancing the resources required for the IoT infrastructure and reducing the environmental costs. Optimization through simple design has been adopted as the finest strategy for regulating and planning energy consumption. This sudden increase in usage of IoT technology has impacted vividly on the renewable energy requirements and its consumption efficiencies.

In liquid-level process control, tanks can be arranged in arrangements of interacting and non-interacting systems. With the basic principle of conservation of mass mathematical modelling of these arrangements are formulated. Three different cases of these systems have been considered. The head in third tank is variable which is controlled by the input flow rate of the first tank. In Simulink, response of each of these arrangements is studied using proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. MATLAB optimization toolbox is used for controller tuning. Integral of time-weighted absolute error (ITAE) performance index is carried out in this work for PID controller tuning. Process performances are compared on the basis of rise time, settling time and overshoot for all the three cases.

It is known that the availability of conventional energy resources is decaying day-by-day. The increasing demand of electrical power forced the power generating sector to shift towards the renewable energy resources. The power production through solar PV systems have been accepted as one of the prominent conversion systems worldwide. The solar PV system provides more reliable and affordable electrical power at large scale. However, the efficiency of solar PV panels is too low up to 15% at commercial level. Therefore, the efficiency improvement of exiting solar panels has considered as one of the major research challenges. In the present study, an innovative design has been proposed to improve the operational efficiency of PV panels via integration of water-cooling based fountain system. The test results have been obtained by implementation of proposed water-cooling based fountain system on Ecosense (insight solar) test-bed. As a result, it has been observed that the efficiency of PV panels improves by approximately 34% and 28% by its previous efficiency with the integration of a cooling mechanism at no load and loaded condition respectively.

Power or electricity is an essential component of infrastructural development as it affects a country’s economic growth and welfare. Electricity governs the sustainability of a nation. Proper supply of electricity to all consumers is an essential requisite for sustaining the society. Earlier days, there was a strict regulatory regime and the customer had no choices. With the de-regulation of erstwhile electricity boards, the onus has shifted to the newly formed corporations to maintain supply at reasonable rates. The customer now has the choice and can take his own decision as to where to take the power from. The opening of electricity sector and open access of electricity through power exchanges makes it necessary to accurately predict the day-ahead load to avoid losses. The tariff of electricity supplied by various sources/vendors varies with the demand and time of day. Also, with the integration of renewable sources into the grid, situation has become more complex in terms of predicting the rate at which the electricity would be available to the consumers. This makes predicting the availability and demand to enable a utility to price its produce for maximum profit. This is essential to make the corporations sustainable. This paper is an attempt to find out how forecasting is done by Punjab State Power Corporation limited.

Photo-voltaic panels work on the principle of photo-electric effect and use light as a source of energy to produce electrical energy. But when they are placed under direct sunlight. Due to the excess heat coming from the sun, the electrical efficiency of the photo-voltaic panels reduces. In order to maintain or improve the electrical efficiency, the heat is extracted from the photo-voltaic panel with the help of heat exchanging device. Generally, copper is used as heat exchanger and placed at the back of the panel to work efficiently. Cooling fluid is flowed in the heat exchanger by forced circulation with the help of electro-mechanical pump. Cooling fluid like air, water, coolant, etc., can be used for heat extraction. The extracted heat from the panel provides thermal energy which can be further used for applications which requires thermal energy like hot water for domestic purposes, industrial processes, hot water for swimming pool, etc.

The significant losses that limit the efficiency of a single-junction solar cell are thermalization loss and transmission loss. Thus, to efficiently utilize the solar spectrum and mitigate these losses, tandem solar cells (TSCs) have significantly impacted the photovoltaic (PV) landscape. In this context, the research on perovskite/silicon tandems is currently dominating the research community. However, challenges such as stability of perovskite, pin-hole defects, conformal deposition of perovskite over textured silicon, the low absorption coefficient of silicon, and high module cost of the bottom subcell are the tailback for its mass production at the industrial level. Therefore, considering the detailed balance limit for the TSC, a low-cost solution-processed top and bottom subcells with a tunable bandgap can be well thought for the low-cost tandem design. Thus, here in this work, two different PbS–PbS colloidal quantum dot (CQD) TSCs with a conversion efficiency of 15.6% and 16.9% are proposed through comprehensive device simulations. Three different PbS-CQDs with a bandgap of 1.14eV, 1.45eV, and 1.56eV are utilized to design the TSCs under consideration. Detailed standalone and tandem analysis has been carried out in terms of absorber layer thickness variation, filtered spectrum, filtered integrated power, current matching, tandem current density voltage (J-V) curves, and tandem PV parameter to finalize the conversion efficiency. The filtered spectrums are obtained by using the transfer matrix method to account for the interfacial reflection losses and thin-film interference effects. The tandem device constructed using 1.45eV and 1.56eV based top subcell showed the open-circuit voltage VOC of as high as 1.71V and 1.83V, respectively. The comprehensive theoretical analysis of PbS–PbS CQD tandem devices proposed in this work may pave the way for developing high-efficiency TSCs for low-cost applications.

This chapter presents the journey of renewable energy systems and highlights the efforts being made the world over to increase their efficiency. World energy consumption is the sum total of energy produced and consumed from all sources of energy. The sources of energy can be classified as: primary and secondary, conventional and non-conventional, renewable and non renewable, and commercial and non-commercial sources. Renewable energy sources are as listed: solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean, and hydrogen. Geothermal energy is the energy beneath the earth's crust. It is the energy stored in rocks, magma and fluids inside the earth's crust. Biomass is one of the oldest sources of energy known to mankind. Biomass energy is the energy derived from organic matter. Tidal power or ocean power is one clean source of power. Tides are produced due to the gravitational pull of sun and moon and the pull of earth's gravitation.

