BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the morphometry of foot bones on medial side and the development of HV in adult males. We also aimed to determine whether the severity of HV was correlated with the bone morphology at the medial column of the foot.MethodsA total of 223 feet of 121 male patients were included in this study. The HV group was selected from feet with a hallux valgus angle (HVA) of 15 degrees or more. The control group included patients who had a HVA of less than 15 degrees and unaffected feet without obvious foot and ankle pathologies. HV groups were defined and analyzed as mild (HVA 15-20 degrees) and moderate (HVA 20-40 degrees). A total of 11 angle and distance measurements were recorded, 7 on the AP and 4 on the lateral radiographic images.ResultsDifferences between the radiographic measurements of the control group and the HV group were examined. A significant difference was found between the control group and the HV group for HVA, 1-2 IMA, TMA, 1st MCA and CO. However, no significant differences were observed in 1MTT Length, 1st CL, 1st MCA, TFL, NH, CPA and FRL measurements.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first and largest study to elucidate the relationship between the morphometry of foot bones on medial column and the development and/or severity of HV in adult males. We determined significant associations in the correlations made in the mild and moderate HV groups.

Aims: Most ACL injuries occur during sports activities. It is aimed to compare the anthropometric measurements, muscle strength and balance abilities of the lower extremities of professional male football players who have undergone ACL surgery and completed their rehabilitation programs. Methodology: In both groups, anthropometric measurements, lower extremity muscle strengths with manual hand dynamometer and lower extremity balance measurements were made with an easytech balance device. Results: An increase in right hip flexion strength was determined in football players who had undergone ACL surgery (p<0.05). There was an increase in ipsilateral hip abduction angles in the surgical group (p<0.05). When the data of the right and left extremities of the participants in the experimental group were compared, it was determined that there was an increase in the flexion strength of the operated knee (p<0.05). When the balance data of the football players were examined, it was concluded that the right leg and double leg balance data were impaired compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Categorizing sports injuries by type and branch of sports; it is important to determine the physical characteristics of athletes gained after treatment. We think that this approach can contribute to the design of rehabilitation programs and reduce recurrent injuries. Keywords: Sports injury, Anterior cruciate ligament, Balance

Although acute and chronic pathologies of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints are frequently encountered in the population, the anatomy and morphometry are not fully known. The aim of this study is to determine the measurements of morphometric parameters according to age groups and sex in a large series of Turkish population. Nine hundred and forty-one shoulders computed tomography (CT) images were screened and those of subjects with healthy anatomical structure were included. Humeral head diameter (HDD) was measured on CT images. Measurements were made using 3D-CT images of: width (GW) and height (GH) of the glenoid cavity; width (CW) and height (CH) of the distal clavicular joint surface; and width (AW) and height (AH) of the acromial joint surface. Data were compared, stratified by age and sex. Images of 223 patients (118 men, 105 women) were analyzed. The following mean measurements were determined: HDD, 41.77 +/- 3.77 mm; GH, 34.66 +/- 3.26 mm; GW, 25.50 +/- 2.90 mm; CW, 14.85 +/- 3.51 mm; CH, 8.49 +/- 2.27 mm; AW, 12.97 +/- 2.94 mm; AH, 7.01 +/- 1.77 mm. When startified by sex, HDD (p<0.001), GH (p<0.001), GW (p<0.001), CW (p<0.001), CH (p=0.002), AW (p<0.001) and AH (p<0.001) measurements were significantly different and mean values were greater in men. Similarly for age, significant differences were found for GH (p=0.028), CW (p<0.001), AW (p<0.001), AH (p<0.001). The parametric values we have obtained in the Turkish population we measure differ from the measurements made in different populations according to age groups and sex. Knowing these features will contribute to treatment planning, implant and prosthesis applications.

