Effective binding of cationic ball-type zinc phthalocyanine (BT-Pc) to G-quadruplex (G4) DNA molecules has already been demonstrated previously. This motivated us to investigate the PDT performance of BT-Pc in cell culture studies. Accordingly, the present work involves the application of BT-Pc to breast (MCF-7) and osteosarcoma (MG63) cancer cells, and also to healthy fibroblast cells (L929). Cell lines (CL) were irradiated at 640 nm wavelength, and the photodynamic activity was evaluated. The results show that cytotoxicity was significantly stronger in MCF-7 cells than in both L929 and MG63 cells (p < 0.05) in the absence of IPL irradiation. Also, we report that the application of l IPL provided significant photodynamic activity in MCF-7 and MG63 cells (p < 0.05). These results further suggest that BT-Pc might become a promising photosensitizer for future clinical trials.

Aim: we aim to present the outcomes of the Laser Hemorrhoidoplasty (LHP) procedure performed in our clinic. Material and methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed the outcomes of LHP performed on 112 patients in our clinic over a 24-month period. Patients were scheduled for follow-up visits at three weeks post-surgery, followed by subsequent follow-ups at three and six-month intervals. Results: Of the 112 patients, 73 (65.17%) were male, and 39 (34.82%) were female. The mean age was 52.6 years (range: 20-65). The mean operation duration was 18.3 minutes (range: 12-25). Seventy patients were classified as grade 2, while 42 patients were classified as grade 3. The mean hospital stay was 1.16 days. Among the 70 patients with grade 2 hemorrhoids, 5 were lost to follow-up, while 24 were followed up at 6 months and 41 at 1 year. One (1.42%) patient who attended the 1-year follow-up showed recurrence. Four patients (9.52%) showed recurrence. One patient with grade 3 hemorrhoids experienced postoperative bleeding lasting one week, requiring erythrocyte suspension replacement. Another patient with grade 3 hemorrhoids developed a hematoma, which resolved with conservative treatment. Eight patients (7.14%) with grade 3 hemorrhoids developed postoperative edema, all of whom improved with conservative treatment. Pain, evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale, was measured as 2.03 on the first postoperative day and 1.49 on the second postoperative day. Conclusion: LH treatment has been found to be a successful alternative treatment option for Grade 2 and Grade 3 diseases. It is emphasized that patient selection is crucial in LH treatment.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of wireless waves applied to rats in the thyroid tissue by evaluating gene expression levels on 12 determined gene regions. 20 healthy 16-week-old Wistar albino female rats weighting 200-220 g were used. In the experiments, two groups, control and experimental groups, were formed, and ten female rats were used in each group. While WI-FI electromagnetic field was applied to the experimental group of these rats, nothing was applied to the control group. Many different gene regions, including beta catenin, beta-actin, GAPDH, L3B, HIF 1-Alpha, GSk-3B, TCF, WNT7a, WNT10a, WNT2, Beclin 1 and Beclin 2, ATG5 and ATG12, were investigated. ACTB and GAPDH gene primers were used as a house keeping gene. The fold change values were calculated statistically from the data obtained from the gene expression re-sults. Compared to the control group, it was observed that the experimental group had significant increases in gene expression levels of many gene regions investigated in the study (P<0.05). Among the study groups, 12 different genes such as beta catenin, beta-actin, GAPDH, L3B, HIF 1-Alpha, GSk-3B, TCF, WNT7a, WNT10a, WNT2, Beclin 1 and Beclin 2, ATG5 and ATG12, which we have determined according to the literature, are known to be related to autophagy and oxidative stress. When the expression levels were investigated, it was determined that the expression coefficients of all the genes studied in the wnt/ss catenin pathway in the experimental group of rats exposed to the Wi-Fi EM field, except for ATG5 and ATG12, were quite high, and there was significant differences between the groups.

