The ureides allantoin and allantoic acid are important transport compounds of fixed nitrogen from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodules to the plant tops. The objective of this research was to develop a colorimetric method for determination of ureides in soybean tissues. The 2,3-butanedione monoxime-thiosemicarbazide (BDM-TSC) method for urea was adapted for ureide analysis by adding an alkaline hydrolysis step and converting allantoin to allantoate before determination as urea. Water extracts of soybean tissue samples containing a wide range of ureide concentrations were analyzed by the proposed method and two alternative procedures. The alternative procedures included a volumetric method based on urease and a colorimetric method for ureide-derived glyoxylic acid. The proposed method was highly correlated (r=0.99) to the two alternative methods. The proposed method was easier to perform than the two alternative methods and should be adaptable for use by microplate methods.

Data collection and its analysis in the field of nuclear safety is an important task in the sense that it powers the improvement of safety as well as reliability of the plant. Thus, occupational exposure data analysis is presented to measure the safety or reliability of radiation protection of a given facility. It also is required as a basic input in making decisions on radiation protection regulations and recommendations. A common practice in radiation protection is to record a zero for observation below minimum detection limit (MDL) doses, which leads to an underestimation of true doses and overestimation of the dose-response relationship. Exposure data (both external and internal) are collected by monitoring each individual and this kind of monitoring generally is graded as low-level monitoring. So, in such low-level monitoring, the occurrence of exposure below MDL invites statistical complications for estimating mean and variance because the data are generally censored, i.e observations below MDL are marked. In Type I censoring, the point of censoring (e.g. the detection limit) is 'fixed' a priori for all observations and the number of the censored observations varies. In Type II censoring, the number of censored observations is fixed a priori, and the point of censoring vary. The methodology generally followed in estimating mean and variance with these censored data was the replacement of missing dose by half the MDL. In this paper, authors have used the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach for the estimation of mean and standard deviation. A computer code BDLCENSOR has been developed in which all these MLE-based advanced algorithms are implemented. In addition to the MLE-based method, an expectation maximisation algorithm has also been implemented. The code is written using Visual BASIC 6.0. The paper describes the details of the algorithms adopted for handling such censored data to estimate bias free mean and standard deviation.

On fields with no history of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production, inoculation alone is often inadequate to provide for adequate nodulation the first time this crop is grown. The objective of this study was to determine if inoculation of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed with Bradyrhizobium japonicum would lead to an increase of B. japonicum numbers in the soil, and improve nodulation of a subsequent soybean crop. In the greenhouse, wheat seed inoculation increased B. japonicum numbers from undetectable numbers to >9000 g−1 of soil, whereas the numbers of introduced B. japonicum declined in unseeded pots. In the field, inoculation of wheat seed increased B. japonicum numbers in the soil from undetectable levels to >4000 g−1 the following year. When soybean seed was inoculated, but grown in soil devoid of B. japonicum, nodules formed only near the point of seed placement. The heaviest nodulation, and widest distribution of nodules in the topsoil were found whenB. japonicum was established the year before by wheat seed inoculation, plus soybean seed inoculation. Wheat seed inoculation the year before growing soybean, combined with proper soybean seed inoculation, should provide for abundant nodulation the first time soybean is grown on a field.

Ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) is a popular liquid fertilizer in North America, and potassium thiosulfate (KTS) is also gaining acceptance for specialty purposes. Thiosulfate is known to oxidize rapidly in soil to tetrathionate and then to sulfate, but little information is available on the effect of temperature on these reactions. The objective of this study was to compare the rates of thiosulfate oxidation at three temperatures (5, 15, 25 degreesC) by three soils, an Enon loamy sand from North Carolina (soil NC), an O'Neill loamy sand from Nebraska (soil NE), and a Vang loam from North Dakota (soil ND). Ammonium thiosulfate, or KTS were added at a rate of 25 mg S kg(-1). At 25 degreesC, oxidation was very rapid, being complete after 1 or 2 weeks by all three soils. No apparent immobilization of the applied S was observed with any soil after 2 weeks of incubation. At 15 degreesC, oxidation was slowed, but oxidation was still nearly complete after 2 or 3 weeks. There was some apparent S immobilization by soil NE, and to a lesser degree by soil ND at this temperature. At 5 degreesC, the kinetics of oxidation and immobilization differed greatly between soils. With soil NC, oxidation was complete after 4 weeks, with no apparent immobilization. Soil NE exhibited a strong immobilization of the added S at 5 degreesC, with most of the applied S remaining immobilized for 12 weeks. Soil ND was intermediate between these two soils, showing a temporary immobilization of applied thiosulfate for 2-6 weeks, with apparent mineralization from 6-12 weeks. The effect of temperature on immobilization of S fertilizers deserves further research.

