The synthesis of nanomaterials has traditionally relied on physical and chemical methods, which, while initially effective, are often expensive and environmentally detrimental. In contrast, biological approaches utilizing natural agents such as plant extracts, enzymes, and microorganisms offer more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. In this study, bio-synthesized ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared via a chemical precipitation method, using camel urine as a natural stabilizing and capping agent. The synthesized NCs were comprehensively characterized using SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and TGA. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an average particle size of 7.41 nm, while XRD analysis confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs. UV-Vis analysis indicated an energy band gap of 2.21 eV. FTIR spectra identified functional groups associated with ZnO/Fe3O4, and TGA demonstrated thermal stability up to 940 degrees C. The nanocomposites exhibited significant anticancer and antibacterial activities in a concentration-dependent manner. MTT assays against HCT116 colorectal cancer cells showed a reduction in cell viability from approximately 80 % at low concentrations to about 43 % at 100 mu g/mL, indicating strong dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Antibacterial tests revealed higher efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas sp.) than Grampositive strains (S. aureus), with no observable activity against MRSA. Notably, at a concentration of 15 mg, inhibition zones reached 0.9 mm for Pseudomonas sp. and 1.4 mm for E. coli, whereas significantly smaller zones were observed at lower concentrations. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs for biomedical applications, particularly as antibacterial coatings or anticancer agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs using camel urine and their evaluation against colorectal cancer cells, representing a novel and sustainable approach in nanomedicine.

This study reports the synthesis of a composite of lanthanum (La2O3)-zinc oxide nanoparticles (La-ZnONPs) using a simple and cost-effective co-precipitation method. The structural, morphological, compositional, and functional properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were systematically investigated. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed an excitonic absorption peak at similar to 364 nm, and the optical band gap was calculated to be 2.9 +/- 0.02 eV using the Kubelka-Munk method. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the vibrational modes of functional groups, with a prominent peak in the range of 3000-3600 cm(-1) corresponding to the O-H bond, while the absence of additional significant absorption bands confirmed the high purity of the nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed their morphology, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the elemental composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of similar to 15 +/- 0.01 nm. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated that La-ZnO electrodes exhibited a specific capacitance (Cp) of 0.8064 +/- 0.001 F/g at a scan rate of 0.01 V/s, which decreased to 0.3758 +/- 0.01 F/g at higher scan rates due to reduced interaction time between the active material and electrolyte ions. The observed pseudocapacitive behavior was attributed to oxygen vacancies and La incorporation, which enhanced the overall capacitance. The anticancer potential of La-ZnONPs was evaluated against colon cancer, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer, and HeLa cervical cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxicity, with cell viabilities of 28.5 +/- 0.12 %, 25 +/- 0.15 %, and 30.2 +/- 0.14 % for colon, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa cells, respectively, demonstrating effective cytotoxicity at relatively low concentrations and highlighting their potential as anticancer agents. Unlike previous studies on La-ZnO, which primarily focused on structural and optical properties, this work demonstrates the dual functionality of La-ZnONPs by systematically assessing both their electrochemical and anticancer activities. These findings underscore their biomedical relevance and potential application in energy storage, offering a unique combination of multifunctional properties for future technological and therapeutic developments.

Detecting low-power ultraviolet (UV) light is crucial for practical applications. However, 1D ZnO/Ag based photodetectors (PDs) suffer from high expenses and care due to special operating conditions, posing challenges in capturing weak light signals and response time. To overcome these limitations, we integrate ZnO nanostructures with localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles via a surfactant-free hydrothermal-assisted polyol method, resulting in a notable bandgap reduction. SEM analysis revealed roughly spherical nanostructures for pristine ZnO and a porous structure in ZnO@Ag, around 1.4µm in size with small agglomerates. XRD patterns showed reduced ZnO diffraction peak intensities in ZnO@Ag, confirming their core-like ZnO morphology. The fabricated ZnO@Ag heterojunction PD on an FTO substrate resulted in notable enhancement of PD performance. The ZnO@Ag heterojunction PD demonstrated a rapid 1.77s response time, a 0.64s recovery time and a specific detectivity of 11×107 cmHz1/2W−1, indicating its potential for low-cost and sustainable optoelectronics.

This study successfully synthesized zinc oxide nanorod needles (ZnO-NRNs) using an environmentally friendly method employing Cymbopogon Proximus extract. The resulting ZnO-NRNs exhibited exceptional physicochemical and structural properties, confirmed through various characterization techniques, including UV-Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The analysis revealed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with high crystallinity, a 3.6 eV band gap, and a notably blue-shifted absorption band. ZnO-NRNs showed impressive photocatalytic activity, degrading Rhodamine B dye by 97% under UV and visible sunlight, highlighting their photostability and reusability. This green synthesis process offers cost effectiveness and environmental sustainability for practical applications.