Objective:The basic aim in the treatment of second-degree burns is to prevent progressive cell death, and so treatments are directed at the zone of stasis.In this study, We were aimed to investigate the healing effects of using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), Ovarian follicular fluid (OFS) and Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on burn stasis zone in an experimental burn model.Method: Forty rats were divided randomly into four groups.Burns were created in each group according to the comb burn model.The control group received no treatment; the mesenchymal stem cell [MSC] group received MSC; the platelet-rich plasma [PRP] group received PRP; and the ovarian follicular fluid [OFF] group received OFF subcutaneously on days 1, 3 and 5. On days 1 and 21, all rats were photographed and the burn sites were calculated.At the end of day 21, all rats were sacrificed, the dorsum containing the created burns were excised, and the epithelialization, collagen amount, fibroblast density, inflammatory cell density and VEGF amounts were evaluated histopathologically.Results: The groups were assessed based on the burn site healing rate and histopathological scoring.Healing was faster in the MSC group [p<0.005],PRP group [p>0.005] and OFS group [p<0.005]than in the control group.When the treatment groups were compared with each other, the best healing was observed in the MSC, PRP and OFF groups, respectively.Conclusions: MSC, PRP and OFF were found to have a positive effect on burn healing, with MSC being the most efficient method among the three, followed by PRP and OFF, respectively, which were found to provide a faster healing than the control group.

Background: Using a relaxant agent before an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) might reduce complications. Study Aims: We aimed to investigate the relaxant effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on sheep sphincter of Oddi (SO) and the mechanisms that might take part in this relaxant effect. Patients and Methods: The sheep SO was mounted in an organ bath filled with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution under 1.5 g tension and the relaxant effects of PPIs were evaluated in the tissues precontracted by carbachol (10(-6) mol/l). The relaxant responses to the PPIs were tested in the presence of various blockers to enlighten the underlying mechanism by the PPIs. Results: The PPIs exerted relaxant responses in a concentration-dependent manner in the sheep SO (P < 0.05). Esomeprazole produced the strongest relaxation. The administration of atropine, indomethacin, L-NAME, methylene blue, clotrimazole, glibenclamide, and 4-aminopyridine into the organ baths did not change the relaxations induced by PPIs in vitro (P> 0.05). On the other hand, Ca+2-activated potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA) reduced the relaxation responses created by PPIs (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study suggests that PPIs create relaxation on SO partially via Ca+2-activated potassium channels. PPIs, especially esomeprazole, may be beneficial during the ERCP procedure. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm our results.

Amac : Bu calismanin amaci mide kanseri hastalarinda genisletilmis lenf nodu diseksiyonuna gore cerrahi teknigin yeterliligini degerlendirmektir. Bulgularimizi, lenf nodu (LN) istasyonlarinda saptanan lenf nodu (LN) sayilarini, herhangi bir kanser turu olmayan kadavralar uzerinde yapilan otopsiler ile destekledik. Method: 55 mide kanseri hastasi calismaya alindi. Genisletilmis lenfadenektomi, 23 otopsi olgusunda karsilastirmali grup olarakyapildi. Hastalara standart cerrahi yaklasim olarak Total gastrektomi ve D2 disseksiyon uygulandi. Bulgular: TNM siniflamasina gore dokuz olgu (% 18) evre I, uc (% 6) evre II, 22 (% 36) evre III ve 21 (% 40) evre IV idi. 55 olguda cikarilan LN'larinin medyan sayisi 47 (24-95), metastatic LN'lari ise 15 (1-71) idi. Otopsi grubund amedyan sayi 72 (50-91) idi. 55 olguda D2 diseksiyonu yerine D1 diseksiyonu yapilsaydi, eksize edilen LN'larinin medyan sayisi 24 (10-57) ve metastatik LN sayisi 5 (1-45) olacakti. Otopsi grubunda D1 diseksiyonu yapilsaydi, eksize edilen LN'larinin ortanca sayisi 36 (20-49) olacakti. Sonuclar : Cikarilan lenf nodlarinin sayisi lenfadenektominin genisliginiyansitmamaktadir. Yeterli genislikte lenfadenektomi yapilabilmesi icin D2 disseksiyon istasyonel olarak yapilmalidir. Olasi skip metastaz ve evre kaymasi da boylelikle azaltilmis olacaktir.  Boylece daha yeterli onkolojik sonuclar elde edilecektir.

