Introduction Le but de cet article1 est de presenter un resume de l’histoire de la discipline de la bibliotheconomie et des sciences de l’information (BSI2), realise a l’aide des techniques bibliometriques standards. Apres des debuts tres modestes, la discipline BSI a pris une telle ampleur que dans les seules universites nord-americaines on compte cinquante-huit programmes accredites par l’American Library Association avec un corps professoral d’environ mille membres a temps plein. Au niveau international, l’activite de recherche est considerable. Elle couvre un large eventail de champs disciplinaires (comportement informationnel humain, representation des connaissances, recherche documentaire, bibliometrie, etc.) et elle est presente dans un nombre croissant de revues scientifiques, de bulletins et de colloques dedies a la presentation des resultats des recherches effectuees autant par des chercheurs que par des professionnels. En outre, il existe toute une collection d’encyclopedies, de manuels et d’histoires relatant, definissant et decrivant la discipline3. En 1926, l’universite de Chicago a cree l’Ecole superieure de bibliotheconomie (Graduate Library School) avec une subvention d’un million de dollars de la fondation Carnegie4. Jusqu’a sa fermeture en 1989, l’ecole est restee un important centre d’enseignement et de recherche en BSI et elle a ete le berceau de The Library Quarterly (LQ), publie par les Presses de l’universite de Chicago sans interruption depuis 19315.

An important source of value creation in an organization that needs to be precariously managed is Knowledge [1].The information that is created is captured in different documents and also databases.It is made dispensable when the researchers who use information technology and retrieval systems search for the same.Knowledge is of two types: Explicit Knowledge and Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge -The kind of knowledge that can be expressed, communicated, recorded and documented (in formal language) is explicit knowledge.This can be published and made dispensable for primary and secondary information sources.It includes know how that is packaged, transferrable and available.There are various ways in which it can be articulated, presented and codified in forms such as facts, rules, reports, blog posts, email, words, numbers, printed books/journals, digital assets, policies.They can be shared without the discussion being necessary.It can include the past events and can be transferrable in both formal and systematic language.Tacit knowledge -The knowledge that is carried by a person is tacit knowledge.This is a part and the parcel of the minds and is embedded in the heads of the organization/researcher/ institution etc.This is unique to a person that comprises perceptions, expertise, techniques, skills, insights.This knowledge is purely personal and is hence not communicated in any written form; It is not specific to any field, tough to capture, to share verbally and transfer to the society.Since it is specific to context, we cannot formalize or express.This kind of knowledge is classified, not easily shared and preserved by many as a trade secret.Its features are quite distinct from those of the explicit know-how.Technologies such as discovery, acquisition, sharing, distribution, application and preservation in repositories and libraries are important to facilitate KM activities [2].A novel emerging field in the academic environs is KM.These form an important part of many upcoming conferences and seminars both at National and international levels.Several international universities are getting involved in KM related activities like research.Because of the necessity of disclosing intellectual know-how for sharing the experiences, KM has become significant in the field of education.Hence, its potential in the educational sector is unparalleled.Knowledge spawns from past events.Humans are the main sources of knowledge as they make efforts in innovations, research and educational activities in different areas.While explicit knowledge can be easily disseminated, tacit knowledge is tough to compile as it is very personal to an individual.An organization can be transformed to a new level of efficiency, effectiveness and its scope of operation can be expanded using advanced data and technology by means of KM.This enhances he productivity of the users.Continually unraveling the organizational tacit knowledge is KM.It helps develop know how, solve problems and make decisions.There is no field that does not encompass KM e.g.Industries both private and public, international charities, educational sectors etc.As a discipline, KM should strive in achieving the goals in a better fashion and many a time exceeding them.Hence, merely garnering more knowledge is not the sole purpose of KM.It extends to creation, consolidation, transfer and knowledge application with a defined purpose.Re-inventing the wheel, in which many organizations are involved today, is expensive and non-productive.But the benefits will be shown by systematic knowledge re-use.Our tendency to repeat mistakes will drastically come down with effective KM.Supporting organizational processes [3] and practices, building an environment conducive to knowledge creation and sharing and enabling collaboration and communication within the organization is the purpose of KM.Going beyond technological systems, the KM tools are virtual spaces wherein the conversion takes place between tacit and explicit knowledge.The knowledge tools bring few benefits to knowledge management in general and HEI in particularly, if there is no strategy and

This chapter tells the tale of the University of Salamanca, one of Spain’s and Europe’s oldest, continuously operating universities. The university’s glory days coincided with the Spanish Golden Age (the period from the late 15th to 17th centuries). Like many other ancient universities, Salamanca had its ups and downs but navigated political and financial storms, and is today a thriving, cosmopolitan institution.