Punjab is a state with enormous biomass potential resource available as crop remains called as agri-residue/waste. In the wake of utilizing agri-waste as local fuel, feed, and covering, it is widely available. Burning of agri-waste in the atmosphere pollutes the environment and promotes global warming. Thereby, it is essential to use this waste for human’s worthiness. This article presents GIS-based region-wise production from biomass buildups and the extra potential. Roughly 64 Mty-1 of the total buildup is created from diverse main and insignificant yields, out of which 60.22% is disbursed in diverse configuration, bringing about 40.3% as a net surplus reachable for energy production. Essential and net surplus product buildups for energy potential were calculated for every province. About 1.263 and 1.199 GW of energy in the region can be produced using crucial and net excess biomass surplus independently. This paper discussed the block-wise biomass potential in district Ludhiana and proposed the power plant location in this district keeping fuel cost, fuel availability, and transportation cost as constraints. It has been seen that maximum fuel is available at Sidwanbet, but by adding transportation cost and comparing results, it has seen that the effective cost of fuel of plant located at Block–II Ludhiana is minimum.

Punjab is a state with enormous biomass potential resource available as crop residue called agri-waste. In the wake of utilizing agricultural waste as local fuel, feeding and thatching, it is widely available. The burning of agricultural-waste in the atmosphere pollutes the environment and promotes global warming. Thereby it is essential to use this waste for human’s worthiness. This article presents the region-wise production from biomass build-ups and the surplus potential. Roughly 64 Mty-1 of the total build-up is created from diverse main and insignificant yields, out of which 60.22% is expended in diverse structures, bringing about 40.3% as a net surplus accessible for energy generation. Essential and net surplus product build-ups for energy potential were calculated in every province. Moga, Patiala, Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, and Jalandhar are the actual excess biomass potential areas. In contrast, Pathankot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Rupnagar Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Bathinda are the least biomass potential locale inside the state. About 1.263 GW and 1.199 GW of energy in the state can be produced using essential and net surplus biomass surplus individually. This paper also discussed the block-wise biomass potential in district Ludhiana. The proposed power plant location in this district, fuel cost, fuel availability and transportation cost are considered as constraints. It has been seen that maximum fuel is available at Sidhwanbet village. Still, by adding transportation cost and comparing results, it has been seen that the effective cost of fuel of plant located at the block–II Ludhiana is minimum.

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) solar cells filtered with lead sulfide (PbS) have provided a great alternate for lasting solar device. This is due to its capability of reaping infrared photons, increased exciton generation and tunable bandgap. However, creating a highly stable PbS CQD with high conversion efficiency is challenge on the grounds to the material quality of the PbS CQD based absorber layer. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) can be put up by reducing the bulk defect density forth at an optimum absorber layer thickness. Here in this research article effect of absorber layer thickness and bulk defect density is investigated for wide bandgap (E-g=1.56 eV) based PbS CQD absorber layer solar cell in order to ameliorate the PCE. This has been achieved by wavering the thickness from 50 nm to 500 nm and the bulk defect density from 1 x 10(14) cm(-3) to 1 x 10(16) cm(-3) in 10 steps each. Simulation are carried using SCAPS-1D and it published the uppermost PCE of 13.14 at bulk defect density of 10(14) cm(-3) and the thickness of 500 nm.

Energy has been the key indicator of a nation’s prosperity. In recent times, we have witnessed many crisis including the economic recession centered on energy needs of countries of world. Out of the total energy needs of world, a large percentage of these needs are met through the conventional resources. The availability of these resources is limited and is expected not to last too long. Also, their geographical distribution poses a problem. In order to address the problems arising out of energy, it becomes necessary to conserve energy. Conservation of energy would lead to a sustainable future as the resources would be able to last longer. Conservation of energy would not only lead to reduction in electricity and energy bills but would also help in reducing the carbon burden on environment thereby making the environment more liveable. The importance of energy conservation can be gauged from the fact that this concept finds place in the seventeen strategic development goals of United Nations. This paper is an attempt to address such issues. We shall discuss the importance of energy conservation, ways to conserve energy, and finally, we shall be presenting case studies to demonstrate how adoption of energy conservation has contributed to profitability for industry.

Lead sulfide (PbS) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are one of the emerging materials in the field of solar cell owing to large absorption coefficient and tunable bandgap. The performance of such devices suffers owing to the material quality of the PbS CQD based absorber layer. The conversion efficiency could be elevated by gauging the absorber layer thickness along with bulk defect density. In this context, the present manuscript provides a detailed investigation of wide bandgap (E-g=1.45eV) based PbS CQD absorber layer solar cell. Absorber layer thickness and bulk defect density variation is being done for optimizing the conversion efficiency. This has been accepted by varying the bulk defect density from 1x10(14) cm(-3) to 6x10(16) cm(-3) and the thickness from 50 nm to 500 nm in 10 steps each. In total, 100 simulations are performed to examine the ramifications of defect density at each thickness value and vice versa. SCAPS-1D simulation revealed the highest conversion efficiency of 14% at the thickness of 500 nm and bulk defect density of 1x10(14) cm(-3). The studies carried out in this work could help the researchers to develop highefficiency wide-bandgap PbS CQD solar cells for standalone and tandem applications.