This research describes the methodology for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). It demonstrates a unique, cost-effective, and non-toxic chemical technique for producing ZnO-NPs using the precipitation method with NaOH as reducing and capping agents. The formed nanoparticles have been characterized and analyzed using numerous techniques such as; Fluorescence emission spectroscopy (FL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet -visible optical absorption (UV -Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Also, the analytical technique X-ray diffraction studies has been used which showed that the ZnO-NPs had a Wurtzite hexagonal crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 34.27 nm. The form and the size of the synthesized ZnO-NPs have been seen in SEM and TEM photographs. Using J -image, particle size has been obtained at 13.33 nm, and the grain boundaries were all approximately spherical. Peaks in the FT-IR spectrum of the NPs indicate the presence of carboxylate (COO) and hydroxyl (O -H) functional groups. According to these findings, Zn interstitial defects are responsible for the 380 nm emission peak. Since EDX could not identify any impurities below the detection threshold, we may be sure that Zn and O are the principal components of the synthesized sample. ZnO-NPs cause an absorption band at 350.34 nm in the UV -Vis spectrum and a band gap of 3.24 eV. The catalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) was evaluated by investigating their effectiveness in degrading crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) dyes, along with assessing the degradation rates. The results demonstrated a high degradation efficiency, with ZnO NPs achieving approximately 96.72 % degradation for CV and 97.169 % for MB dyes, underscoring their remarkable efficacy in the degradation process. As for antimicrobial activity assessment, the results revealed that the ZnO-NPs had negligible impact on Gram-negative bacteria, whereas they exhibited a discernible effect on Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, it showed anti -cancer potential against colon (SW480), breast (MDA-231), and cervix (HELA) lines cells as seen by (MTT) assay. Hence, due to its simplified processes and cheaper chemicals, our synthesis technique may use in industrial settings for various applications.

In this work, newly created soliton solutions for ion sound and Langmuir waves with an Atangana–Baleanu fractional (ABF) are given. Symbolic software is used to perform the unified solver method (USM) and Weierstrass elliptic function method (WEFM) in order to solve this model. In terms of hyperbolic functions, extended trigonometric functions, and so forth. Single-wave solutions that were entirely novel and universal were attained. The way the soliton solutions behaved in connection with the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) graphics was also investigated. The dynamic investigation of the newly created soliton solutions reveals that they have several soliton forms like single-soliton, bell-shaped and mixed-form soliton profiles. This strategy is viewed as promising for handling a range of ABF evolution systems.

Electrodeposited polyaniline over the carbon nanotubes fiber (CNTF) has been investigated as potential candidate to substitutes the Pt based auxiliary electrodes in unidimensional fibrous solar cells. CNTF, with excellent electrical and mechanical properties, modified with conducting polymer (polyaniline) via facile electrodeposition process which employed as cathodic materials showed efficient electrochemical reduction of triiodide ions in the fiber shaped dye-sensitized solar cells. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed the efficacious integration of conducting polymer over the CNTF surface. The admirable electrocatalytic behavior of the fabricated electrode has investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Current density and voltage (J-V) curves are used to quantify the photovoltaic performance of devices with different counter electrodes with fixed photoanode. With lower peak to peak separation, improved current density and better fill factor, exhibited the superior efficiency of modified electrode (PANI@CNTF). As compared to pristine fiber, polyaniline modification showed the outstanding performance with improved photovoltaics and electrochemical parameters measured by theJ-Vand CV curves, respectively.

The combination of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) incorporated ZnO/rGO heterostructures is unique for sunlight-driven photocatalysis (SPC). Here, hydrothermally synthesized pristine ZnO nanostructures (NSs), ZnO/rGO binary nanocomposites (BNCs) and ZnO/rGO/Au ternary nanocomposites (TNCs) of bandgap (Eg) values 3.56 eV, 3.37 eV and 3.17 eV, respectively are reported. These NSs are analyzed optically, structurally and morphologically via UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and SEM techniques, respectively. The SPC of methylene blue (MB) organic dye was considered using all three samples. The slow charge transfer over grain boundaries of ZnO results in the prohibition of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, exhibiting low photodegradation efficiency (87%). However, in BNCs the creation of alternative pathway of the carriers due to low work function level of rGO as compared to ZnO enhances the charge separation with an increased photocatalytic efficiency (92%). In contrast, TNCs show rather fast photodegradation efficiency (96%) as the photoexcited electrons on Au NPs surface migrate to the CB of ZnO because of the SPR stimulation of Au. These electrons easily shift to the conductive rGO layers and react with oxygen species (O2) producing superoxide radicals (•O2–). Thus, TNCs sample has appeared to be auspicious candidate for the photodegradation of organic pollutants in untreated water.

