The present investigation was carried out with forty Niger genotypes at multi-environments for assessment of genotype x environment interaction and identification of high yielding and stable genotypes of Niger crop. Forty Niger genotypes were tested across five multi-environments in a randomized block design with replication thrice during Kharif, 2018 and Kharif, 2019. Combined analysis of variance and AMMI analysis of pooled data showed that genotype, environment and GEI effect were highly significant (p < 0.01) for seed yield. As per AMMI GGE biplots, two different mega-environments (METs) were identified, the first MET consists E1, E3 and E4 which are potential and excellent sites for discrimination of superior genotypes and second MET includes E2 and E5 were stable places. The genotypes, G28, G33, G8, G17, and G3 (seed yield plant-1), and G6, G33, G8, G17 and G3 (seed yield plot-1) were suitable for favorable environments while G4 and G7 (seed yield plant-1), and G27, G20, G1, G37 and G25 (seed yield plot-1) were suitable for unfavorable environments. Considering all the stability parameters and AMMI GGE biplots, genotypes, G36, G32, G24 and G10 had high mean seed yield and stable across the environments. These superior genotypes about grain yield and GEI impact, and can be recommended for future investigations.

In a recent era of modernity, a lot of trends have been set in Science and Technology. Despite of vast discoveries always some gaps exists. To bridge up them new trends are set which are commonly known as emerging trends. Although a number of emerging trends have been established but they are specific in their nature to fix the emerging or previous issues. Now a days, in the biological sciences, CRISPR/Cas9 system an emerging approach has been agreed to accomplish the task associated with genome editing (DNA). CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 is a multipurpose technology for genetic engineering that relies on the complementarity of the guide RNA (gRNA) to a specific sequence and the Cas9 endonuclease activity. It has broadened the agricultural research area, bringing in new opportunities to develop novel plant varieties with deletion of detrimental traits or addition of significant characters. This RNA guided genome editing technology is turning out to be a ground-breaking innovation in distinct branches of plant biology. CRISPR technology is constantly advancing including options for various genetic manipulations like generating knockouts; making precise modifications, multiplex genome engineering and activation and repression of target genes. This system used for improvement of plant nutrition’s, enhancement of plant disease resistance and production of drought tolerant plants. This revolutionary system is easy to handle, eco-friendly and easily executable in every biological field including agriculture, health, virology and genetic disorders.

The investigation was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability and diversity for yield and yield related traits in fifty genotypes of rice. High heritability estimates along with high genetic advance as percent of mean and high GCV & PCV were recorded for number of tillers per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, test weight and L/B ratio. This indicates, by improvement of these characters would be more effective in crop improvement programme. The 50 genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on relative magnitude of D2 values. Among six largest one is cluster I which consisted of 45 genotypes, while remaining five clusters comprising with one genotype each (mono genotypic). The inter-cluster distance was observed maximum in cluster IV and VI followed by cluster III and VI indicated wide range of variation among the clusters formed. Hence, for efficient hybridization programme in rice the genotypes underlying in IV and VI clusters could 3be used. Grain yield per plant (g) (16.51%) recorded highest contribution towards genetic divergence.

Perfect synchronization between the parental lines of Sahyadri rice hybrid viz., IR 58025A (A-line), IR 58025B (B-line) and KJTR-3 (R-line) were determined by using three methods viz., Growth duration difference, (GDD) Leaf number difference (LND) and Effective accumulated temperature (EAT). The seeding interval between A x B line was 2.66 days and between A x R was 11.89 days. The B line flowered 2.66 days before A line and R line flowered 11.89 days after A line. The Effective Accumulated temperatures (EAT) for attaining 50% flowering of A, B, & R line were 2265.91ºC, 2189.61 ºC and 2596.29 ºC respectively. The difference of EAT between A and B lines was 76.30 ºC and between A and R lines was 330.38ºC. Parental lines viz., A, B, and R lines flowered after 13.60, 12.60 and 16.70 leaves respectively. The leaf number difference between A and B lines was 1.0 leaf and between A & R line 3.2 leaves. The perfect synchronization of flowering between A and B lines can be achieved by sowing A line 3 days before second date of seeding of B line, sowing of B line after emergence of 1.0 leaf of A line and when A line reaches its EAT to 76.30 ºC. Similarly, the synchronization of flowering between A and R line can be achieved by sowing A line 12 days after second date of seeding of R line, after emergence of 3.2 leaves of R line and when R line reaches its EAT to 330.38ºC. This phenology model can be exploited for perfect synchronization of flowering in commercial seed production of A x B line and A x R line of Sahyadri rice hybrid.