Intramedullary headless screw fixation has come to the fore in the treatment of metacarpal fractures in recent years with its advantages. Our aim was to evaluate the metacarpal morphometry for retrograde intramedullary entrance and to determine the optimal entry point. Computed tomography images of 105 patients including 64 men and 41 women, were examined. Distal and proximal metacarpal widths, medullary cavity width, cortex thickness and the measurements of the optimal entry site in volar-dorsal and radio-ulnar directions were measured in both coronal and sagittal planes. In the sagittal plane, the second metacarpal had the widest proximal width (16.29 mm), distal width was greatest in the third metacarpal (14.34 mm) which was significantly different between the sexes (p < 0.001). Third metacarpal had the widest medullary cavity width in the sagittal plane (4.12 mm). In the coronal plane, it was the second metarcarpal with the widest proximal (16.14 mm) and distal width (13.92 mm) and was also the longest (66.32 mm). Unlike the sagittal plane, the medullary cavity width in the coronal plane was at the widest (4.06 mm) in fifth metacarpal. The points determined for optimal entry were respectively (4.60 mm; 4.97 mm; 4.55 mm; 4.36 mm) in the dorsal-volar plane, close to the dorsal side. There was no significant difference between the sexes for optimal insertion point in the sagittal planes in all the measured metacarpals. Considering its three dimensional structure, metacarpal bones have irregular morphometric properties and these features differ in sagittal and coronal planes. The optimal entry site is located in the midline in the coronal plane, while it is located in the sagittal plane close to the dorsal part. Knowing these properties can reduce the complication rate by reducing entry attempts and help select the correct material.

Cavum vergae, cavum septum pellucidum and cavum veli interpositi are brain midline embryological developmental cysts. They are rarely seen after trauma. Generally, they do not constitute clinical findings. These cysts sometimes become enlarged and become symptomatic. Enlarged cysts cause severe neurological dysfunction. During normal fetal development, the development of the adjacent structures of the limbic system and the septum pellucidum are synchronized. It is thought that dysgenesis in these adjacent structures may affect the lamina fusion of septum pellucidum and cause cavum septum pellucidum. Anterior one of the cavities that arise when septum pellucidum laminae do not join after birth is called “cavum septum pellucidum” (CSP). The one in the posterior is called “cavum vergae” (CV). Velum interpositum (VI) is a potential cavity below the corpus callosum splenium and sometimes presents as a cyst. Cavum veli interpositi (CVI) is located in the pineal area, below the columna fornicis and above the tela choroidea of the 3rd ventricle. Because of its rarity, the incidence of CVI cyst is uncertain. The CV obliterates from the front to the front and is seen with the cavum septum pellucidum. CSP and CV are cavities that are present in fetal life but are considered as variant intracranial defects that do not close 6 months after birth. CVI is rarely seen embryo logically in fetal life in children over 2 years and adults. These cysts are rare in adults. In this study, anatomical features and clinical reflections of CSP, CV and CVI were reviewed.

Introduction: Rowing is a strenuous sport that demands high levels of training, strength and repetitive motion. This study was conducted for assessing the impact of rowing act on the ulnar and median nerves which crosses the wrist area in elite rowers. Method: Twenty asymptomatic professional male rowers and 20 non-active males were evaluated in this study. The neuro-physiologic evaluation comprised sensory and motor nerve conductions of median and ulnar nerves. Result: The sensory conduction velocity of the ulnar and median nerves were noticably delayed in both extremities of rowers when they were compared with control group. There weren't any statistical differences in motor conduction velocities of ulnar and median nerves between the control group and rowers in not only dominant but also non-dominant extremities. Discussion: In conclusion, the abnormal median and ulnar sensory nerve conduction at the wrist region might show a subclinical entrapment neuropathy as a result of arduous wrist moves in rowers. (C) 2018 Anatomical Society of India. Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

The role of the hand width anthropometric measurement in the estimation of grip strength is seen to be approximately fifty percent. Variation in the extensor pollicis longus muscle is important in daily life based on the fact that the thumb plays an important function, which is to grab objects and to hold them between two fingers. In this study, dissection was being performed on a male cadaver, approximately 55-year-old at the Department of Anatomy, Kocaeli University. Researchers encountered a unilateral extensor pollicis longus muscle va riation that took origin from posterior of the radius and continued at medial side of the extensor pollicis brevis muscle and then ended at the tuberculum radii, whereas the extensor pollicis longus muscle had to end at distal phalange of the thumb. Therefore, information about the anatomic variations of hand and wrist muscles is not for anatomists alone but it is also important for surgeons. For these reasons, it is necessary to follow the variations in the forearm extensor region.

