Developing simple, eco-friendly, cost-effective sensitizers still remains a challenge for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this paper, we report four anthracene- and pyrene-based imine dyes (D2–D5) produced via a one-step condensation of aldehydes with primary amines in ethanol and evaluated as metal-free DSSC sensitizers. The imine dyes D2-D5 were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, UV–Vis, and mass spectrometry; their HOMO-LUMO structures and electron-transfer properties were studied using DFT and EIS. All dyes had donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) architectures with favorable HOMO–LUMO distributions, facilitating intramolecular electron migration and injection into TiO2. D4 showed the best photovoltaic performance attributed to its C-donor–C=N–acceptor configuration, optimal charge segregation, improved electron conduction, and lowest charge-transfer resistance. Results highlight the importance of molecular configuration around the imine linkage in determining electronic and photovoltaic performance.

In this study, a modified quechers method in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was validated and used to residue estimation of tetraniliprole and spirotetramat in/on tomato, brinjal and chilli. The method showed excellent linearity (R-2 > 0.99) for tetraniliprole and spirotetramat and their metabolites in tomato, brinjal and green chilli. The method adopted showed excellent recoveries (80-120 %) with a relative standard deviation < 20 %. The commercial formulation vayegocare (tetraniliprole 120 g L-1 + spirotetramat 240 g L-1 SC) crops were sprayed three times at 7 day intervals with combination product at 375 ml ha(-1) (X) and 469 ml ha(-1 ()1.25X) dosages. The pesticides followed first-order kinetics of dissipation, with half-lives ranging between 1.24 and 1.82 days for tetraniliprole and 1.07-2.09 days for spirotetramat in tomato, brinjal and green chilli. The dietary risk assessment of tetraniliprole and spirotetramat was determined by using the hazard quotient and the values were < 1, proving the safety of the combination formulation to the consumer at both doses.

A commercial formulation of fluoxapiprolin (30 g/L) and fluopicolide (200 g/L) as a suspension concentrate (SC) is under registration for its use on tomato and cucumber in India. Both of these active ingredients are fungicides used to control a variety of fungal diseases in crops. The field trials were laid out in an open field at the experimental farm of the university following good agricultural practice (GAP) during the summer of 2021. The study aimed to estimate pesticide residues using a modified QuEChERS method in combination with advanced analytical techniques like liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The method showed excellent linearity (R-2 > 0.99) for fluoxapiprolin, fluopicolide and their metabolites in tomato, cucumber, and soil. The half-life value for fluoxapiprolin ranged between 5.86 and 7.05 days and for fluopicolide the half-life was between 1.62 and 1.98 days for tomato and cucumber, respectively. The recoveries ranged between 80 % and 120 % with a relative standard deviation <20 % for all the analytes. The dietary risk assessment was determined by using the hazard quotient and the HQs values were <1, proving its safety to the consumer.

IntroductionEnvironmental pollution and human exposure to dyes, particularly anthraquinone-based dyes from industries like textiles, paints, plastics, paper, and tanneries (a significant source of toxic waste in India), have increased. These dyes in wastewater pose a serious environmental threat due to their complex structure and resistance to traditional degradation methods. This mini-review explores microbial strategies as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for decolorizing these dyes, highlighting the limitations of physico-chemical methods.MethodsThis review examines existing literature on microbial decolorization of anthraquinone dyes. It discusses the isolation of microorganisms adapted to dye-contaminated environments as a key strategy. The factors influencing microbial decolorization in batch systems, such as optimal pH, temperature, and inoculum volume, are analyzed. Furthermore, continuous systems like packed bed bioreactors are explored, with a focus on the impact of flow rate and influent dye concentration on treatment efficiency.ResultsThe review synthesizes information on the effectiveness of various microbial strategies for anthraquinone dye decolorization in both batch and continuous systems. It highlights the potential of adapted microorganisms for efficient dye removal and discusses the influence of key operational parameters on decolorization performance in different reactor configurations.DiscussionThis mini-review emphasizes the growing importance of biological approaches for anthraquinone dye removal due to their cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability compared to physico-chemical methods. By providing a comprehensive overview of microbial strategies, this work contributes to the development of sustainable and effective wastewater treatment solutions for dye-containing industrial effluents.

Azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil are widely utilised fungicides in agriculture for the control of fungal diseases; however, their residues in food may present health hazards, necessitating thorough monitoring. This research examines the dissipation trends and dietary risk associated with azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil residues in peas. The QuEChERS approach was employed for extraction and clean-up, followed by Gas chromatography-micro Electron Capture Detector (GC-µECD) analysis. Validation of the method confirmed its specificity, linearity, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, and robustness, with detection and quantification limits set at 0.003 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The initial residue concentrations in pea pods at the suggested dosage were recorded at 0.350 mg/kg for azoxystrobin and 0.228 mg/kg for chlorothalonil, which increased to 0.408 mg/kg and 0.388 mg/kg when applying 1.25 times the recommended dosage. Residue levels in green peas were lower, showing values of 0.022 mg/kg for azoxystrobin and 0.017 mg/kg for chlorothalonil at the advised dosage, and 0.063 mg/kg and 0.030 mg/kg at the higher dosage. Acute Hazard Index (aHI) values remained below 100

This study addresses a critical research gap by evaluating the dissipation kinetics and dietary risk of fluopyram and trifloxystrobin residues in tomato, cucumber, and okra grown under Indian agricultural practices. Field trials assessed pre-harvest intervals (PHIs), half-lives, and residue behaviour following application at standard and 1.25 x recommended doses. Analytical methods were validated for accuracy, precision, and robustness. At recommended doses, initial residues of fluopyram ranged from 2.714 to 3.417 mg/kg and trifloxystrobin from 0.814 to 1.045 mg/kg. Safe PHIs were 2, 7, and 1 days for fluopyram and 1, 3, and 15 days for trifloxystrobin in tomato, cucumber, and okra, respectively. Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for chronic exposure were all below 1, indicating minimal health risk. In tomatoes, fluopyram HQs were 0.029 (rural) and 0.039 (urban); trifloxystrobin HQs were 0.002 and 0.003. In cucumbers, fluopyram HQs were 0.0007 and 0.011; trifloxystrobin HQs were 0.0005 and 0.0008. In okra, fluopyram HQs were 0.013 and 0.017; trifloxystrobin HQs were 0.0011 and 0.0015. These results confirm that both fungicides, when used as recommended, pose negligible dietary risks-even to vulnerable populations. The findings support safe pesticide use in vegetable cultivation under Indian agronomic conditions.

Dissipation kinetics of a mixed formulation (chlorantraniliprole 4.6 % w/w + lambda-cyhalothrin 9.3 % w/w) on chilli fruits and soil using LC-MS/MS for chlorantraniliprole and GC-MS/MS for lambda-cyhalothrin is evaluated. The limit of quantification was computed as 0.01 mg kg(-)(1) for both the test insecticides. The recovery of chlorantraniliprole was 91.41 - 109.86, 94.80 - 107.52 and 93.48 - 108.08 per cent in green chilli, red chilli fruits and soil matrix, respectively whereas, for lambda-cyhalothrin it was 91.15 - 104.40, 94.80 - 108.00 and 88.68 - 108.12 per cent in green chilli, red chilli fruits and soil matrix, respectively. After application of 35 and 43.75 g a.i ha(-1), the initial deposits of chlorantraniliprole on green chilli were 0.457 mg kg(-1) and 0.574 mg kg(-1) whereas, 0.537 mg kg(-1) and 0.765 mg kg(-1) for lambda-cyhalothrin at respective doses. In red chilli fruits, the residues of both the test insecticides were found <LOQ at the time of final harvest at both the doses. The half-life of test combi product ranged between 1.11 and 1.68 days. The TMDI computed was < MPI and HQ was < 1 indicating its safety for the consumers. Treating chilli fruits in lukewarm water + 5 % NaHCO3 solution removed 66.95 % residues and proved as the most effective method.

Acid coagulation of milk model viz., channa is one of the common processing methods of various dairy products.Channa is a traditional dairy product used as the base for many sweets.Being nutrient dense, they are in peril to lysis of proteins and lipids and have lower shelf-life.The present study aimed to prepare functional channa exploring antioxidants p o t e n t i a l of two locally available fruit and flower Lycium barbarum and Delphinium denudatum respectively to make them functional dairy products with better shelf-life.The value-added channa was optimized for its processing with the incorporation of 3% Lycium barbarum and 0.25% Delphinium denudatum.The value added channa was optimized and standardized for its processing and subjected to an in vitro antioxidant profile analysis of total phenols, total flavonoids content, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays and product storage profile.The value-added channa prepared with 3% Lycium barbarum and 0.25% Delphinium denudatum was having a shelf life of more than three weeks stored at refrigeration temperature.Thus, functional channa can be prepared with the fortification of 3% Lycium barbarum and 0.25% Delphinium denudatum with enhanced shelf-life.