In this research magnesium (Mg) doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn1-x MgxO, where x = 0 for pure ZnO) were synthesized using a simple chemical route. Their structure and morphology was characterized using different methods, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform spectroscopy, photo-luminescence. Nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and analyzed for their structure, shape, chemical content, and optical and dielectric activity with Zn1-x MgxO (where x = 5,15,50 wt%). The crystalline, hexagonal ZnO was verified by X-ray diffraction, with an average grain size of 45 nm for ZnO and 28 nm for Mg doping and a more interplane spacing that ranges from 2.9 nm to 18 nm. In the nanoscale domain, with a hexagonal crystalline shape between 30 and 80 nm, Zn1-x MgxO were analyzed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures. Transmittance rises with doping, as shown by optical characterization, and UV-vis spectroscopy reveals low absorbance in the visible area. Absorption values drop dramatically for all samples in the UV region, and when magnesium content rises, the absorption peak moves to shorter wavelengths. As the Mg content increased from 5 % to 50 %, the optical absorption spectra of ZnO switched to red. The UV emission peak in PL spectra was seen between 389 and 700 nm. It revealed that up to 50 % Mg doping, the strength of the emission bands at 405 and 525 nm decreases. According to fluorescence emission, zinc oxide has interaction with porphyrin, which results in a new peak at 389 nm. This 389 nm peak is thus specific to ZnO and Zn1-x MgxO nanoparticles as a result of the electron transport between the two materials. The Zn1-x MgxO samples show low dielectric losses and high dielectric constants in the middle and high-frequency ranges. The Mg doping at 5 % concentration is particularly intriguing since it shows enormous dielectric constant across a broad frequency range. At low frequencies, all the samples suffer from a significant loss factor. In the high-frequency range, it stabilizes.

In this work, researchers synthesized copper–zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of different shapes and sizes and tested their antibacterial and anticancer effects. The current research used a straightforward method to synthesize copper-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cu-ZnO NPs). Next, the photocatalytic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of the Cu-ZnO NPs were ascertained. Nanoparticles of Cu-doped ZnO were synthesized using co-precipitation technology. The physicochemical characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and other imaging techniques. The SEM analysis confirmed that the particles observed by SEM were found to be below 100 nm in size, which aligns with the results obtained from XRD. The size histogram in the figure inset shows that the nanoparticles are mostly round and have a size range of 5 to 50 nm. The XRD diffractograms revealed the classic structure of wurtzite-phase crystalline Cu-ZnO, and the crystallite size is 26.48 nm. Differences in the principal absorption peaks between the FTIR and UV-vis spectra suggest that varying ZnO NP morphologies might lead to spectrum shifts. We used the agar diffusion method to determine how effective Cu-doped ZnO NPs were against bacteria and the MTT assay to see how well they worked against cancer. The photocatalytic disintegration capacity of Cu-doped ZnO NPs was investigated by degrading crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) dyes under ultraviolet lamp irradiation. A value of 1.32 eV was recorded for the band gap energy. All peaks conformed to those of the Zn, O, and Cu atoms, and there were no impurities, according to the EDS study. Additionally, the nanoparticles had anticancer properties, indicating that the NPs were specifically targeting cancer cells by inducing cell death. At a 100 µg/mL concentration of the synthesized Cu-doped ZnO NPs, the cell availability percentages for the SW480, MDA-231, and HeLa cell lines were 29.55, 30.15, and 28.2%, respectively. These findings support the idea that Cu-doped ZnO NPs might be a new cancer treatment. Moreover, the results show the percentage of dye degradation over different time durations. After 180 h, the degradation of CV dye reached 79.6%, while MB dye exhibited a degradation of 69.9%. Based on these findings, Cu-doped ZnO NPs have the potential to be effective photocatalysts, antibacterial agents, and cancer fighters. This bodes well for their potential applications in the fields of ecology, medicine, and industry in the future.