The goal of this study is exploring serum alterations related to acute coronary sendrom, muscle deterioration, hypoglysemia and the other variables in the serum of the fifteen footballers. Fifteen professional male footballers (mean (SD) age: 24 (4.4) years) were gathered from a 3rd league team. Blood samples were collected from them before and after exercise. Blood samples were analyzed by standard methods and the results were corrected in the biochemistry laboratory. The average pre- and post-exercise biochemical values of 15 footballers are found below. The glucose in the serum is 62.3 ± 3.9(before) and 69.5 ± 7.8(after) (P<0.05) for pre- and post-exercise, respectively. The urea in the serum is 36 ± 9.5(before) and 34.4 ± 9.2(after) (p>0.05). The creatine in the serum is 0.9 ± 0.l(before) and 0.8 ± 0.9(after) (p>0.05). The CK in the serum is 309.9 ± 200.9(before) and 253 ± 149.7(after) (p>0.05). The CK-MB in the serum is 17.9 ± 6.3(before) and 14.5 ± 5.4(after)(p>0.05). The total bilirubin in the serum is 0.8 ± 0.4(before) and 0.8 ± 0.5(after) (p>0.05). The albumin in the serum is 4.1 ± 0.3(before) and 4.1 ± 0.2(after) (p>0.05). The BUN (blood urea nitrogen) in the serum is 16.7 ± 4.4(before) and 16.3 ± 4.5(after) (p>0.05). Although broad variety of biochemical perturbations is present during acute physical stress, many parameters remain within regular limits.

The purpose of the present study was to examine of the effects of upper body kinematics on the ball velocity at the impact phase of a tennis flat serve. 15 elite male tennis players were recruited to participate in this study (mean age 18.4 +/- 3.3 years, mean height 182.3 +/- 5.6cm, mean weight 72.2 +/- 7.9kg), of which five were from the Turkish National Team. Players performed flat tennis serves on a regulation indoor tennis court. Data were recorded digitally to computer hard drives on court using three Basler A602f cameras at 100Hz. The Radar gun (Sports Radar, Astro Products, CA), was used for velocity measurements of the tennis balls. The Spearman Rank Correlation procedure was used to determine the relationships between parameters and balls. Relationships between elbow angular velocity and trunk angular velocity, as well as between elbow angular velocity and wrist angular velocity were found. The ground reaction forces transmitted through the legs and trunk allowed for greater angular velocity of the elbow, which in turn provided a favourable advantage by affecting the wrist speed and ultimately, the ball speed.

The kinematic variables of the catch and finish positions of the 2000m rowing techniques in every 500m single ergometer rowing stroke were identified. Five male rowers from the Turkish National Team (Age 21.0 +/- 2.0 years; Stature 180.6 +/- 3.1 cm; Mass 76.6 +/- 5.0 kg; Training experience 7.0 +/- 1.0 years), performed a time trial on a Concept IID rowing ergometer. It was recorded by one camera at 100 Hz speed. The 500m, 1000m, 1500m and 2000m rowing strokes were analysed by means of the Simi Motion 6.2 programme. In the catch and finish positions, segments' angles, stroke time, stroke power, stroke velocity and stroke rate were evaluated by using the Friedman test with repeated measures, followed by Wikoxon test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Significant differences (p<0.05) for the distance were found for ankle and elbow angles in the catch position; for knee and ankle angles in the finish position; and stroke time, stroke power, stroke rates between distances. For all measured distances, negative correlations were found between stroke power and ankle angle on the finish position. Positive correlations were found with wrist angle on the catch position at 1500m and 2000m. Elite rowers' performances were not enough to increase the frequency of drive. As the rowing distance got longer, rowers started to change their body angles and action. Performance could be improved by maintaining suitable rowing technique during competition.