The study aimed to develop a functional cheese using Grewia asiatica fruit extract as a novel additive and demonstrated its functional value in oxidative-stress-induced [single dose of CCl4 (1 mL/kg) given intraperitoneally] male Wistar rats. The kalari cheese was developed using buffalo milk containing different levels of the fruit extract (0.0, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 %) and an optimum level of 0.7 % was found sensorily. The products (0.0 and 0.7 %) were stored in a refrigerator for 4 weeks and evaluated for storage quality. The extract improved the lipid (TBARS and free-fatty acids) and microbial (total plate and psychrophilic counts) stability and sensory quality of the cheese. The extract-enriched cheese-based diet ameliorated the impact of oxidative stress in the rats during a 4-week feeding trial and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and body weight whereas significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the levels of liver marker enzymes (ALT and AST), lipid peroxidation, and relative liver and spleen weights compared to the control. The extract improved the lipid and microbial stability of the cheese and the cheese-based diet ameliorated the effect of oxidative stress in rats, indicating the functional value of the developed product.

Soil-gas radon concentration data recorded for one year at the San-Jie monitoring station in northern Taiwan has been analysed in this study. To detect genuine pre-seismic anomalies, the hourly radon data was decomposed into seasonal, trend, and residual components. Anomalous fluctuations in hourly and residual radon data have been correlated to earthquakes and rainfall. Preliminary results indicate that this procedure can be useful for the identification of pre-seismic anomalies in radon time series that may be masked by rainfall or other meteorological factors. Furthermore, Pearson correlation was employed to determine radon relationships with temperature, pressure, precipitation, and humidity.

One of the main causes of human catastrophes worldwide is earthquakes. However, according to studies on earthquake prediction, it is important to stress that there are currently no reliable, detectable, and systematic precursory phenomena that precede large earthquakes. Taiwan is a highly seismic zone because it is thought to be a result of the collision between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate. Recently, detailed research on the changes in soil-gas radon composition in Taiwan's southwestern and northeastern regions near the geologic fault zone was carried out. Temporal soil-gas radon fluctuations along several faults were continually investigated at the installed monitoring stations. According to the current investigations, some earthquakes with a magnitude of ≥5 that were noted in the area throughout the study period were linked to the patterns of soil-gas anomalies. The data has been processed using a variety of filters to lower the noise level, which helps to filter out the high-frequency noise and daily volatility brought on by various parameters. The data and working hypotheses were combined using AMP (Apache, MySQL, and PHP), a well-known and well-liked open-source web application solution, to make a website that could effectively show and help us manage the real-time database. Based on the observed aberrant patterns from monitoring stations, we were able to propose the region for impending earthquakes from the proposed tectonic-based model for earthquake precursory studies in Taiwan.

•W. somnifera fruit extract improved the functional value of cheese.•The extract improved the lipid and microbial stability of the cheese.•The extract improved the sensory quality of the cheese.•Increased the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and body weight in rats.•Decreased lipid peroxidase activity and liver marker enzymes.

Heat desiccation of milk viz., khoa is one of the common processing methods of various dairy products.Khoa is a traditional dairy product used as the base for many sweets.Being nutrient dense, they are vulnerable to lipolysis and proteolysis.Due to excessive pro-oxidant formation in the human body, oxidative stress is produced and the immunity of individuals is lowered, leading to several lifestyle diseases and making people prone to COVID-19 in the current scenario.The present study aimed to prepare functional khoa exploring antioxidants of two locally available herbs Lycium barbarum and Delphinium denudatum to make them functional dairy products.The value-added khoa was optimized for its preparation with the fortification of 4% Lycium barbarum and 0.50% Delphinium denudatum.The fortified khoa was optimized and standardized for its preparation and subjected to an invitro antioxidant profile viz.total phenols, total flavonoids content, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays and product storage profile.The value-added khoa prepared with 4% Lycium barbarum and 0.50% Delphinium denudatum had a shelf life of more than 28 days at refrigeration storage.Thus, functional khoa can be prepared with the fortification of 4% Lycium barbarum and 0.50% Delphinium denudatum.