This chapter tells how the University of Padua began in the shadow of the University of Bologna but soon built up an international reputation in fields such as anatomy, where it was a pedagogic pioneer, attracting scholars from near and far. Perhaps the most famous name associated with the institution is that of Galileo, who taught there for many years.

This chapter notes that the origins of the University of Coimbra in Portugal can be traced back to 13th century Lisbon. After several false starts, the university finally settled in the small city of Coimbra where it has flourished ever since, producing many of the country’s most notable politicians, scientists, writers and thinkers.

This chapter provides a short history of Germany’s best-known university and the town to which it cleaves. Both the city of Heidelberg and its university suffered greatly during the Thirty Years War but gradually rebuilt themselves. Little physical damage was recorded during World War II but the embrace of National Socialism had profoundly deleterious effects on the university and its reputation.

Journal of the Association for Information Science and TechnologyVolume 66, Issue 12 p. 2397-2398 EDITORIAL The ties that (no longer) bind Blaise Cronin, Blaise Cronin Editor-in-ChiefSearch for more papers by this author Blaise Cronin, Blaise Cronin Editor-in-ChiefSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 November 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23683Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume66, Issue12December 2015Pages 2397-2398 RelatedInformation

This chapter contains sections titled: Communicating Science, Crediting Influence, Genres Galore, Symbolic Capitalism, The New Metrics, Conclusion, Notes, References

Bibliometrics has moved well beyond the mere tracking of bibliographic citations. The web enables new ways to measure scholarly productivity and impact, making available tools and data that can reveal patterns of intellectual activity and impact that were previously invisible: mentions, acknowledgments, endorsements, downloads, recommendations, blog posts, tweets. This book describes recent theoretical and practical advances in metrics-based research, examining a variety of alternative metrics -- or altmetrics -- while also considering the ethical and cultural consequences of relying on metrics to assess the quality of scholarship. Once the domain of information scientists and mathematicians, bibliometrics is now a fast-growing, multidisciplinary field that ranges from webometrics to scientometrics to influmetrics. The contributors to Beyond Bibliometrics discuss the changing environment of scholarly publishing, the effects of open access and Web 2.0 on genres of discourse, novel analytic methods, and the emergence of next-generation metrics in a performance-conscious age. ContributorsMayur Amin, Judit Bar-Ilan, Johann Bauer, Lutz Bornmann, Benjamin F. Bowman, Kevin W. Boyack, Blaise Cronin, Ronald Day, Nicola De Bellis, Jonathan Furner, Yves Gingras, Stefanie Haustein, Edwin Henneken, Peter A. Hook, Judith Kamalski, Richard Klavans, Kayvan Kousha, Michael Kurtz, Mark Largent, Julia Lane, Vincent Lariviere, Loet Leydesdorff, Werner Marx, Katherine W. McCain, Margit Palzenberger, Andrew Plume, Jason Priem, Rebecca Rosen, Hermann Schier, Hadas Shema, Cassidy R. Sugimoto, Mike Thelwall, Daril Vilhena, Jevin West, Paul Wouters

Since its creation in 1991, arXiv has become central to the diffusion of research in a number of fields. Combining data from the entirety of arXiv and the Web of Science ( WoS ), this article investigates (a) the proportion of papers across all disciplines that are on arXiv and the proportion of arXiv papers that are in the WoS , (b) the elapsed time between arXiv submission and journal publication, and (c) the aging characteristics and scientific impact of arXiv e‐prints and their published version. It shows that the proportion of WoS papers found on arXiv varies across the specialties of physics and mathematics, and that only a few specialties make extensive use of the repository. Elapsed time between arXiv submission and journal publication has shortened but remains longer in mathematics than in physics. In physics, mathematics, as well as in astronomy and astrophysics, arXiv versions are cited more promptly and decay faster than WoS papers. The arXiv versions of papers—both published and unpublished—have lower citation rates than published papers, although there is almost no difference in the impact of the arXiv versions of published and unpublished papers.