Genotype-environment interaction and stability performance were investigated on twenty genotypes of bio-fortified red kernel rice in three environments, at the experimental farm of Agricultural Research Station, Shirgaon, Agricultural Research Station, Phondaghat and department of Agricultural Botany farm, Dapoli (M.S.) during Kharif 2016. In interaction principle axis of AMMI biplot, first interaction principle axis (IPCA I) are favorable for all characters but second interaction principle axis (IPCA II) are favorable for eight characters In AMMI 1 biplot, Dapoli location (E3) favorable six for characters, Phondaghat location (E2) favorable for three characters and Shirgaon location (E1) favorable for eight traits Both AMMI 1 and AMMI 2 biplot analysis was performed for grain yield plot-1 since mean square for the IPCA I and IPCA II were found to be significant. AMMI 1 Biplot revealed that, genotypes, Bela and RTN-1211-6-1-4-1-11(6) fell almost on the horizontal line indicating uniform grain yield plot-1across the three environments. In AMMI 2 biplot Dapoli had short spoks and they did not exert strong interactive force while environments, Phondaghat and Shirgaon having long spoks exert strong interaction. Genotypes viz., RTN-1201-51-2-1-5-48, RTN-1211-5-1-3-5 and RTN-1201-5-1-3-14 were stable for Shirgaon and Dapoli environments for the traits viz., grain yield plant-1, grain yield plot-1, protein content (%), zinc content (ppm), iron content (ppm), amylose content (%), genotypes viz., RTN-1201-51-2-1-5-48 and RTN-1211-6-1-3-1-8 were stable for Shirgaon environment only, while as genotype RTN-1201-13-2-2-1-32 was stable for for all yield contributing characters across the three environments. The stable Genotype, RTN-1201-13-2-2-1-32 could be commercially exploited after testing in state multilocation and national trials or may be utilized for further studies

Rice is the other name of food for Asian countries. It is an important source of carbohydrates, energy and protein in human diet. In the traditional growing areas of Asia, rice varieties of various colors like red, purple, black, brown, yellow, and green have been cultivated and consumed. The coloured rice was preferred in earlier days due to taste and medicinal value. However, due to plant introduction and commercialization of International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 3 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

M3 generation of thirty four mutant lines was developed from genotype Girge local which was irradiated with 500 Gydose of gamma rays which was studied along with three checks viz., Dapoli-1, Dapoli-2 and Dapolisafed for estimation of genetic parameters. The genetic parameters viz., Components of variances, coefficient of variations, heritability, genetic advance and genetic advance as per cent of mean were estimated for quantitative and qualitative traits. Significant differences among the entries were studied for all the traits.The estimated data on genetic parameters revealed that genotypic and phenotypic variances were highest for calcium content followed by grain density, indicating highest wide variability for this character. The traits viz., iron content, number of productive tillers, calcium content, straw yield plant -1,number of fingers plant-1, and main earhead length were recorded with high GCV and PCV. Higher heritability was observed in the traits viz., iron content, calcium content, protein content, number of productive tillers plant-1, main earhead length, main earhead length and number of fingers plant-1. The high genetic advance was estimated for the character, calcium content (92.46 mg/100g) and grain density (11.95). Only calcium content showed high heritability accompanied with high genetic advance among all the studied traits indicates that, most likely their heritability is due to additive gene effects and selection is effective for this trait. The mutant lines viz., 18 NMS-12 and 18 NMS-34 were found early flowering and early maturing among the studied mutant lines. Regarding to quality parameters high iron content was observed in mutant lines 18 NMS-24 (23.72 mg/100g) and 18 NMS –18 (22.28 mg/100g). The mutant lines viz., 18 NMS-21 (11.05%) and 18 NMS-15 (10.56%) recorded higher protein content. While the lines 18 NMS-10 (360 mg/100g) and 18 NMS-20 (354 mg/100g) recorded higher calcium content. The mutant lines viz., 18 NMS-31 and 18 NMS-23 were recorded significantly higher values for yield and yield contributing traits viz., grain yield plant-1, weight of earhead plant-1, number of fingers plant-1, main earhead length, grain density and number of productive tillers plant-1. Which may be exploited for commercial purpose after multilocation testing along with suitable check if found promising.