Background : Many sports are associated with a variety of peripheral nervous system injuries that are specific to that particular sport. Research question : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of playing basketball on nerves in the elbow region. Type of study : This is a comparative study that focuses on nerve conduction velocity differences between basketball players and sedentary persons. Methods : The study included 20 male basketball players with a mean (and SD) age, height and weight of 22.5 (3.0) years, 190.3 (5.7) cm and 91.6 (12.4) kg, respectively. The age, height and weight of 20 male non-active controls were 22.3 (1.7) years, 172.6 (6.2) cm and 75.7 (8.4) kg, respectively. Limb length and the perimeters of the dominant arm and forearm were measured for each subject. The neurophysiological study consisted of measuring motor and sensory nerve conduction of the median, ulnar and radial nerves. Both the motor and sensory conduction velocities of the median nerve were significantly delayed in the dominant arm of the basketball players compared to controls. In addition, the sensory conduction velocities of both the ulnar and radial nerves were significantly delayed in the dominant arm of the basketball players compared to controls. Results : There were no statistical differences between the dominant and non-dominant arms of the basketball players for the sensory and motor conduction velocities of the median, ulnar and radial nerves. The basketball players were taller and heavier than controls; in addition, their dominant upper limb length was longer, and their arm and forearm perimeters were greater than controls. Conclusions : This study shows that basketball players have a tendency toward developing median (motor and sensory), ulnar (sensory) and radial (sensory) nerve damage in the elbow region, despite being asymptomatic. The mechanism of delayed motor and sensory conduction velocities in the median nerve may involve both traction and compression induced by the median nerve stretching across the upper extremity during movement. Entrapment of the ulnar nerve due to a hypertrophic medial head of the triceps or flexor carpi ulnaris may be the cause of the delayed conduction velocities in this study. Forceful repetitive movements and an overload of the triceps muscle are thought to be primary etiological factors in the delayed radial nerve sensory conduction velocity.

Objectives: The ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) test is a promising indicator of myocardial ischemia in the early diagnosis of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recent studies examining alterations in IMA levels caused by myocardial ischemia that develops during exercise have shown contradictory results. There has been an increase in severe exercise-related cardiac events in football. We therefore, assessed IMA levels before and after exercise in professional soccer players in order to examine the effect of the exercise on IMA levels. Methods: Blood was collected from professional soccer players before and after exercise. IMA levels were measured by using spectrophotometric methods, and the albumin levels were measured in an autoanalyzer. Results: The average preand post exercise IMA levels of 16 soccer players were found to be 0.438±0.071 and 0.386±0.069, respectively. The preand post exercise albumin levels of the same group were 4.08±0.20 g/dL and 4.21±0.19 g/dL, respectively. There was a strong negative correlation between post exercise IMA and albumin levels, which was statistically significant (r = -0.535. p = 0.033). Conclusion: IMA levels should be examined not only in noncardiac pathologies, but also in specific serum albumin concentrations and in individuals practicing vigorous sport activities.

OBJECTIVE:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in both children and the elderly. Mortality from TBI is said account for 1-2% of all deaths. One-third to one-half of all traumatic deaths is due to head injury. Of those who survive, the majority is left with significant disabilities, including 3% who remain in a vegetative state and only approximately 30% who make a good recovery. Microarray studies and other genomic techniques facilitate the discovery of new targets for the treatment of diseases, which aids in drug development, immunotherapeutics and gene therapy. Gene expression profiling or microarray analysis enables the measurement of thousands of genes in a single RNA sample. METHODS:In this study, adult Wistar-albino rats underwent TBI using a trauma device. Brain tissues and blood samples were taken for gene expression at 1, 12 and 48 h post-trauma and were then analysed via microarray. Total RNA was isolated using an RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN-Sample & Assay Technologies, Hilden, Germany) and tested using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA). Overall changes in gene expression were evaluated using Agilent Whole Rat Genome 4 × 44 K oligonucleotide arrays and analysed with GeneSpring (GeneSpring 6.1, Silicon Genetics, Redwood City, CA) software. Only genes with a signal-to-noise ratio of above 2 in the experiments were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS:ANOVA (p<0.05) was performed to identify differentially expressed probe sets. Additional filtering (minimum 2-fold change) was applied to extract the most differentially expressed genes based on the study groups (Control vs. 1st hour, Control vs. 12th hour, Control vs. 48th hour). Differentially expressed genes were detected via microarray analysis. A gene interaction-based network investigation of the genes that were identified via traditional microarray data analysis describes a significantly relevant gene network that includes the C1ql2, Cbnl, Sdc1, Bdnf, MMP9, and Cd47 genes, which were differentially expressed compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS:In this study, we will review the current understanding of the genetic susceptibility of TBI with microarrays. Our results highlight the importance of genes that control the response of the brain to injury as well as the suitability of microarrays for identifying specific targets for further study.