Objective of this study is to investigate the changes of gene expression in rat brain induced by 2,4 GHz wireless radiofrequency electromagnetic field (WiFi -RF EMF). Total RNA was extracted immediately and purified from the rat brain, after 12 hours/day exposed or sham-exposed to a frequency of 2,4 GHz WiFi –RF- EMF for 14 days. Roche-Nimblegene-Agilent Microarray System was applied to investigate the changes of gene expression in rat brain. Roche-Nimblegene-Agilent Genespring Software for Microarray Analysis was used in bioenformatic analysis. After 14 days of WiFi -RF EMF exposure, 69 genes in experimental group showed statistical significant down regulation compared with the control group. Ten genes in experimental group showed statistical significant up regulation compared with the control group. In this study, it was detected that WiFi -RF EMF exposure to brain cells resulted with the down and up regulation of transcription level of some important genes.

Background: Incisional hernia repairs are among common abdominal wall surgeries, can be primarily required or being reconstructed using a synthetic or biological material. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating intra-abdominal adhesions and incisional site healing after the repair of the abdominal wall by fresh amniotic membrane-coated polypropylene mesh in comparison to only polypropylene mesh in an experimental rat study. Methods: The study protocol was approved by the Cumhuriyet University Institutional Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments (Sivas-Turkiye, date 24/06/2015). Sixteen pregnant female Wistar-Albino rats (mean weight, 275 g) were anesthetized on the 21st day of pregnancy, and a 1-cm area of the abdominal wall was excised. The pregnancy was terminated, emerging amniotic membranes were dissected, and eight pieces of the 1-cm2 polypropylene mesh were coated with these amniotic membranes without using any suture or adhesive. The polypropylene meshes were sutured on the abdominal wall of eight rats (control group), selected by simple random sampling. For the remaining eight rats, the same procedure was applied with the amniotic membrane-coated polypropylene meshes (experimental group). On the 28th postoperative day, the anterior abdominal wall was opened, and intra-abdominal adhesions were assessed macroscopically by Nair’s adhesion scoring system. Strip-shaped biopsy samples were taken from incision lines for histopathological examination. Results: The experimental group had significantly less intra-abdominal adhesions (i.e., Nair’s score of 2 to 4) compared to the control group (two and six rats, respectively; P = 0.046), and had significantly lower mean score for polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration (P = 0.039), hyperemia (P = 0.039), and epithelialization (P = 0.039). The score for the increase in connective tissue (P = 0.018) was significantly higher in the experimental group, and the scores for edema (P = 0.590) and macrophage infiltration (P = 0.590) were similar between the two groups. Conclusions: The use of polypropylene mesh coated with fresh amniotic membrane provides the advantage of decreasing postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions along with less inflammation and higher epithelialization after abdominal wall repair surgery.