The derivation problem for a locally compact group G is to decide whether for each derivation D from L1(G) into L1(G) there is a bounded measure μ∈M(G) with D(a) = aμ−μa (a ∈ L1(G)). In this paper we obtain an affirmative answer for the case of connected groups. To explain the contents of this paper we give an equivalent formulation of the problem. Suppose that the group G acts as a group of homeomorphisms of the locally compact space X. Related to this there is an action of G on M(X). A bounded crossed homomorphism from G to M(X) is a map Φ with bounded range and satisfying Φ(gh) = gΦ(h)+Φ(g) (g, h ∈ G). The problem for bounded crossed homomorphisms is to decide if for each such Φ there is an element μ of M(X) with Φ(g) = gμ− μ (g ∈ G). The derivation problem is equivalent to this bounded crossed homomorphism problem for the special case X = G where G acts on X by conjugation (together with some mild continuity hypotheses about the map Φ:G→M(X) which are often automatically satisfied). The bounded crossed homomorphism problem always has a positive solution if G is amenable and a closely related calculation shows that in solving the bounded crossed homomorphism problem we need only solve it for functions Φ which are zero on H where H is a given amenable subgroup of G. It can happen that this condition of being zero on H forces Φ to be zero even when H is a comparatively small subgroup of G. If h is an element of G such that ‘hnx → ∞’ as n → ∞ for all x ∈ X then for any two measures μ and ν, for large values of n, μ and hnν have little overlap so ∥μ + hnν∥ → ∥μ∥ + ∥ν∥. Thus if H is the subgroup generated by h, for any g ∈ G ∥ g - 1 Φ ( g h n g ) ∥ = ∥ g - 1 Φ ( g ) + h n Φ ( g ) ∥ → 2 ∥ Φ ( g ) ∥ a s n → ∞ .

Phosphorus (P) availability is often restricted in alkaline soils. The objective of this study was to determine if the plant availability of P from liquid ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer (APP) would be enhanced when blended with fluid sulphur (S) sources of differing acidification potential. Eight field studies with ‘ Butte 86 ' hard red spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted in 1995 and 1996 in eastern North Dakota, USA, comparing no P, 9·8 kg/ha of P, and 9·8 kg P/ha plus 11·2 kg S/ha from different S sources. The S sources were elemental sulphur (ES), ammonium sulphate (AS), ammonium bisulphite (ABS), ammonium thiosulphate (ATS), potassium thiosulphate (KTS) and potassium sulphate (KS). The P and S fertilizers were banded with the seed at planting. Phosphorus fertilization gave a typical ‘starter effect’, stimulating tillering, early growth and P uptake. Phosphorus uptake at the 4–5 leaf stage was increased by addition of acid-forming S fertilizers to the APP. Grain yield response to P applied with the seed was typically 400 kg/ha. The enhanced P uptake observed at the 4–5 leaf stage when certain S sources were added to APP did not lead to additional grain yield. Wheat grain yield in North Dakota comes almost entirely from the contributions of the main stem, T1 and T2 tillers, and initiation of these tillers was essentially complete when APP alone was banded with the seed.

Estimates of genetic variance are needed for ranking of inbred lines for selection and for prediction of response to selection. The objectives of this study were to determine whether including relationships among inbred lines affects estimates of genetic variance and whether random association among inbred lines mated together affects estimates. Genetic variance was estimated with different models with restricted maximum likelihood for eight traits from matings of inbred lines from two heterotic groups (Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic, SSS, and unrelated to SSS, NSSS) of corn (Zea mays L.). For each comparison relationships among one or both of the inbred lines were either considered or ignored. With relationships ignored, variance due to inbred line effects was reduced on average by 33% for SSB inbred lines and 18% for NSSS inbred lines. Estimates were also reduced for variance of SSS inbred lines by 11 to 41% when calculations were done with effects of NSSS inbred lines considered to be fixed and 6 to 31% for variance of NSSS inbred lines with SSS inbred lines considered fixed. The increase in variance with relationships among inbred lines considered indicates that potential gain from selection would be greater than predicted from estimates of variance due to line effects calculated ignoring relationships among lines. Estimates of inbred line variance within a heterotic group were usually smaller when lines in the other group were considered fixed. This result suggests that variance due to line effects can be inflated due to association of inbred lines between heterotic groups.