The rice variety Ratnagiri-8 (IET 25493; RTN 28-1-5-3-2) was evolved from the cross between IR64 and Karjat 184 using former parent as female through pedigree method of selection. The above variety is midlate in duration (135-138 days in Kharif), Semi-dwarf (102-110 cm plant height). Ratnagiri 8 rice variety recorded 38.52% higher grain yield over HYV’s medium slender check Palghar 1 pooled over five years testing in Station Trial. It also recorded 10.50% higher grain yield over palghar 1 best check tested in Maharashtra State Co-ordinated Trial. Ratnagiri 8 (IET 25493) rice variety on overall basis of three years testing across the 62 locations in the country had recorded 14.80%, 7.21%, 30.37% and 1.58% higher grain yield over checks, BPT 5204, WGL 14, Zonal check and local check respectively in AICRP trials conducted during the 2015-2017. Ratnagiri 8 (IET 25493) is having medium slender grain type with translucent kernel. It has 5.4 mm kernel length, 2.0 mm kernel breadth and 2.7 LB ratio. It recorded high 75.8% hulling, 67.0% milling and 64.6% Head Rice Recovery (%). It is having intermediate amylose content (23.4%) and alkali spreading value (5.0). It is non scented with 22 gel consistency and excellent cooking qualities. In agronomical trial, the rice genotype, RTN 28-1-5-3-2 produced higher grain yield 62.03 q/ha by adopting 20 x 15 cm spacing and 120 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 50 kg K2O/ha as fertilizer dose, which was 36.87% higher over cultivar BPT 5204 by adopting same package of practice during kharif season. RTN 28-1-5-3-2 (IET 25493) recorded (5616 kg/ha) 37.85% increase in grain yield over check BPT 5204 (4074 kg/ha) in 22 large scale demonstrations of rice culture conducted during Kharif 2017. Ratnagiri 6 rice variety showed moderately resistant to leaf blast and bacterial leaf blight diseases and moderately resistant to stem borer, leaf folder and gall midge insect pests at endemic sites. It recorded an average yield potential of 5.0 to 5.8 t/ha. Hence considering its consistent performance, yield superiority and excellent cooking and grain quality with wider adaptability over the locations and over three years testing, Ratnagiri 8 (IET 25493) is identified for release for commercial cultivation for the zones IIIrd (Orissa and Uttar Pradesh), Vth (Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra), VIIth (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana).

Fifty three genotypes collected from IRRI, Philipines and one variety from research station were grown in randomized block design with three replications under three environments during rabi (dry) season 2013-14. Significant mean squares for genotypes indicated the presence of variability for all the characters under study. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied. Small differences between GCV and PCV were recorded for most of the characters studied which indicated less influence of environment. The high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for the characters viz., grains per panicle, straw yield per plant, grain yield per plant and 1000 grain weight indicate that most likely the heritability is due to additive gene effects and selection may be effective.

The rice variety Ratnagiri 7 (Red rice; RTNRR-4) was evolved through the mutant selection from MO17. The above variety is midlate in duration (122-125 days), Semi-dwarf (100-110 cm plant height), short bold grain type. The variety showed 46.50, 21.40, 50.96 and 59.41 per cent higher yield over the respective checks in station, state, agronomical and adaptive trials, respectively. Ratnagiri 7 (RTN RR-4) recorded 23.88%, 18.69% and 39.40% higher grain yield over IR-64, BPT-5204 and Kalanamak respectively in AICRIP trials. RTN RR-4 consists of 28.50% (17.35 ppm) and 32.7% (7.9 ppm) high iron content over the check Bela (13.5 and 5.95 ppm) in brown and polished rice respectively. Ratnagiri 7 (RTN RR-4) consists of 42.82% (28.35 ppm) and 43.0% (24.25 ppm) high zinc content over the check Bela (19.85 and 16.95 ppm) in brown and polished rice respectively. It also having low glycemic index (53). RTNRR-4 having high milling (64.17%) and head rice recovery percentage (60.65%) with good cooking quality. It recorded average yield of 4.5 to 5.0 t/ha. It showed resistant reaction to stem borer, leaf folder and gall midge and moderately resistant to leaf blast, bacterial leaf blight. Therefore the rice variety Ratnagiri 7 recommended for release for commercial cultivation in Konkan region of Maharashtra in the year 2017.