Objective: Despite the improvements in the treatments of surgical and intensive care, sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome are the most common cause of mortality.Therefore in the experimental animal model, we aimed to reveal biochemical and histopathologic effects of strontium ranelate on healing in experimental animal model for peritonitis and sepsis.Method: 20 female Wistar-Albino rats were used.Rats were seperated into 4 groups; control, sham [ceacum ligation perforation (CLP)], CLP + Strontium (S) (CLP+S) and S+CLP+S.Rats were euthanised on 7th day.Peritoneal inflammation staging and ileum resection was performed.Blood samples were taken for biochemical screening and IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha tests were evaluated.Results: Peritoneal inflammation score was the highest at CLP group and the lowest at control group.There was healing in CLP+S group compared to CLP group, and more healing in S+CLP+S group compared to CLP+S group.According to histopathological evaluation, ileum injury was the lowest in the control group and the highest in CLP group.Less injury was found in CLP+S group compared to CLP group, and less injury was found in S+CLP+S group compared to CLP+S group.No difference was found when TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10 values were compared.Conclusions: Strontium ranelate may reduce mortality and morbidity by prophylactic treatment in patients at risk of sepsis and patients with sepsis.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare the healing effect of strontium ranilate(SR) and hypericum perfaratum (HPE) with the healing effect of prednisolone used in the treatment of experimental colit in rats. Material and Method : 30 wistar albino rats were used in the study. Rats were randomly assigned to 5 consecutive groups consisting of 5 rats. Group 1, healthy rats, group 2 colitis but untreated rats. The rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 had colitis and received 160 mg / kg SR, 1mg/kg prednisolone and  HP extracts containing 0.3% hiperisine (250 uq / 300 mg) by oral gavage, respectively for seven days. At the end of the seventh day, the colons of the rats were removed and histopathological examination was performed. Results : The histopathological results of the HPE group were statistically worst including the control group. It was observed that the best results in the treatment groups were SR group followed by prednisolone group, respectively.(P<0.05) Conclusion : This study concluded that SR was at least as effective as prednisolone in colitis treatment, but HPE exacerbate colitis-induced inflammation when received by orally

BACKGROUND:Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can lead to multiple organ failure and death. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline and iloprost administered before reperfusion in intestinal ischemia.METHODS:In total, 25 male Wistar Albino rats weighing 250-300 g were divided into five groups each comprising five subjects: control group (n=5), sham group (n=5, no I/R), I/R group (n=5, 45 min ischemia, and 120 min reperfusion), I/R + pentoxifylline group (n=5, 45 min ischemia following intraperitoneal 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline and 120 min reperfusion), and I/R + iloprast group (n=5, 45 min ischemia followed by intraperitoneal 2 mcg /kg iloprost and 120 min reperfusion). At the end of the experiment, ileum specimens were stained using hematoxylin-eosin and histopathologically evaluated using the Chiu score. Isometric contraction-relaxation responses were recorded using organ baths for contraction-relaxation responses.RESULTS:Pentoxifylline provided a significant improvement in response to histopathological and contraction-relaxation responses. Although iloprost provided recovery in reperfusion injury, it was not statistically significant.CONCLUSION:Our findings demonstrate that pentoxifylline may be promising in preventing small bowel ischemia-reperfusion injury. We concluded that further clinical and experimental studies for iloprost are needed.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal cetuximab administration on the healing of anastomosis and development of early adhesion formation in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four female rats were used. A colon segment was resected and end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The rats were randomized into three groups after the performance of colonic anastomosis and received 10 mL of intraperitoneal solution including study drugs after closure of abdominal cavity: normal saline was administered to the normal saline group (n=8), cetuximab (400 mg/m(2)) was administered to the postoperative 1 group (n=8) 1 day after surgery, and cetuximab (400 mg/m(2)) was administered to the peroperative group (n=8) during surgery. RESULTS The mean adhesion grade was 2.63±0.92, and 0.50±0.76 and 0.63±0.74 for control and test groups, respectively. Cetuximab reduced adhesion formation in test groups (p<0.05). When all groups were compared, it was found that vascular endothelial growth factor levels decreased significantly only in the abdomen (p<0.05). Hydroxyproline levels and anastomosis bursting pressure were examined, and a statistical difference was found between groups (hydroxyproline p<0.05, bursting pressure p<0.05). However, when postoperative 1 day group was compared with the control group, it was found that there was no difference between groups according to these parameters (p>0.05), but when peroperative group was compared with the control group a significant decrease was observed in both parameters. Histopathological healing score was also evaluated. No statistical difference between groups was found. CONCLUSION Twenty-four hours later from the operation, intraperitoneal cetuximab therapy may be a safe and feasible treatment for metastatic colorectal patients.