One of the promising approaches is solar radiation and thermal energy can be converted into electricity using photothermoelectric materials. Ceramic‐inspired photothermoelectric materials are extensively researched in the quest for efficient and sustainable energy conversion technologies. Herein, the synthesis and utilization of titanium nitride (known as tinite–ceramic) nanoparticles used first in two specific applications are reported: solar‐driven thermoelectric nanogenerators and photothermal‐based evaporation applications. The nanogenerator is innovatively fabricated via a UV‐induced deposition technique. The tinite–ceramic possesses excellent solar absorption (92.5%) and subsequent photothermally converted heat (39.9 °C) under 1 kW m −2 solar irradiation for an effective solar energy harvesting candidate. The complimentary nanogenerator endows high carrier mobility and effective photothermal‐to‐electric energy conversion (short‐circuit current, I out = 58.8 mA) under 2 kW m −2 solar irradiation. The switchable nanogenerator maintains its reproducibility under different cycles, tailoring its tunability under different solar irradiation. More interestingly, a tinite–ceramic‐inspired solar evaporator exhibits an evaporation rate of up to 2.02 kg m −2 h −1 under 1 kW m −2 solar irradiation. Titanite's dual functionality offers the potential to revolutionize how renewable energy sources are harnessed and utilized for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy production.

Nanoscience and technology play an essential role in different various scientific fields domains as since it offers unique properties and diverse industrial applications. This study introduces an efficient method to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Aristolochia bracteolate bud extract. The synthesized AgNPs are embedded within Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to prepare a sustainable nanocomposite film (Ag-PMMA NC). Characterization techniques reveal the distinct properties of AgNPs and Ag-PMMA NC. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows enhanced heat stability of the polymer with Ag nano-filler. UV-vis spectroscopy detects a peak for AgNPs at 440 nm, with an average size of 180.4 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.389, indicating uniform size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of Ag-PMMA exhibits characteristic peaks between 300-700 cm-−1, confirming Ag-PMMA interactions. Both green-synthesized AgNPs and the resulting Ag-PMMA NC film demonstrate potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus cereus (∼15 mm) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (∼26 mm), showing promise for water purification and other applications.

Boosting the heat transfer rate in a base fluid is of interest to researchers; many traditional methods have been utilized to do this. One significant way is using nanofluid to boost thermal performance. This investigation sought to improve the transmission of a thermal above-stretching inclined surface over an upper surface to be influenced by the magnetic field B0 along the microgravity g*(τ)=g0(1+acos(πωt)). The G-jitter impacts were analyzed for three colloidal fluids flow; the mono micropolar nanofluid (alumina/water), micropolar hybrid nanofluid (alumina–titanium)/water, and micropolar trihybrid nanofluid (alumina–titanium–silicon)/water. Using suitable transformation, the governing formulation was changed into an ordinary differential equation. In a Matlab script, a computational code was composed to evaluate the impacts of the involved parameters on fluid dynamics. The fluid flow motion and thermal performance for the trihybrid case were greater than the mono and hybrid nanofluid cases subject to a microgravity environment. The fluid velocity and microrotation function decreased in opposition to the magnetic parameter’s increasing strength, but with an increasing trend in the fluid temperature function. Fluctuations in the velocity gradient and heat flow gradient increased as the modulation amplitude increased.

Vanadates of transition metal found its potential applications in the fields of lithium ion batteries, gas sensors, photo catalysts, solar cells and so on. Among the metal vanadates, Iron vanadate is vital as an organic pollutant remedying, gas sensor material, and selective catalytic reduction material. This current research focuses on synthesizing iron vanadate nanoparticles by wet chemical synthesis with controlled pH using ammonia solution. The nanostructured FeVO4 particle were characterized structurally with the powder XRD studies. Strong crystal planes were formed at Miller indices (111), (0-12), and (-220) which is confirmed from the intensity of the diffraction peaks. FT- IR and micro Raman studies was taken to identify the molecular vibrations present in the material and it shows that the sharpest apex at 508 cm-1 obtained is attributed to the stretching oscillations of Fe-O and V-O-V modes. The Raman spectrum confirmed the separation of Fe - O, V - O, and different stretching fashions of V - O - Fe. The V-O stretching mode increases the intense bands showing the very high strongest peak of FeVO4 because of electro negativity of iron the metal. The morphology of iron vanadate was confirmed with SEM analysis showing that particles are much isolated and cubical with few polyhedron structures. The electrochemical response of FeVO4 evaluated the specific capacitance at 10 mV/s as 402 Fg-1 . Energy density values were calculated as 16.08 Whkg-1, 13.08 Whkg-1, 10.2 Whkg-1, 8.76 Whkg-1, 7.64 Whkg-1 and 6.92 Whkg-1 from the cyclic voltammetry profile at the slow rates varying from 10 -100 mV/s. The magnetic properties were analyzed by measuring the magnetic susceptibility and magnetization using a VSM magnetometer and the results evident that the material exhibits the paramagnetic behavior. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The movement of biological fluids in the human body is a premium field of interest to overcome growing biomedical challenges. Blood behavior shows different behavior in capillaries, veins, and arteries during circulation. In this paper, a new mathematical relation for the nano-layer of biological fluids flows with the effect of TiO2 and Ag hybrid nanoparticles was developed. Further, we explain the engineering phenomena of biological fluids and the role of hybrid nanoparticles in the blood vessel system. The improvement of drug delivery systems by using low seepage Reynolds number was associated with expansion/contraction and was discussed in detail through the rectangular domain. Using similarity transformation, the governing equations were converted into non-linear ordinary differential equations, and the mathematical problem was solved by employing the numerical shooting method. Plots of momentum, temperature, skin friction coefficient, as well as the Nusselt number on different non-dimensionless parameters are displayed via lower/upper porous walls of the channel. It was analyzed that the walls of the channel showed different results on magnetized physical parameters. Values of thermophoresis and the Brownian motion flow of the heat transfer rate gradually increased on the upper wall and decreased on the lower wall of the channel. The important thing is that the hybrid nanoparticles, rather than nano, were more useful for improving thermal conductivity, heat transfer rate, and the nano-layer.

