Human land-use plays an important role in the distribution of aquatic invasive species. The establishment of these species may have an unpredictable impact on their new environment. We analyzed the establishment of M. tuberculata, an invasive species, and its effect on the mollusc community in Ouagadougou's reservoir No.3. Mollusc samples were collected using an Ekman grab through sampling points randomly distributed across the whole reservoir. Collected specimens were sorted, preserved in alcohol at the field site and transported to the laboratory for identification. Species diversity, abundance and distribution were analyzed. Among the five species encountered, M. tuberculata and L. varicus were identified for the first time in this reservoir. M. tuberculata had the highest relative abundance (60.83%) and the highest density. The evenness was less than 0.5 for 72.5% (i.e. 21) of sampling points, reflecting the relative dominance of a single species, M. tuberculata. In terms of spatial distribution, the most widespread species in the study reservoir was M. tuberculata, followed by C. aegyptiaca and B. unicolor. M. tuberculata distribution in the reservoir mostly overlaps that of B. unicolor (0.45). Renewed monitoring efforts are needed to better understand the evolution of mollusc species in freshwaters of Burkina Faso to understand species extinction risks as well as the potential use of mollusk diversity measures as water quality indicators.

The use of wastewater in urban agriculture has been promoted as an alternative to water scarcity and as a means to increase soil fertilizer.However, the use of wastewater in urban agriculture raises major public health concerns, mainly due to the often high concentration of pathogenic micro-organisms.Waterborne parasites are a major health concern in this regard, especially in endemic areas, mainly due to the high environmental resistance of eggs/cysts combined with a low infectious dose.In this study, the parasitological risk to vegetables producers in Ouagadougou using polluted water was evaluated through the quantitative microbiological risk analysis method.For this purpose, the search for and quantification of viable parasite eggs and cysts in irrigation water was coupled with epidemiological surveillance of vegetables producers in Ouagadougou.Protozoa and helminths belonging to 9 species were recorded and samples analyzed.These include Ancylostoma sp., Ascaris lumbricoides, tapeworm's sp, Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia.Despite the variability of isolated parasitic species, Ancylostoma sp.eggs were common and severe to all types of water.Moreover, epidemiological approach showed that there were more parasitic species found in irrigation water and also other parasitic species circulating among vegetable farmers.In addition, there is no statistical significant association between the type of water used for irrigation and the carried parasites by veg-How to cite this paper:

In Burkina Faso, human activities are practiced in Nazinga Game Ranch (NGR) which is colonized by West African crocodiles Crocodylus suchus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1807) decades ago.This study which aims to estimate impact of anthropogenic activities on abundance of C. suchus has been conducted in NGR reservoirs.For data collection, C. suchus populations were counted morning, afternoon and night from October 2015 to May 2017 in 11 reservoirs.Binoculars were used for remote observations and spotlight was used by night.According to the size of the sites and its accessibility, direct observations were carried out on foot or by canoe.Every time we observed crocodiles, they were numbered and added information such as their size, their behavior, geographical coordinates and the type of habitat were collected.Human activities were noted after direct observations.The R software version 3.5.3was used for data analysis.A total of 1849 crocodiles including hatchlings, juveniles, subadults and adults were counted in these 11 reservoirs of the NGR.They were more abundant in reservoirs than rivers with highest abundances in Akalon, Akwazena, Kalieboulou and Barka.Crocodile showed very high visibility at night their abundances showed important correlation with human activities and environmental factors such as roads, fishing, tourism, moon phases and "died crocodiles" and in NGR.

Dans la Réserve de Biosphère du W du Burkina Faso, des infrastructures ont été réalisées pour la conservation et l’utilisation durable des espèces fauniques. Cette étude vise à examiner l’influence de ces infrastructures et des villages riverains sur la distribution spatiale de trois espèces de primates diurnes. La méthode a consisté à l’analyse des coordonnées d’observations de trois années de dénombrements pédestres suivant des régressions log-linéaire appliquées aux distances entre les primates et les infrastructures. Des corrélations négatives ont été observées entre les points d’eau, les salines et le vervet, entre les postes de surveillance, les habitations et le patas et entre les postes de surveillance, les salines et le babouin. 73,68% des vervets étaient distribués à moins de 25 km des villages contre 94,56% et 30,32% pour le patas et le babouin respectivement. A plus de 25 km des postes de surveillance, sont rencontrés 86,47% de vervets, 97,96% de patas et 100% de babouins. Concernant les points d’eau, c’étaient 98,5% de vervet et 100% pour les autres espèces. Les trois espèces ont été observées au-delà de 25 km des salines. Les résultats de cette étude donnent des orientations pour des travaux relatifs aux trois espèces dans les aires protégées. In the W Biosphere Reserve of Burkina Faso, infrastructures have been built for the conservation and sustainable use of wildlife species. This study aims to examine the influence of these infrastructures and the surrounding villages on the spatial distribution of three diurnal primates’ species. The method consisted of analyzing the geographic coordinates of observations from three years of pedestrian counts using log-linear regressions applied to distances between primates and infrastructure. Negative correlations were observed between water points, salt flats and vervet, between monitoring stations, dwellings and patas monkey and between monitoring stations, salt flats and baboon. 73.68% of vervets were distributed within 25 km of surrounding villages compared to 94.56% and 30.32% for patas monkey and baboon respectively. The vervets that were found more than 25 km from a surveillance post represented 86.47%, those of the patas monkey 97.96% and those of the baboon 100%. At waterholes, 98.5% were vervet and 100% for the other species. All three species were observed beyond 25 km from the salt flats. The results of this study constitute a guiding tool for future work on the three species in the managed protected areas.

