Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of oxidative damage and induces not only intrauterine foetal growth retardation, but also causes disturbances in postnatal growth and development. In the presented studies oxidative damage was estimated through the measurement of lipid peroxides concentration and the level of some antioxidants in placenta and in cord blood of newborns whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. We observed that the concentration of lipid peroxides was higher in cord blood and in placenta tissue (8%) than in the newborns of non-smoking mothers, but the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were lower by 20% and 16% respectively. Plasma level of vitamin A (p<0.005), vitamin E (p<0.05), fS-carotene (p< 0.0001) and total plasma antioxidant capacity (p<0.05) were significantly lower in the newborn of smoking than the non-smoking mother group. It is suggested that placental tissue protected the foetus against oxidative stress, but not sufficiently. Antioxidant activities of cord blood may also be insufficient in dismutation of free radicals and their detoxication in order to protect newborns against smoking dependent metabolic disturbances.

PROBLEM:Premature birth and hospitalisation of a child in the first weeks of life may have a potentially adverse effect on the relationship between the parents and the child.AIM:The aim of this paper is to describe: 1) emotional reactions of parents of babies born prematurely, 2) parental processes of coping, and 3) psychological intervention in the context of tertiary care hospital ward.DESCRIPTION:The author presents data from relevant literature and her clinical experiences of co-operation with the Clinical Department of Neonatal Pathology and Intensive Care of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw.CONCLUSIONS:Parents of premature neonates experience a whole range of emotional reactions and use different ways of coping. Psychological intervention in the post-partum period is aimed at preventing disorders of bonding and attachment.

In pregnancy complicated by the cigarette smoking the risk of oxidative damage depends not only on the amount of physiologically enhanced free oxygen species but may be affected by intoxication with tobacco smoke radicals. In the presented studies oxidative damage was estimated through measurement of lipid peroxidation, level of total antioxidant activity and selected antioxidants in plasma and erythrocytes of non-smoking and smoking pregnant women. No differences were found between those two groups in the level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity. Plasma concentration of vitamin A was lower by 15% in smoking than in non-smoking women but vitamin E level did not change. In erythrocytes of the smoking group, concentration of reduced glutathione was 35% higher than in the non-smoking group but activity of glutathione peroxidase and concentration of vitamin E were the same. The observed changes indicate that protection of erythrocytes against free radicals may be sufficient to prevent lipid peroxidation and may manifest local and adaptive response of metabolism for tobacco smoking by pregnant women.