Groundnut production depends on the genetic potential of the cultivar and the cultural practices to which the crop is subjected. There are several constraints in groundnut production viz. fertilizer, plant protection and weed management often pose serious problems. Therefore, present study was carried out to focus on such limiting factors individually or in combination which may cause more yield reduction under resource constraint. The study was formulated on lateritic soils of konkan at Agricultural Research Station, Shirgaon, Tal. Dist. Ratnagiri (MS) during Kharif 2011-2013 (three years) in Randomized Block Design with three replications which imposed of 8 different treatments. The results revealed that, application of full package as per recommendation recorded significantly highest pod yield (3.82 kg/ha) with 1:2.72 B:C ratio over the full package of practices excluding fertilizer, plant protection, weed management practices in alone and also in combinations of these limiting factors. The reduction in pod yield due to exclusion of plant protection, weed and fertilizer management from full package of practices as per recommendation was to the tune of 20.81%, 31.46% and 39.34%, respectively. However, the improvement in pod yield was followed by application of full package of practices excluding plant protection 3.03 t/ha and 1:2.23 B:C ratio, weed management 2.62 t/ha and 1:2.08 B:C ratio and fertilizer management 2.32 t/ha and 1:2.15 B:C ratio.

Amongst 275 test crosses, 57.45 %, 7.27 %, 35.27 % and 21.09 % were observed as restorers, maintainers, partial restorer and partial maintainers respectively for all the CMS lines included in the study. The pollen and spikelet fertility in the test cross progenies ranged from 0.0 to 94.66 and 0.0 to 81.10 per cent, respectively. The highest pollen and spikelet fertility was observed in test cross; RTN 17A/Pusa-44 (94.66 and 89.10 %) followed by RTN 3 x PR-115 (94.43 and 87.29 %). Among 55 high yielding varieties/ promising lines, 47 genotypes exhibited fertility restoration for any one of the CMS line. Out of 47 genotypes, 14 varieties (25.45 %) were identified as common restorers for all the five CMS lines of five different sources. The frequency of the male parents behaving as effective restorers was found to be maximum (65.45 %) for RTN 2A of ARC source followed by RTN 17A (60.0 %) of Dissi source, KJTCMS-6A (56.36 %) of WA sources, RTN 3A (54.55 %) of Mutant of IR 62829B source and RTN 13A (50.91 %) of Gambiaca source indicating that the fertility in these CMS lines were easy to restore. The genotypes, viz., IR-8866, BL-184AR, IET-13840-RP-66-67, RDN-97-3-2-37-14, PR-115, PKV-Makarand, GR-7, IR-54742-22-19-3, Pusa Sugandha-3, Pusa Sugandh-5, Super basmati, Phule Radha, RP-BIO-226 and GR-11, NVSR-20, IR-63879-195-195-2-2-3-2, IR-22273 and PR-118 were identified as effective restorers may be exploited to develop commercial hybrids and the genotypes, viz., VDN-9-10-1, SYE-4, GR-4, Gurjari, SKL-8, IR-34, SYE-6, SYE-5 and GR-5 were identified as maintainers may be exploited for conversion of CMS sources in above said locally adaptable genotypes.