Background and Objectives: Anopheles gambiae members are the main malaria vectors in Burkina Faso seconded by Anopheles funestus.However, other anophelines species are found in particular environments such as forest and localities bordering the rivers.The aim of this study, was to assess the species diversity, the blood feeding preferences and the infection rate of all anophelines species found in Kodougou, a village situated near the M ouhoun River.Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected from September to December 2018 using insecticide spraying catch in 160 randomly selected houses.DNA extracted from wing/legs, head/thorax, abdomens were used respectively for mosquitoes species molecular identification, infection detection and blood meal source identification from female anophelines.The entomological inoculation (EIR) rate was to estimate malaria transmission intensity in the study area.Results: A total of 1528 anophelines were collected consisting of 1392 (91.1%)Anopheles gambiae, 115 (7.5%) Anopheles nili, 8 (0.5%) Anopheles funestus, 13 (0.9%) Anopheles pharoensis.The most abundant specie was Anopheles coluzzii representing for 87% of total of Anopheles gambiae s.l.Blood meal source was mostly human host (88%), followed by cattle (11%) and pigs (1%).The overall EIR was 0.1 infective bite per human during the study period.The highest EIR with 0.08 infective bite per human (i.b/h) for Anopheles coluzzii.Likely, minor vectors Anopheles nili and Anopheles pharoensis presented an EIR of 0.02 i.b/h and 0.04 i.b/h respectively.Conclusion: This study shown that in addition to Anopheles gambiae, minor vectors like Anopheles nili and Anopheles pharoensis contribute to malaria transmission in the northern part of Burkina Faso.So, control measures should take into account these species for effective result.

Bats were sampled in five localities in Burkina Faso using mist nets from August to November 2018. This study was carried out by carrying out captures and handling in order to know the species present, their number, their sex, their reproductive status, and their age group. In total, 341 bats of eight species were captured representing 15.68% of bats species known to occur in Burkina Faso. Mauritian Tomb Bat, Taphozous mauritianus E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1818 is reported for the first time in Burkina Faso and represented by two individuals raising the total species for the country to 52. Bats species richness and abundance were highest at Bobo Dioulasso. Future large-scale studies in time and space could make it possible to fully appreciate the evolution of bats biodiversity in Burkina Faso, especially in the context of climate change.

The waterbuck ( Kobus ellipsiprymnus ), though widespread throughout Africa, is suspected to be declining overall. Data on population numbers and structure are lacking for many parts of its range, especially in West Africa, where the subspecies defassa is found. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the abundance, distribution and attributes of waterbuck populations from the Nazinga Forest Reserve, southern Burkina Faso. We investigated waterbuck population trends in the park using transect data collected in 1985–2019. For the more detailed analyses of population structure and distribution of the animals, we used census data gathered during 2019. Most animals were adults (46.6%), and the sex ratio was heavily skewed towards females (5:1). Most animals were concentrated along the larger rivers. There was no influence of poacher activity on waterbuck distribution. In the long term (1985–2019), the population dynamics of waterbuck can be roughly divided into two main periods: a phase of population increase from 1985 to 2005, and one of ongoing population collapse from 2007 to 2019. Although the declining population trend was obvious, coefficients of determination were low indicating that the years explained poorly the number of individuals and the number of sightings obtained. Waterbuck numbers in the Nazinga Forest Reserve are declining, but we found no single reason to explain this trend. It is likely that a combination of factors, including global warming (increased aridity) and illegal activities such as poaching, is responsible. Because there are probably multiple reasons for the observed waterbuck population decline in our study area, we suggest that a multifaceted approach should be adopted in order to enhance the conservation status of the local waterbuck populations.

In this paper, we perform a bibliometric analysis of published climate change research in Burkina Faso for the period of 1987 to 2018. More specifically, this article aims at (1) revealing the temporal, and categorical patterns in climate change research; (2) summarizing the global research trends from multiple perspectives; and (3) providing an alternative demonstration of research advancements about climate change which may serve as a potential guide for future research in Burkina Faso. Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used to collect publications data. The initial search yielded five hundred and sixty-six publications. After removing duplicated documents and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, 349 documents were retained for analysis. The study reveals that since the beginning of this century, the study on climate change is increasing in the scientific community, and publications are widely distributed in a large number of journals. Climate change has been studied in connection with other topics such as agriculture, health and  diseases, water resources and  wetlands. These results suggest that research productivity in the area of climate change in Burkina Faso has increased since the beginning of this century. However, there is a lack of studies connecting climate change and aquatic fauna in Burkina Faso. These results could help to orient the national research in the matter of climate change and its implications.   Key words: Climate change, bibliometrics, West Africa.