The present study centered around the prospect of bio fabricating nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf and investigating their therapeutic potential with an assessment of the antioxidant status. Synthesis of stable 'green' nanoparticles of Moringa leaf extract is successfully reported with an extensive characterization. The average particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoparticles obtained by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were 141.6 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.32 respectively. The UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) revealed a strong red absorbance peak at 664 nm,characteristic of chlorophyll. Electron micrographs confirmed that particles were in the nano range and were spherical with minimal agglomeration. The constituent functional groups were assessed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The X-ray diffractograms of reflected both the amorphous and crystalline domains.Furthermore, the phytochemical screening showed a higher phenolic/ flavonoid content of the Moringa nanoparticles (NMo) in comparison to the bulk Moringa leaf extract(Mo). These results corresponded to a potent antioxidant status of the NMo which was assessed by three complementary antioxidant assays. The therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles was evaluated based on in vitro anti-diabetic assays and cytotoxicity assay on human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2). The key findings suggest a more profound therapeutic efficacy of NMo than the Moringa leaf extract.

The time-independent performance of a micropolar nanofluid under the influence of magneto hydrodynamics and the existence of a porous medium on a stretching sheet has been investigated. Nano-sized particles were incorporated in the base fluid because of their properties such as their extraordinary heat-enhancing ability, which plays a very important role in modern nanotechnology, cooling electronic devices, various types of heat exchangers, etc. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are accounted for in this comprehensive study. Using similarity conversion, the leading equations based on conservation principles are non-dimensionalized with various parameters yielding a set of ODEs. The numerical approach boundary value problem fourth-order method (bvp4c) was implemented as listed in the MATLAB computational tool. The purpose of this examination was to study and analyze the influence of different parameters on velocity, micro-rotation, concentration, and temperature profiles. The primary and secondary velocities reduced against the higher inputs of boundary concentration, rotation, porosity, and magnetic parameters, however, the base fluid temperature distribution grows with the increasing values of these parameters. The micro-rotation distribution increased against the rising strength of the Lorentz force and a decline is reported against the growing values of the micropolar material and rotational parameters.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a serious health problem that causes a considerable number of mortality in a number of affluent nations throughout the world. The estimated death encountered in many developed countries includes including Pakistan, reached 111,367 and accounted for 9.87% of all deaths, despite the mortality rate being around 7.2 million deaths per year, or 12% of all estimated deaths accounted annually around the globe, with improved health systems. Atherosclerosis progressing causes the coronary arteries to become partially or completely blocked, which results in CAD. Additionally, smoking, diabetes mellitus, homocystinuria, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and psychological stress are risk factors for CAD. The symptoms of CAD include angina which is described as a burning, pain or discomfort in the chest, nausea, weakness, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and pain or discomfort in the arms or shoulders. Atherosclerosis and thrombosis are the 2 pathophysiological pathways most frequently involved in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Asymptomatic plaque disruption, plaque bleeding, symptomatic coronary blockage, and myocardial infarction are the prognoses for CAD. In this review, we will focus on medicated therapy which is being employed for the relief of angina linked with CAD including antiplatelet medicines, nitrates, calcium antagonists, blockers, catheterization, and the frequency of recanalized infarct-related arteries in patients with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction (AWMI). Furthermore, we have also enlightened the importance of biomarkers that are helpful in the diagnosis and management of CAD.