Forty-eight grower pigs were used to evaluate the effects of feeding low phytic acid (LPA) corn, LPA soybean meal, normal corn (NC), normal soybean meal (NSBM), and phytase on nutrient digestibility and excretion. Barrows were blocked by BW (initial BW=45.3+/-1.6 kg) and randomly assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (6 pigs/treatment). Pigs were fed twice daily (0700 and 1700 h) at 3 times the ME requirement for maintenance. Phytase was added to the diet at 510 phytase units/kg of feed (where 1 phytase unit is the quantity of enzyme that liberates 1 mumol of inorganic P/min from 0.005 mol/L of sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees C), at the expense of corn starch, and all diets were formulated to provide 0.39% total P, 0.50% Ca, and 1.0% lysine with no supplemental inorganic P. Pigs were adapted to metabolism crates and dietary treatments for 7 d, followed by a 3-d total collection of urine and feces. Total fecal DM excreted, percentage of DM of feces, and percentage of DM digested were not different (P>0.53) among treatments. Fecal P excretion was reduced for pigs fed LPA corn vs. NC (2.85 vs. 3.24+/-0.119 g/d; P=0.024), for pigs fed LPA soybean meal vs. NSBM (2.79 vs. 3.30+/-0.119 g/d; P=0.007), for pigs fed phytase vs. nonphytase diets (2.80 vs. 3.29+/-0.119 g/d; P=0.009), and for pigs fed LPA corn, LPA soybean meal, and phytase vs. NC and NSBM without phytase (2.16 vs. 3.70+/-0.237 g/d; P<0.001). Phosphorus digestibility was increased for pigs fed diets containing LPA corn vs. NC (48.4 vs. 39.9+/-2.27%; P=0.012), for pigs fed phytase vs. nonphytase diets (48.4 vs. 39.9+/-2.27%; P=0.019), and for pigs fed the LPA corn, LPA soybean meal, and phytase diet vs. the NC and soybean meal diet (60.1 vs. 34.1+/-4.5%; P<0.001) and tended to be increased for pigs fed LPA soybean meal vs. NSBM (47.2 vs. 41.1+/-2.27%; P=0.075). Corn type and soybean meal type had no effect (P>0.11) on water-soluble P excretion. However, pigs fed diets containing phytase tended to excrete less total water-soluble P than those without phytase inclusion (1.99 vs. 2.27+/-0.099 g/d; P<0.066). This study demonstrates that feeding any combination of LPA corn, LPA soybean meal, and phytase was additive, significantly improving P digestibility and dramatically decreasing P excretion to reduce the potential impacts of P from pig manure on the environment.

Pigs (Exp. 1 = 98 and Exp. 2 = 148) were allotted by sex and BW to determine the effects of feeding a control (CTRL), corn-SBM based diet or a low nutrient excretion (LNE) diet, with reduced CP + synthetic amino acids, low phytic acid corn, and phytase, on carcass, visceral, and blood mineral contents and masses. Pigs were split-sex phase fed, three nursery diets for a 5-wk nursery period (Exp. 2) and two grower and two finisher diets for a 16-wk grow-finish (G-F) period (Exp. 1 and 2). Pigs were housed two-five pigs/pen and five pens/sex/ treatment (trt) in G-F. Individual pig weights and pen feed consumption were recorded bi-weekly. Five or six pigs/sex were harvested at the start of each experiment to determine initial composition and six pigs/sex/trt were harvested at the end of the nursery period (Exp. 2) and 10 pigs/sex/trt were harvested at wk 8 and 16 of the G-F period (Exp. 1 and 2) for determination of tissue pool compositions. Tissues were assayed for: DM, Ash, N, P, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, and Mn. There were no differences in nursery, grower, or finisher whole body tissue mass between treatments. However, total mass and accretion rates of P, Ca, and Mg decreased and Zn and Mn increased when LNE diets were fed during the nursery period (Exp. 2 only; P < 0.05). Grower period ash, P, Ca, Mg, and N (Exp. 2) masses and accretion rates of ash, P, Ca, Mg, Fe (Exp. 1), Zn (Exp. 2), Cu (Exp. 2) decreased when pigs were fed LNE diets (P < 0.05). During the finisher period, whole body ash (Exp. 2), P, Ca, Mg, N (Exp. 2) decreased and accretion rate of Zn (Exp. 2) increased (P < 0.05) when pigs were fed LNE diets. Overall, total tissue accretion rate was not different between treatments, however whole body accretion rates of ash (Exp. 2), P, Ca, Mg, and N (Exp. 2) were decreased when pigs were fed LNE diets from weaning to market. There were differences in individual mineral accretion rates by the different tissue pools at different phases of the pigs growth cycle, however, the carcass is the largest pool and has the greatest influence on the whole body mineral accretion rates.

One hundred and eighty pigs were weaned at an average of 18.2 days of age and were assigned to one of five dietary treatments. Pigs were allotted based on genetics, sex and initial body weight. Treatments were as follows: A) Basal diet, no antibiotics (negative control); B) Diet A plus Carbadox at 45.4g/ton (50 ppm; positive control); C) .4% Organic acid blend, added to diet A by substituting for corn; D) .2% Inorganic acid based blend, added to Diet A by substituting for corn; E) Combination of .4% organic and .2% inorganic acid based blends, added to Diet A by substituting for corn.

The beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine (RAC) is a feed additive used to increase lean growth rate, improve feed efficiency, and increase carcass lean percentage and dressing percentage (Moody et al., 2000). Health status of the individual pig can influence and determine the amount of lean tissue growth of the pig (Holck et al., 1998), especially during a time of rapid growth such as in response to ractopamine.

Environmental concerns associated with animal agriculture are of the utmost interest to producers and regulators alike. In December 2002 the United States Environmental Protection Agency is scheduled to release new regulations that will attempt to guide manure management practices for all production levels of animal agriculture. A proposed component of the new regulations is to require a comprehensive nutrient management plan to establish a nutrient balance on each animal production unit. Within the past thirty years our animal producers have changed from small, diversified farms to larger, more concentrated operations, with a greater mass of nutrient outputs located at one site. In addition to this, the use of commercial fertilizer has steadily increased while manure has gained the perception as a “waste problem” instead of beneficial soil fertilizer and constituent. Thus, it becomes increasingly important to maximize nutrient uptake by the animal in an effort to reduce total nutrient output to the environment and in establishing a whole farm nutrient balance.

Five dietary treatments were formulated using normal corn (NC) and nutridense corn (NDC) and fed during a 12-week period. Treatments were as follows: A) Industry standard NC; B) NDC on a pound for pound substitution for NC; C) NDC formulated to the same lysine level as diet A; D) NC with supplemental fat to make it isolipid to Diet B; and E) NDC with extra synthetic lysine to replace more soybean meal and further reduce dietary crude protein. Diets were changed every three weeks to create two grower and two finisher diets. The diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for each sex and phase of growth (Table 1) based on the NRC (1998).

Two trials were conducted to quantify effects of estradiol benzoate (EB) administration on fertility after removal of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) r insert. Lactating, primiand multiparous Brangus females were administered a CIDR (1.38g Progesterone) for 7 or 8 d with prostaglandin F2α (25 mg, im) administered upon removal of the CIDR (control group). Females allotted to the treatment group were administered estradiol benzoate (EB, 1 mg,im) at 24 h post-CIDR removal. Females were observed twice daily for signs of estrus behavior for 5 d after CIDR removal. In Trial 1, females were inseminated 12 h postonset of estrus. The synchrony rate (SR; 93.9%) in EB treated (n = 82) females was higher (P < 0.01) than the SR (80.0%) in the control group (n = 230). First service conception rate (FSCR) was not affected (P > 0.1) by EB treatment (50.6 and 46.4% for treatment and control groups, respectively). However, females in the treatment group had a higher (P = 0.08) first service pregnancy rate (FSPR) than females in the control group (47.6 vs. 36.7%, respectively). In Trial 2, recipient cows received a single embryo 6.5 to 7.5 d post-onset of estrus. SR was higher (P < 0.01) in EB treated (n = 886) females compared to control (n = 457) females (93.0 and 73.5%, respectively). FSCR did not differ (P > 0.1) between control and treatment groups (54.4 and 55.7%, respectively). FSPR was higher (P < 0.01) in EB females (46.1%) compared to females in the control group (38.1%). In conclusion, the addition of an injection of 1 mg EB administered 24 h after a conventional CIDR synchronization treatment regimen increased both SR and FSPR following either AI or ET, in Brangus females.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRice Quality Measurement, Organic Acids of Rice and Some Other Cereal SeedsD. F. Houston, B. E. Hill, V. H. Garrett, and E. B. KesterCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1963, 11, 6, 512–517Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60130a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60130a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

B. E. Hill, B. Lythgoe, S. Mirvish and S. Trippett, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 1770 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550001770

Group feeding pig trials were conducted to determine the effects of a specific fiber addition (soybean hulls) and nitrogen manipulation in pig diets on production of odorous ammonia, sulfides, phenols, volatile fatty acids and other volatile organic compounds (VOC) from swine production facilities. Standard commercial diet (control) versus a low crude protein diet (reduced 4.5% CP) supplemented with synthetic amino acids (AA) (Trial 1), low CP diet supplemented with AA versus low CP+AA with 10% soy hulls (SH) (Trial 2) and control versus a control with 10% SH (Trial 2) were compared in replicated studies in two environmentally controlled rooms. Pig performance, carcass quality, manure composition and room air quality data were collected and statistically analyzed. Based on these group feeding field-type studies, an approach of reducing CP and supplementing diets with synthetic amino acids can be an effective way to control ammonia and odor emissions from confinement buildings. There were 40% reductions in aerial and pit ammonia concentrations with pigs fed the RCP diet. Along with this, there was a 40% lowering of aerial hydrogen sulfide concentrations, and the odor dilution ratio decreased by 30% when pigs were fed the RCP diet. In this experiment, these reductions in odor and gases came at the expense of growth and carcass characteristics. A reduction in CP of 4.5% may be too much, but reducing the CP in diets by 3 to 3.5% could be a good compromise to still reduce odorous emissions and nutrient excretion while maintaining comparable growth and feed efficiency. Reducing the dietary CP and adding 10% soybean hulls to diets will lower aerial ammonia content (40%), pit total nitrogen, pit ammonia (29%), pit pH, and possibly aerial hydrogen sulfide levels. The addition of fiber to low CP diets did not increase