INTRODUCTION:The objective of this study was to assess the outcome of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) plus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) in patients with advanced gynecological malignancies.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A retrospective series of 51 patients with advanced gynecologic cancer, evaluated between May 2008 to February 2014. Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) and Completeness of Cytoreduction (CCR) score were used in the study group. The study group consisted of the cancers of ovarian, fallopian tube, endometrial, and uterine sarcomas.RESULTS:Mean PCI score of the study group was 18, and the postoperative complications were similar with the literature. Patients were followed in a period of 15 days to 64 months and the mean survival time was 22.8 months. Fifty-two percent of the patients were alive without evidence of the disease and overall one-year survival was found 56%.CONCLUSIONS:The authors concluded that CRS, HIPEC, EPIC, and peritonectomy are a crucial options in patients with advanced gynecological cancers.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal cetuximab administration on the healing of anastomosis and development of early adhesion formation in a rat model. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four female rats were used. A colon segment was resected and end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The rats were randomized into three groups after the performance of colonic anastomosis and received 10 mL of intraperitoneal solution including study drugs after closure of abdominal cavity: normal saline was administered to the normal saline group (n=8), cetuximab (400 mg/m2) was administered to the postoperative 1 group (n=8) 1 day after surgery, and cetuximab (400 mg/m 2 ) was administered to the peroperative group (n=8) during surgery. Results: The mean adhesion grade was 2.63±0.92, and 0.50±0.76 and 0.63±0.74 for control and test groups, respectively. Cetuximab reduced adhesion formation in test groups (p 0.05), but when peroperative group was compared with the control group a significant decrease was observed in both parameters. Histopathological healing score was also evaluated. No statistical difference between groups was found.

Objective: Thyroid cancers are the most common malignancy of the endocrine organs.The purpose of this study is to research the thyroid cancer incidence in the thyroidectomies carried out in the province of Sivas and cancer types.Methods: The pathology reports regarding the thyroidectomy operations carried out in the General Surgery Clinic of the School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University between January 2008 and January 2014 were retrospectively scanned from the archive.The postoperative histopathological findings, belonging to totally 521 cases operated within six years, were evaluated.Results: 122 (23.41%) of the total 521 cases were men and 399 (76.58%) were women.The youngest patient was 15 and the oldest patient was 84 years old, and also mean age of the patients was 49.02 ± 13.48.The followings were detected in the histopathological examination; nodular hyperplasia in 272 (52.2%) cases, diffuse hyperplasia in 32 (6.1%) cases, lymphocytic thyroiditis in 22 (4.2%) cases, association of nodular hyperplasia and lymphocytic thyroiditis in 30 (5.8%) cases and also thyroid neoplasm in 151 (29%) cases.9 (5.9%) of 151 neoplasm cases were benign and 142 (94.0%) were malign.As the cancer type, the followings were detected; papillary carcinoma in 133 (25.5%) cases, follicular carcinoma in 3 (0.6%) cases, medullary carcinoma in 2 (0.4%) cases and anaplastic carcinoma in 3 (0.6%) cases, metastases in 1 (0.2%) case.The well differentiated tumour of uncertain malignant potential was detected in 14 (2.7%) cases. Conclusion:The cancer incidence in thyroidectomies carried out in the province of Sivas was recorded as 27.3% and the papillary thyroid carcinoma was the most common carcinoma.

Background We presented abdominal liposarcoma cases diagnosed and managed in a tertiary care center and also conducted a literature review on main features of this tumor. Methods Chart reviews of eight cases were conducted, and clinical, surgical, histopathological, and follow-up data were recorded. Results Overall, complete surgical resection was performed with adjacent organ resection in 25% of cases, and radiotherapy was not administered. Recurrence was developed in only one case and died after 2 years and 3 months, and other cases are under follow-up without recurrence. Histopatological examinations revealed findings of well-differentiated liposarcoma. Conclusions According to our surgical experience, the surgical margin positivity may not be a determining factor for the survival of patients with well-differentiated liposarcoma, and in the absence of macroscopic invasion, adjacent organ resection may not be required. Radiotherapy may not be preferred when complete resection of abdominal mass was achieved.