Uranium- and thorium-series isotopes are able to dissolve in hot spring waters and decay into radon, which could potentially cause health risk of the public. Besides, several environmental investigations can be carried out by measuring radon concentrations in hot spring waters. Accordingly, the measurement of radon in hot spring water is a significant issue. A practical method for measuring radon in hot spring water was developed by using a silicon semiconductor detector, RAD-7. The overall effect of detection efficiency and radon leakage of the measuring system were examined to calibrate the measured concentration of radon in hot spring waters. In addition, the effect of water temperature and pH on emanation of radon from standard 226Ra solutions as well as that of the measuring time on precision of the measurement were investigated. The correlation among temperature, pH and emanation of radon was then obtained. Further, the established method was applied to in-situ measurement to investigate the concentration of radon in hot spring waters from different geological areas in Taiwan. According to the percent error of the measurement, the measuring time for environmental samples was set as 50 min. The overall effect of radon leakage and detection efficiency of the measuring system was estimated to be 99.19 +/- 7.47% with a standard rock source of 222Rn from NIST. Standard sources of 222Rn were prepared from 226Ra standard solutions with different pH values. The 226Ra standard solutions were sealed and stand for 38 days in a 250 mL vial specific for the RAD-7. After measured by the WAT250 mode of the RAD-7, the data were measured as (52.5 +/- 8.9)%-(83.6 +/- 11.0)% of the prepared concentration of 222Rn (from 226Ra). The emanation rate of 222Rn from standard solution under pH 1.44-9.07 was (53.2 +/- 6.9)% -(84.3 +/- 11.1)% and decreased with pH to a minimum value at 7.00. Moreover, the effect of temperature increases with pH. High correlated trend curves (r2 = 0.9829-0.9999) for 222Rn emanation rate versus pH under different temperature were obtained. A smooth curved surface fitted by the MATLAB for emanation rate of 222Rn was accordingly derived. The 222Rn concentrations in waters of the Beitou Hot Spring (acid-digestion sulfate spring on sedimentary rock strata), Wulai Hot Spring (sodium bicarbonate spring on metamorphic rock strata), Choshuitan (sodium bicarbonate spring on mudstone strata) and Zhaori Hot Spring (acid-digestion sulfate spring on andesite strata) were measured with RAD-7 by WAT250 for 50 min and then calibrated by 222Rn emanation rate estimated above, which were 215 +/- 37 (Bq/m3), 6797 +/- 1073 (Bq/m3), 2124 +/- 577 (Bq/m3) and 26644 +/- 2768 (Bq/m3).

The objective of this research work is related to the fact that the source of isolation and acclimatization process influences the microorganism's potential for the decolorization of various substances. Some of the widely used anthraquinone vat dyes decolorization by the pure bacterial strain is a significant aspect that will assist in the in-situ bioremediation of the ecosystem.The present study is to evaluate the enhanced decolorization of Vat Brown R by an isolated bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCH, from textile dye wastewater under aerobic conditions. The effect of pH, temperature, and inoculum size was optimized using response surface methodology with the box-behnken experimental design. The strain NCH showed maximum decolorization efficacy under optimum conditions at pH 9.76, temperature 34.69 ?, and an inoculum size of 9.51% (v/v), respectively. A decolorization of 90.34% was observed with 100 mg L(-1)of Vat Brown R within 18h under these conditions. Confirmatory experiments have verified the optimum combination of the three variables predicted by RSM. Kinetics study was carried out using various approaches: Michaelis-Menten (V-max = 29.1 mg L(-1)h(-1) and Km = 25.2 mg L-1), Lineweaver-Burk (V-max = 30.12 mg L( )(-1)h(-1) and Km = 26.91 mg L-1), and Eadie-hofstee model (V-max = 30.23 mg L(-1)h(-1)and Km = 27.29 mg L-1), and the results showed that the degradation followed a first-order reaction kinetics. The subsequent degradation of the dye and the formation of metabolites were studied using analytical techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis. UV-vis spectroscopy validated the detoxification of the dye and confirmed that Pseudomonas sp. NCH overcomes this decolorizing activity through biodegradation. This study investigated the highest decolorization efficiency of strain NCH used in the biodegradation of wastewaters containing anthraquinone dyes.

This work reports radon-thoron monitoring at two depths (60 and 90 cm) and at 82 sites around Jawalamukhi thrust of NW Himalaya, India using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs). Further, radium contents of soil samples have been measured using NaI(Tl) crystal detectors and the exhalation rates have been measured using SMART Rn Duo monitor. The average radon-thoron concentrations at two different depths are found to be 3043 $$\pm$$ 691 Bq m−3, 4969 $$\pm$$ 561 Bq m−3 & 448 $$\pm$$ 416 Bq m−3, 773 $$\pm$$ 117 Bq m−3. Average value of area exhalation rate found to be 299.9 $$\times$$ 10−3 Bq m−2 h−1 with radium contents of value 51.04 Bq kg−1. The convective velocity of radon-thoron along with their flux densities has also been calculated. The average magnitudes of flux densities for radon-thoron found to be 44.96 $$\times$$ 10−2 Bq m−2 s−1 and 15.57 $$\times$$ 10−2 Bq m−2 s−1 whereas the convective velocities calculated to 8.38 $$\times$$ 10−6 m s−1 and 25.69 $$\times$$ 10−3 m s−1. The recorded values of thoron are lower than the recorded radon values. Moreover, the value of radon and thoron is higher at depth 90 cm than at depth 60 cm. The anomalous radon-thoron concentrations have been observed along the Jawalamukhi thrust and at some other sites suggesting secondary porosity or presence of local fault/lineament. A good correlation between area exhalation rates and radium contents, as well as between mass exhalation rates and radium has been observed. However weak correlation between porosity and area exhalation rates has been observed in this region.