The experiment was undertaken to study the combining ability for yield and its attributing traits in groundnut. The experimental material consisted of four lines and five testers mated in L X T mating design. Analysis of variance for combining ability for the traits viz., plant height, number of pods plant-1, dry pod yield plant-1, dry haulm yield plant-1, hundred kernel weight, shelling percentage, sound mature kernel, days to maturity, oil content were highly significant for female, male and female vs male parents. Protein content was highly significant for female and female vs male and positive but non-significant for male. Among the male parent, TAG 24 recorded higher mean performance for most of the characters and identified as good combiner for some of traits while as among the female line RHRG 6083 recorded higher mean performance and identified as good combiner with significant gca effects for most of the characters, could be utilized for further hybridization programme. Higher magnitude of sca and low value of gca effects indicated influence of non-additive gene action. On the basis of per se performance and combining ability the hybrids viz., RHRG 6083 X TAG 24, Konkan Gaurav X KDG 209 and RHRG 6083 X RTNG 29 were found to be the most promising combinations in most of the yield contributing traits and may be exploited in further plant breeding programme or identification of transgressive sergeants from the further generations.

Inheritance of red kernel and hull colour were studied in eight crosses between white kernel/red kernel rice varieties viz., Karjat 4/Patni 6, Panvel 2/MO 17, Palghar 1/MO 8, Ratnagiri 5/TKM 9, Karjat 184/Munga, Karjat 6/Bela, Ratnagiri 24/Valai and Karjat 8/MO 8 during rabi 2013-14 using their parents, F1’s, F2’s and BC1, BC2 populations. Segregation pattern reveled that red kernel in rice is governed by one dominant gene in six crosses fitting the F2 chi square ratio 3:1 while as it was governed by two dominant gene in two crosses exhibiting F2 chi square ratio 9:7 which indicated complementary type of gene action and were confirmed in BC1F1 fitting chi square ratio 1:1 red kernel to white kernel ratio. The inheritance pattern of hull colour in six crosses; brown hull colour was dominant over straw hull colour; governed by two independent genes, one dominant and one recessive gene fitting F2 chi square ratio 13:3. Similarly, in two other crosses, brown hull colour was dominant over golden yellow and yellow hull colour fitting F2 chi square ratio 9:7 and governed by two dominant gene with complementary type gene action. The inheritance studies of red kernel rice are very important to bred biofortified rice varieties.

The rice variety Ratnagiri 6 (RTN 65-1-2-2-2 ) was evolved from the cross between IR64 and Paras Sona using former parent as female through pedigree method of selection. The above variety is midlate in duration (118-125 days in Kharif), Semi-dwarf (100-110 cm plant height), medium slender and translucent kernel type. The variety showed 36.57, 19.96, 9.11, 23.53 and 26.38 per cent higher yield over the respective checks in station, state, national, agronomical and adaptive trials, respectively. It showed excellent milling (70.30 %), head rice recovery (66.19 %) and good cooking qualities (Amylose content 25.43 %). Ratnagiri 6 rice variety showed moderately resistant to leaf blast and bacterial leaf blight diseases and moderately resistant to stem borer, leaf folder and gall midge at endemic sites. It recorded an average yield of 4.0 to 4.5 t/ha. Therefore the rice variety Ratnagiri 6 recommended for release for commercial cultivation in Konkan region of Maharashtra in the year 2017.

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Shirgaon, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Ratnagiri (MS) on the lateritic soil during Rabi 2015-16 to 2016-17 to study agronomic management practices for promising groundnut cultivar RTNG-29 (Konkan Bhuratna). The treatment comprises two main plot treatments of varieties, sub-plot treatments consists three spacing and sub-sub plot treatment consists three fertilizer management treatments replicated three times in split-split plot design. Groundnut cultivar, RTNG-29 (Konkan Bhuratna) sown with 30X10 cm plant spacing (plant population of 3,33,333 plants ha-1) and fertilized with 30:70:00 NPK kg ha-1 noticed significantly highest pod, kernel and haulm yield of groundnut, which was followed by RTNG-29 (Konkan Bhuratna) sown with 30X10 cm plant spacing (plant population of 3,33,333 plants ha-1) and fertilized with 25:50:00 NPK kg ha-1. But in terms of economics groundnut cultivar RTNG-29 (Konkan Bhuratna) sown with 30 X 10 cm plant spacing and fertilized with 25:50:00 NPK kg ha-1 gives more benefit to cost ratio 2.08 with net returns of Rs 76561 ha-1) as that of groundnut cultivar RTNG-29 (Konkan Bhuratna) sown with 30X10 cm plant spacing and fertilized with 30:70:00 NPK kg ha-1 (net returns Rs 71880 ha-1 and B:C ratio 2.02).

