The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three farming practices as main plots and four cropping systems as subplots with three replications. Among the farming practices organic farming practice (7571.40 kg ha-1) resulted in significantly highest MGEY where as production efficiency was found to be significantly higher under organic farming practice (20.74 kg ha-1 day-1) which remained at par with integrated farming practice (19.97 kg ha-1 day-1) and were found superior over inorganic farming practice. With non premium pricing inorganic farming practice resulted in lowest cost of cultivation and higher B:C ratio and Integrated farming practice resulted in higher net returns over organic farming practice. While, with the premium pricing of organic produce organic farming practice resulted in higher gross and net returns over inorganic farming practices. It is the premium price that makes organic systems more profitable. However, even without premiums, organic systems may be more profitable than conventional systems in the long run as organic management will enhance overall farm value.

Physiological breeding complementing the conventional approach is increasingly being explored in wheat in view of stagnating annual genetic yield gain. Designing improved plant types required knowledge about physiological traits associated with yield gain in the past. Fourteen wheat varieties including 12 historically important and popular (mega) wheat cultivars and two recently registered varieties were observed for various physiological traits for two years. Both breeding period and genotypes within breeding period accounted for significant differences for most of the physiological traits. Regression analysis indicated curvilinear trend for leaf area index (LAI), flag leaf area, and root length and root weight. Near perfect leaf area index (LAI 5.94) with semi-erect leaves and higher flag leaf area was observed in all time mega variety HD 2967 indicated the importance of plant architecture and crop canopy in yield maximization. Linear declining trend was observed for coleoptile length, number of stomata per cm(2) and flag leaf length. Increasing trend for total chlorophyll content and normalized difference for vegetative indices (NDVI) at both vegetative and flowering stage indicated the importance of leaf greenness in yield improvement. Root length has continuously declined except for the latest released varieties, however no such trend was observed for root weight. We propose that grain yield stabilization at still higher level can be achieved by increasing photosynthetic capacity, optimizing the crop canopy slightly less than the optimum, and better partitioning to grain yield through directed physiological based breeding.

The experiment was conducted at the research farm of Department of Organic Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur during kharif 2014 to study the comparative efficacy of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in paddy. The experiment consisted of eight treatments comprising of combinations of four nutrient management treatments viz., Organic nutrient management (soil treatment with jeevamrit & seed treatment with biofertilizer, vermicompost (VC) 10 t ha & 3 sprays of vermiwash at 15, 30, 45 days after sowing), Inorganic nutrient management (recommended NPK), Integrated nutrient management (5 tonnes VC + 50% of recommended NPK), Control (Farmer’s practices) (2.5 tonnes VC + 25% of recommended NPK) with two ecosystems i.e transplanted and direct seeded rice (rainfed) were tested in split plot design, replicated thrice. Growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield of rice was increased in transplanted Original Research Article Sharma et al.; BJAST CJAST, 21(6): 1-8, 2017; Article no.CJAST.33914 2 ecosystem and integrated nutrient management practice. The transplanted ecosystem recorded 18.64 per cent higher yield and 50.60 per cent higher net return per rupee invested over direct seeded rainfed ecosystem. Integrated nutrient management being statistically at par with organic nutrient management recorded the higher paddy yield over inorganic nutrient management and farmer’s practice. Integrated nutrient management recorded higher net returns per rupee invested (1.18) but remain statistically at par with organic nutrient management and inorganic nutrient management.

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to document knowledge about the process/preparation of traditional foods i.e Sepu-bari of Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh and to evaluate the selected food recipes in relation to nutritional quality and consumer acceptability. Five blocks viz. Mandi-sadar, Karsog, Sundernagar, Chauntra and Seraj were selected. The selected traditional food samples were analysed for their physico-chemical chemical analysis showed that moisture content was highest in B3 (8.80%) followed by B2 (8.46), B5(8.36) B4(8.29) and B1(6.39%) . Reported data showed highest amount of crude fat in B4 (26.96%), and protein in B3 (23.60%) and lowest fat content in B2 (21.75%) and lowest protein content in B1(21.74%) respectively. Crude fiber was maximum in B3 & B1 with same value (2.21%) & lowest in B2 with value of 1.91%. Reducing sugars were calculated highest in B4 (0.39%) and lowest in B1 (0.27%). Organoleptic scoring revealed that maximum scores for taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability were obtained by B3 sepu badi as 8.30, 8.20, 8.40 and 8.22 respectively.