The objective of this study was to compare the availability of Zn from granular ZnSO4, a granular Zn humate-lignosulfonate (ZnHL), and liquid Zn ethylenediaminetetraacetate (ZnEDTA). The two granular sources were applied directly (“as is”) and also powdered and mixed with the soil. A calcareous sandy loam soil with low available Zn was used. Zn rates were 0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg pot–1, and two crops of maize (Zea mays L.) were grown. For the first crop, all Zn sources provided an excellent dry matter response when powdered and mixed with the soil. The ZnEDTA was superior with regard to Zn uptake. The availability of ZnSO4 granules was almost zero for the first crop. The availability of the ZnHL complex was better than ZnSO4 when applied in granular form, but not when the two materials were powdered and mixed with the entire soil mass, suggesting that availability differences between these sources were due to physical, not chemical, factors. After mixing with the soil, only small differences existed between the Zn sources for the second crop. All sources provided for a good dry matter and Zn uptake response, and all Zn sources were about the same in increasing diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA)-extractable Zn levels at the end of the experiment. This research suggests that the three Zn materials were equal long-term Zn sources, but that the short-term response varied dramatically, depending on how the materials were applied.

Kadison has shown that local derivations from a von Neumann algebra into any dual bimodule are derivations. In this paper we extend this result to local derivations from any C*-algebra U into any Banach U-bimodule X. Most of the work is involved with establishing this result when A is a commutative C*-algebra with one self-adjoint generator. A known result of the author about Jordan derivations then completes the argument. We show that these results do not extend to the algebra C-1 [0, 1] of continuously differentiable functions on [0, 1]. We also give an automatic continuity result, that is, we show that local derivations on C*-algebras are continuous even if not assumed a priori to be so.

We show that all derivations from the group algebra l1(G) of a free group into its nth dual, where n is a positive even integer, are inner. Combined with the known result for odd values of n, this shows that these algebras are permanently weakly amenable. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 46M20, 43A20.

Spin polarized electron-energy-loss spectra have been obtained from Ag(100), Cu(100), Mo(110) and unmagnetized Co(110) and Fe(100) surfaces, in both specular and off-specular scattering geometries, by use of a low-energy polarized incident beam coupled with energy- and angle-resolved spin analysis of the scattered electrons. The data ars: interpreted in terms of a model that takes account of both dipole and impact scattering. Dipole scattering preserves the full polarization of the incident beam, whereas the scattered electron polarization is degraded by electron exchange in impact-scattering events that produce electron-hole pair excitation in the target. It is found that dipole scattering dominates at noble-metal surfaces but that the impact- and dipole-scattering rates are comparable for targets with incompletely filled d shells. The data also suggest that impact scattering, Like dipole scattering, tends to be concentrated in the specular direction.

A. M. Sinclair has proved that if is a semisimple Banach algebra then every continuous Jordan derivation from into is a derivation ([12, theorem 3·3]; ‘Jordan derivation’ is denned in Section 6 below). If is a Banach -bimodule one can consider Jordan derivations from into and ask whether Sinclair's theorem is still true. More recent work in this area appears in [1]. Simple examples show that it cannot hold for all modules and all semisimple algebras. However, for more restricted classes of algebras, including C*-algebras one does get a positive result and we develop two approaches. The first depends on symmetric amenability, a development of the theory of amenable Banach algebras which we present here for the first time in Sections 2, 3 and 4. A Banach algebra is symmetrically amenable if it has an approximate diagonal consisting of symmetric tensors. Most, but not all, amenable Banach algebras are symmetrically amenable and one can prove results for symmetric amenability similar to those in [8] for amenability. However, unlike amenability, symmetric amenability does not seem to have a concise homological characterisation. One of our results [Theorem 6·2] is that if is symmetrically amenable then every continuous Jordan derivation into an -bimodule is a derivation. Special techniques enable this result to be extended to other algebras, for example all C*-algebras. This approach to Jordan derivations appears in Section 6.