PURPOSE:There is a common doubt regarding the application of polypropylene mesh to treat incarcerated and strangulated hernias due to the possibility of surgical site infection. We aimed to investigate the results of mesh repair of incarcerated and strangulated hernias, and to evaluate the incidence of wound infection and recurrence.METHODS:One hundred and fifty-three consecutive patients with incarcerated and strangulated hernias underwent surgery with mesh repair. The patients were divided into two groups: a resection group and a nonresection group. Fisher's exact test, the Chi-square test and independent samples t test were used to determine the statistical significance level (p < 0.05).RESULTS:While 53 patients required organ resection, the remaining 100 patients did not. The most frequently incarcerated organs were the omentum (86), small bowel (74) and colon (15). Most of the resections were performed in the omentum (36), small bowel (23) and colon (2). While five of the 53 patients (9.4%) in the resection group developed wound infections, no infections were observed in the nonresection group (p = 0.004). The infection rate in all patients was 3.3% (five of 153 patients). None of the infected patients required mesh removal. There were no mortalities or recurrence in either group.CONCLUSIONS:The findings revealed effective and safe usage of mesh along with antibiotic therapy in patients undergoing incarcerated and strangulated hernia repair.

Aim. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) bevacizumab on colonic anastomosis and evaluate the effects on early postoperative adhesion formation. Materials and Methods. A total of 24 mature female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Rats were randomly assigned to a control group that received saline (n = 8) or to experimental groups (n = 8 each) that received bevacizumab at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (group 1) or 5 mg/kg (group 2). Animals were killed humanely on the seventh day after operation, and measurements of anastomotic strength and biochemical variables were performed. Results. The mean adhesion grade was 2.63 ± 0.92, and 1 ± 0.93 and 0.75 ± 0.71 for the control and test groups, respectively. Bevacizumab significantly reduced adhesion formation in both low-dose and high-dose IP applications ( P < .05). When all groups were compared, it was found that VEGF levels decreased significantly only in the tissue ( P = .001), whereas there was no significant difference in the blood and the IP fluid ( P = .73 and .08, respectively). We evaluated hydroxyproline levels, anastomosis bursting pressure, and histopathological healing scores. When each of these parameters were examined, there was statistical difference between groups ( P = .01, .004, and .01, respectively). It was found that these parameters significantly decreased depending on increasing drug dose. Conclusion. IP administration of bevacizumab effectively reduced the formation of adhesions and caused significant impairment of anastomotic wound healing when standard doses were administered (5 mg/kg), but the 2.5-mg/kg dosage did not affect the anastomotic wound healing and also effectively reduced the formation of adhesions.

To assess the efficacy of extended lymph node dissection in gastric cancer and to identify factors affecting lymph node detection.

Severe burn induces biochemical mediators such as reactive oxygen species that leads to lipid peroxidation which may have a key role in formation of acute lung injury (ALI). Sildenafil is a selective and potent inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate specific phosphodiesterase-5. Sildenafil preserves alveolar growth, angiogenesis, reduces inflammation and airway reactivity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different dosages of sildenafil in ALI due to severe scald burn in rats. Twenty-four rats were subjected to 30% total body surface area severe scald injury and were randomly divided into three equal groups as follow: control, 10 and 20mg/kg sildenafil groups. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), catalase (Cat), total oxidative stress (TOS), and total antioxidative capacity (TAC) were measured in both tissues and serums. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. A semi-quantitative scoring system was used for the evaluation of histopatological findings. Sildenafil increased Gpx, Cat, TAC and decreased MDA, TOS and OSI. Sildenafil decreased inflammation scores in lungs. Our results reveal that sildenafil is protective against scald burn related ALI by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation and the dosage of 10mg/kg could be apparently better than 20mg/kg.