Tea is the most common beverage consumed after water. It is brewed from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (family: Theaceae). Different types of tea manufactured are: oolong, green, black and Ilex tea depending on the post-harvest treatment and palatability of a particular region. Being rich in natural antioxidants, tea is reported to be effective against colon, oesophageal, and lung cancers, as well as urinary stone, dental caries, etc. Tea found to be anticariogenic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant can be used as an effective preventive agent. Healthy Foods' containing active scavengers of free radicals are very popular nowadays. The chiefly chemical components of green tea include polyphenols, caffeine and amino acids. Tea also contains flavonoids compounds reported to have anti-oxidant properties having many beneficial effects. It is widely accepted that phenolic compounds of certain foods have potential health benefits. Tea is linked to beneficial effects on human health with the polyphenols as the responsible constituents. India is one of the largest tea-producing, exporting and consuming country. The present review focuses on the production, composition and the beneficial effects of tea consumption on human health.

Writer Identification can be seen as a multi-class learning problem where number of writers are different classes. One of the fundamental approaches to solve a multi-class problemis by breaking it into binary classification tasks. In this work weare proposing a generic approach for multi-class classification using an ensemble of binary classifiers. We assign a distributedoutput representation to each class in the form of codewords andan ensemble of binary classifiers is created where each classifierpredicts one bit of the codeword. Actual label is determined using Belief Propagation algorithm on a graph constructed from the code matrix. We have performed experiments on a new publiclyavailable IBM-UB-1 dataset for the task of writer identification to show the efficacy of our method.

Telecommunication usage has reached new heights in coming years and will continue to grow in upcoming years in the field of wireless communication medium of choice. Green wireless communications have received mankind attention in hope of finding novel solutions to improve energy efficiency for the ubiquity of wireless application. Telecommunication world is only now addressing the significant environment impact, created by themselves as well as cost on power usage. This paper deals with reviews about recent energy efficient advances made at specific point within a communication cycle such as network operation, components and network topologies.

Due to enormous growth of the Internet, demands for access from multiple users and request for new services for its applications have also increased significantly.In a result there is a rise in packet loss rates and drop in network efficiency.In addition, the inability to support new services has severely hindered the widespread deployment of bandwidth-sensitive applications.So the success of TCP / IP depends on its ability to deliver services in time of extremely high demand and hence various congestion control mechanisms ensure this ability to prosper.The idea behind TCP congestion control is to control network load by having sources adjust their rates according to the level of congestion in the network.This paper focuses on how congestion control and queue management techniques have evolved in due course of time and being modified to minimize the rate of packet loss.Considering RED being most important of all we have optimized the algorithm by challenging the linearity of marking/dropping probability.We conduct a survey by applying different possible functions in contrary to the linear behavior of dropping probability for evaluating their performance in comparison to RED.We implement the optimized RED by simulating a multicast network for TCP flows.

The paper contrast a Multicasting network using PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast -Dense Mode) with BST (Bi-Directional Shared Tree) protocol using NS2.The networking topology is well analyzed for two sources and drop of data packet and throughput is recorded and drawn.The simulation results mark the decrease in drop out packets for BST by 55.88235% on node 0 and some increase in drop out packets at node 1.

This paper describes a Distributed File Server, implemented in Java Sockets, based on TCP protocol.The server responds file request of multiple formats like txt, doc, pdf, jpeg, mp3, mp4, flv etc to multiple clients at a time.The requested server first checks the requested file, with it.If file search is not successful then it turns toward other servers connected to it.The Dedicated Server performs client authentication based on Ipaddress of connecting client and maintains list of files present with other servers connected with it.The clients at it end perform check on user requests, for better server performance.The system proposed is well tested in our laboratory with 0, 2, 4, and 8 clients connecting in distributed environment.Results of heap memory utilization and relative server utilization time in serving varying number of clients is drawn and analyzed.

Treatment of achalasia cardia by pneumatic dilatation is an established method. However, data on results of pneumatic dilatation in Indian patients with achalasia cardia are scarce. We report our experience with treatment of achalasia cardia by pneumatic dilatation in 38 patients. The diagnosis of achalasia cardia was based on clinical examination, barium swallow and upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. Twenty nine (76.3%) patients improved with first dilatation, 8 (21%) patients had to undergo second dilatation and 1 (2.6%) required a third. Most of the patients remained asymptomatic during a follow-up of 6 months to 6 years. Immediate and late complications occurred in 5 (13%) and 2 (5.2%) patients, respectively. Thus, pneumatic dilatation is a simple, safe and effective method for treating Indian patients with achalasia cardia.