Twenty F1s were developed by utilizing nine diverse parents 4 lines and 5 testers in Line x Testers mating design During Kharif 2015. The estimates of mean sum of squares due to male, female, male vs female, hybrids and parents vs hybrids showed significant variation. Large numbers of heterotic crosses were observed in most of the characters. The maximum positive standard heterosis for dry pod yield plant-1 (g) over best check TKG-Bold was observed in RHRG 6083 x TAG 24 (63.31%) followed by RHRG 6083 x JL 777(54.14%) and RHRG 1225 x TAG 24 (42.07%) and significant heterosis for other yield contributing traits viz., number of primary branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of kernels pod-1, dry haulm yield plant-1, 100 kernel weight and shelling percentage. The maximum negative standard heterosis for days to maturity over best check TKG-Bold was observed in TG 37A x ICG 2630 (-18.61%) followed by RHRG 1225 x TAG 24 (-12.50) and TG 37A x JL 777(-11.67). The combinations viz., RHRG 6083 x TAG 24, RHRG 6083 x JL 777 and RHRG 1225 x TAG 24 could be utilize for selection of desirable segregants in further segregating generations.

A study was conducted in groundnut to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for eleven yield contributing characters. Fifteen F1s were developed by utilizing eight diverse parents, 3 lines and 5 testers in Line x Testers mating design during Kharif 2015. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the parents and hybrids for all the characters indicating presence of genetic variability. Large numbers of heterotic crosses were observed in most of the characters. The maximum positive standard heterosis for dry pod yield plant-1 over best check TKG Bold was observed in RTNG 53 X ICG 2630 (98.70 %) followed by RTNG 53 X KDG 171 (91.59%) and RTNG 53 X Konkan Gaurav (84.08 %). The range of heterosis for dry pod yield plant-1 was 9.72 to 131.80 per cent. Estimates of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for pod yield plant-1 were highly significant and positive in all hybrids over BP, SC-I and SC-II. The manifestation of heterosis for pod yield by best three crosses, also showed negative heterotic effects for days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to maturity, and positive heterotic effects for number of primary branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of kernels pod-1, dry haulm yield plant-1, 100 kernel weight and sound mature kernels. From the present investigation, on the basis of economic heterosis it can be concluded that the heterosis breeding could be advantageous for the improvement of groundnut genotypes for dry pod yield and its contributing characters.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major oilseed crop in India. Its seed contain high quality of 45-50% edible oil, 25-30% digestible protein, 20% carbohydrates, and 5% fiber and ash which make a sustainable contribution to human nutrition (Fageria et al., 1997). Groundnut is considered as poor man’s almond and also called as “King of oilseeds”. It is cultivated in India over 45.97 million ha area with the production of 67.33 million tonnes (both kharif and rabi) and average productivity of 1.47 t ha -1 (Indiastat, 2016). In Maharashtra, groundnut cultivated (both kharif and rabi) over an area of 3.09 million ha with production of 3.34 million tonnes having productivity of 1.08 t ha -1

The groundnut variety, Konkan Bhurtana (RTNG 29) was evolved from the cross between PBS 24030 and GPBD 4 using former parent through hybridization followed by pedigree method of selection. Konkan Bhuratna variety is medium duration (115-120 days), Virginia Bunch type groundnut culture having 2.5 to 3.0 t/ha average pod yield, with 50.01 % oil content, 23.44% protein content and 74 % shelling percentage, it is medium bold kernel type variety, suitable for both kharif and rabi season. It is resistant to early and late leaf spot, rust, PBND, alterneria leaf blight diseases and also resistant to thrips, jassids, leaf miner, defoliator insect and pests. Therefore the groundnut variety Konkan Bhuratna recommended for release for commercial cultivation in upland area during Kharif and irrigated area during Rabi season in Konkan region of the Maharashtra state during the year 2017.