Background: Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities have been described in patients of liver cirrhosis. The constellation of these abnormalities is termed as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) and its prevalence remains unknown, mostly because the disease is latent and shows itself when the patient is subjected to stress. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of cardiac dysfunction in patients of liver cirrhosis and to analyze its relation with model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. Methods: Hundred patients of liver cirrhosis were enrolled for the study and divided into 3 groups according to MELD score: ≤9, 10-19, and ≥20. All study participants underwent detailed cardiac assessment with Doppler echocardiography. Prevalence of cardiac dysfunction and its relation with MELD score was determined. Results: Prevalence of CCM and diastolic dysfunction (DD) was 48% and 30%, respectively. A total of 82%, 59%, and 50% patients had prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), and deceleration time (DT), respectively. Prevalence of CCM, DD and prolonged QTc, IVRT, and DT had significant correlation with MELD score ( P < .05). Conclusion: Patients with cirrhosis had impaired cardiac function, mainly present as CCM and DD, and the extent of dysfunction was correlated with the MELD score. Hence, MELD scoring system can be used to predict risk of occurrence of cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis.

Three groups (1-3) of birds were subjected to non stimulatory photoperiod(9L:15D), and received olive oil (0.1 ml), 10 and 50 ìg TP (Testosterone propionate)per bird on alternate day respectively. Next three groups (4-6) of birds weresubjected to stimulatory photoperiod (15L:9D), and received olive oil (0.1 ml), 10and 50 ìg TP (Testosterone propionate) per bird on alternate day respectively. Intotal, fifteen injection were made. Groups (1-3) were transferred to stimulatoryphotoperiod (15L:9D) after 60 days. Body mass, testis volume, plumageregenerations, primary flight feathers and body molts also studied in thisexperiment. Observations were made at the beginning, fortnightly and end of the30 day experiment.The results of current study demonstrate the effect of TP on the testes,body weight, body molts, primary flight feathers and plumage regeneration inbrahminy myna. Brahminy myna placed on 9L:15D did not induced testis growthtill 60 days after that photoperiod of 9L:15D transferred to 15L:9D then the testisvolume increased significantly and this clearly suggest that brahminy mynaswere not sensitive to short photoperiod (non stimulatory photoperiod) and asexpected, 15L:9D showed testicular response till 60 days then suddenly decreasedand this can be taken to suggest that brahminy myna are a long day species andthis study did not show an effect of prior treatment of testosterone hormone onphotoperiodic induction of testicular growth

The current study investigates the decolorization of Indanthrene Blue RS dye and the optimization of process parameters needed for effective decolorization by the bacterial consortium. The pure culture of strain TS8, PMS, and NCH has been isolated from the textile wastewater sample collected from local textile processing units outlet and dye contaminated soil from Odisha, India. A bacterial consortium-BP of Bacillus flexus TS8 (BF), Proteus mirabilis PMS (PM), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCH (PA) were developed. The physicochemical parameters were optimized to attain maximum decolorization efficacy. Degradation of Indanthrene Blue RS and the formation of metabolites were confirmed through UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, and GC–MS analysis. The developed consortium-BP showed an enhanced decolorization of Indanthrene Blue RS dye with an Average decolorization rate of 11,088 µg h−1 within 9 h compared to the individual strains under aerobic conditions. The supplementation of agricultural residual wastes showed increased decolorization efficiency of consortium-BP. Higher reduction in TOC and COD removal (≥ 80%) determined the mineralization of Indanthrene Blue RS by consortium-BP. Significant induction of various oxidoreductive enzymes in consortium-BP compared to that of Individual strains indicates their involvement in the overall decolorization and degradation process, with the higher protein concentration in the intracellular enzymes. Studies on the phytotoxicity effect revealed the non-toxic nature of the degraded products formed on mineralization of Indanthrene Blue RS by consortium-BP. This study represents a new approach for enhanced biodegradation using consortium-BP in treating textile wastewaters containing anthraquinone dyes.