The phototoxic potential of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and quinolone antibiotics was assessed using the photohaemolysis assay. In this system, human erythrocytes are irradiated (UVA radiation 320-400 nm) from below in the presence of suspected photosensitizers. Photohaemolysis with ketoprofen, tiaprofenic acid or nalidixic acid was initially concentration dependent, but photohaemolysis apparently decreased at higher drug concentrations. As erythrocytes were irradiated from below any optical screening at high drug concentrations was discounted. Other phototoxic drugs can oxidize haemoglobin to methaemoglobin resulting in a decrease in absorption and an artificially lowered photohaemolysis level. However, in the present experiments, the use of Drabkin's solution overcame this effect as haemoglobin and most of its oxidized derivatives were converted into a single derivative, namely cyanmethaemoglobin. Further possibilities are that photosensitized damage to haemoglobin results in the formation of intracellular Heinz bodies and/or bleaching of released haemoglobin. The latter hypothesis was tested by irradiating free haemoglobin in the presence of drugs. The results suggested that certain phototoxic agents cause 'bleaching' of the haemoglobin and formation of a derivative that fails to react with Drabkin's solution. If only high concentrations of these drugs are used in the photohaemolysis assay, this increases the risk of false negative results. It is therefore suggested that both photohaemolysis and photosensitized 'bleaching' of haemoglobin should be investigated when using this assay for screening drug phototoxicity.

Trans to cis photoisomerization of epidermal urocanic acid (UCA) has been proposed as a primary event in UV-induced immunosuppression. 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in combination with UVA radiation (PUVA) is used for photochemotherapy of several immunologicaly based skin disorders, and PUVA is known to cause immunosuppression. We examined the photointeraction of 8-MOP and other skin photosensitizing drugs (amiodarone, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and ketoprofen) with trans-UCA in vitro. In oxic condition 8-MOP did not enhance the ability of radiation from standard PUVA fluorescent sources (0.2% radiation below 320 nm) to produce cis-UCA. When oxygen was removed, some 8-MOP photosensitization could be detected. 8-MOP, ciprofloxacin and ketoprofen also enhanced inefficient UCA photoisomerization by radiation from a filtered tungsten halogen source (0.2% radiation below 320 nm). 8-MOP photosensitization is essential for radiation from PUVA tubes to have a therapeutic or immunosuppressive effect. We have shown in vitro that 8-MOP does not enhance cis-UCA production by this source. Extrapolation of our data to the in vivo situation suggests that UCA may not be involved in either the therapeutic or the immunosuppressive effect of PUVA.

We show that a commutative amenable Banach algebra need not be symmetric by constructing suitable examples.

In this paper we study conditions on a Banach spaceX that ensure that the Banach algebraК(X) of compact operators is amenable. We give a symmetrized approximation property ofX which is proved to be such a condition. This property is satisfied by a wide range of Banach spaces including all the classical spaces. We then investigate which constructions of new Banach spaces from old ones preserve the property of carrying amenable algebras of compact operators. Roughly speaking, dual spaces, predual spaces and certain tensor products do inherit this property and direct sums do not. For direct sums this question is closely related to factorization of linear operators. In the final section we discuss some open questions, in particular, the converse problem of what properties ofX are implied by the amenability ofК(X).

Journal of the London Mathematical SocietyVolume 50, Issue 2 p. 361-374 Notes and Papers Non-Amenability of the Fourier Algebra of a Compact Group B. E. Johnson, B. E. Johnson Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RUSearch for more papers by this author B. E. Johnson, B. E. Johnson Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RUSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1994 https://doi.org/10.1112/jlms/50.2.361Citations: 46AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume50, Issue2October 1994Pages 361-374 RelatedInformation

A strain ofPenicillium bilaji Chalabuda (PB) has recently been commercially released as a seed inoculant to increase phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of drill applied P (15 kg P ha−1) with PB seed inoculation on early growth, development, P uptake, and grain yield of ‘Stoa’ spring wheat at four sites in North Dakota.

A locally compact group G G has the weakly compact homomorphism property if every weakly compact homomorphism from the group algebra L 1 ( G ) {L^1}(G) into another Banach algebra B \mathfrak {B} has finite-dimensional range. It has been shown that compact and abelian groups have this property. We extend this to a large class of groups including all solvable groups.

In an open study of 21 severely affected adult atopic dermatitis patients, air-conditioned narrow-band UVB phototherapy using the Philips TL-01 lamp three times weekly for 12 weeks resulted in a 68% reduction in atopic dermatitis severity scores, with a concomitant 88% reduction in potent topical steroid use. Follow-up at 24 weeks revealed that six patients had relapsed to > 70% of pre-phototherapy severity scores; the remaining 15 continued to derive long-term benefit. The mean value of potent topical steroid use remained 50% below pre-phototherapy needs. Narrow-band UVB (TL-01) phototherapy appears an effective, steroid-sparing treatment for chronic severe atopic dermatitis, offering long-term benefits in the majority of those treated.