The present study determined the effects of heading training on serum nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in soccer players. Seventeen professional level male soccer players (mean +/- SD), age 24 +/- 4.4 years, were recruited from a 3rd league team. Each player completed 15 approved headings in about 20-25 minutes. Venous blood samples were obtained from soccer players before and after the heading training for analysis. Levels of NGF and BDNF in the serum were determined by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Mean +/- SD serum NGF levels were 18.71 +/- 3.36 pg.ml(-1) before training and 31.41 +/- 7.89 pg.ml(-1) after training (p=0.000). Mean +/- SD serum BDNF levels were 22.32 +/- 3.62 pg.ml(-1) before training and 55.41 +/- 12.59 pg.ml(-1) after training (p=0.000). In this study heading a soccer ball was found to cause an increase in serum concentrations of NGF and BDNE We suggest that the microtrauma caused by repetitive heading and/or the course of survival of the injured neurons may lead to increased NGF and BDNF levels.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of single bouts of exercise on changes in ischemia modified albumin (IMA) Twenty wrestlers (mean age 28 8 +/- 8 96 years) participated in this study They performed a typical 1 5 hour wrestling training session Blood was sampled before and immediately after training The albumin-cobalt binding test was used to measure IMA levels Serum albumin concentrations and blood lactate levels were also evaluated Mean serum IMA levels were 0 28 +/- 0 052 ABSU before training and 0 324 +/- 0 039 ABSU after training A single bout of acute exercise led to significant (p < 0 05) increases in IMA The results of the correlation tests indicated that there was a positive correlation between IMA and lactate levels (r=0 873 p<0 001) There were no significant correlations between IMA and albumin (r=-0 058 p=0 807) and between albumin and lactate levels (r=-0 120 p = 0 613) Our results showed that demanding intense anaerobic physical activity might influence the generation of IMA [J Exerc Sci Fit . Vol 8 . No 2 . 67-72 . 2010]

Objective: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is one of the most frequent neurological damage types in which complex physiological and biochemical events occur in traumatized area. Regional ischemia can occur in the acute phase after trauma. Recently, both clinical and experimental studies have shown that ischemia modified albumin (IMA) is one of the most promising blood markers of ischemia. In this study, whether serum IMA values can be used in rats as a marker for intracranial ischemia caused by trauma is investigated. Material and Methods: Wistar-albino adult rats were utilized in this study. Rats were exposed to MTBI by using a trauma device. Frontal and parietal brain tissues were taken for histopathological investigation. Serum IMA values of traumatised and control rats were measured with the ACB (albumin cobalt binding) test. Results: While the absolute IMA values were 0.576 +/- 0.048 for trauma group, it was identified as 0.568 +/- 0.055 for control group. There was no statistically significant difference between trauma and control groups in the mean value of the IMA. In our histopathological analysis, necrosis associated with hypoxia in the outer layers of brain cortex as a result of the trauma applied to rats, and neuron damage in the inner layers of the cortex were observed. In addition, red neurons were detected in the brain cortex as a result of early stage neuron damage associated with ischemia. Conclusion: We found that there is no significant increase in IMA levels in rats with trauma suggesting that this biomarker would not be useful in detecting early ischemic changes in MTBI.

✓A case with a sciatic nerve variation was presented and other variatios of the sciatic nerve were reviewed. In the case, the sciatic nerve was divided into its terminal tibial and common peroneal branches anterior to the m. priformis in the lesser pelvis. ✓N. ischiadicus varyasyonlu bir olgu sunuldu ve diger varyasyonlari gozden gecirildi. Olguda n. ischiadicus, kucuk pelviste m. piriformisin onunde n. tibialis ve n. peroneus commu¬nis dallarina ayrilirken izlendi.

The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics of the overarm throw for different sports. Eleven elite female handball players and nine elite female volleyball players were selected as subjects for the study. Arm and forearm segment movement in the backswing and acceleration phases of players performing the volleyball spike and the handball jump shot were evaluated. Video data were captured using two Sony 50Hz cameras and were digitized and analyzed using Simi Motion Analysis 5.5 program. In the backswing phase, there were significant differences in the angular width, velocity and acceleration between the volleyball players and handball players on the transverse, vertical, and sagittal planes of the motions (p<.01). In the acceleration phase, the statistically significant difference was found in the angular width of the arm segment motion on the transverse plane (p<.05). On the sagittal plane, the significant difference was found in the angular width, velocity, and acceleration of the arm motions between the volleyball and handball players (p<.05). These results suggest that volleyball players use vertical flexion more frequently, thus increasing the time to gain velocity. Handball players transfer the velocity used in horizontal flexion to the vertical flexion in a short period of time.