Paracamallanus cyathopharynx, Procamallanus laevichoncus, Rhabdochona congolensis, Contracaecum sp., Anisakis sp. et une espèce non identifiée. Les nématodes étaient plus nombreux dans le réservoir de Ziga. Cependant, la prévalence des nématodes n’a pas varié dans les deux sites. Les nématodes adultes étaient plus diversifiés dans le tube digestif et les larves étaient fréquentes dans la cavité et dans les tissus des organes. Parmi les espèces de nématodes étudiés, Anisakis sp. a été rencontrée chez les poissons pour la première fois au Burkina Faso. Cette investigation a permis de connaître les espèces de nématodes qu’héberge C. anguillaris au Burkina Faso. Ces espèces n’avaient pas la même distribution chez l’hôte de même que les différents stades. Les adultes étaient rencontrés dans le tube digestif et les larves dans les tissus et les mésentères English title: Nematode distribution pattern in catfish (Clarias anguillaris (Linnaeus, 1758)) in two reservoirs of Burkina Faso (West Africa) Clarias anguillaris is a fish widely consumed in Burkina Faso. Among the parasites of this fish, we note the nematodes whose diversity and preferred organs are not very well known. This work shows diversity and distribution of nematodes of C. anguillaris. The host fish were sampled in two reservoirs in Burkina Faso; namely the Loumbila dam and the Ziga dam. At each sampling, the host fish were examined for nematodes. The digestive tract, for its part, was separated from the secondary organs after dissection, and each part was examined for the collection of nematodes. A total of 268 Clarias anguillaris were examined. Of the fish examined, 74.63% were infected. 06 species of Nematodes were collected: Paracamallanus cyathopharynx, Procamallanus laevichoncus, Rhabdochona congolensis, Contracaecum sp., Anisakis sp. and an unidentified nematode. Nematodes were more abundant in Ziga dam. However, the percentage of nematodes infestation did not vary at both sites. Adults’ nematodes were more diverse in the digestive tract and larva were more found in the cavity and in the tissues. Among the species of nematodes studied, Anisakis sp. was encountered for the first time on fishes in Burkina Faso. This investigation allowed to discover the nematode species harbored by C. anguillaris in Burkina Faso. These species did not have the same distribution in the host nor the different stages of the nematodes. Adults were found in the digestive tract and larvae in tissues and mesenteries.

In this work, we assessed micro-habitat's influence on the distribution of macroinvertebrates in lake Ziga in Burkina Faso from July to December 2016. The water quality variables were measured in situ and the macroinvertebrates were collected with a hand net. The organisms were identified to the lower taxonomic resolution as possible. The results show that the temperature is globally warm, characteristic of tropical area, with a good oxygen content and pH close to neutral. We found five micro-habitats, mainly dominated by fine substrates (32.5%) and aquatic plants (25.83%). The stone, roots and dead woods represented less than 20%. In total, 3,773 individuals of macroinvertebrates were collected. These individuals belong to 33 taxa and three classes. The insects class is the most abundant (88.22%) and the most diversified (24 taxa, 72.72%). The highest taxonomic richness is observed in aquatic plants and root zones. The diversity and density of the macroinvertebrate community varies according to micro-habitats but not according to the size of their surface area. The results showed that coleopterans and hemipterans were strongly and positively correlated to transparency and conductivity (adjusted r>60%, P <0.05). In the local area, the results showed that macroinvertebrates' diversity and distribution are more linked to habitat availability. Our findings reveal a good habitat condition of the lake, and can be served as reference site and hostpot of aquatic biodiversity in the area.

De janvier 2016 à mai 2017, C. suchus de deux mares sacrées des villages de Bazoulé et de Sabou ont fait l’objet d’un suivi. L’objectif était de mettre en évidence les perceptions et les croyances locales des populations, puis capitaliser les mesures de conservation endogènes. Les attitudes, les croyances et les perceptions locales des populations sur le crocodile ont été étudiées à partir d’une approche ethno-zoologique basée sur des interviews à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Des inventaires diurnes et nocturnes ont été conduits afin de déterminer la structure de la population de crocodiles. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que les croyances traditionnelles jouent un rôle très important dans la protection et la conservation de C. suchus dans les villages de Bazoulé et Sabou. Un total de 268 individus de crocodiles a été dénombré à Bazoulé dont 25% de nouveau-nés ; 17% de juvéniles ; 12% de subadultes et 10% d’adultes. À Sabou sur un total de 249 individus dénombrés, 22% sont des nouveau-nés ; 12% des juvéniles ; 12% des subadultes et 14% des adultes. Malgré les perceptions et les croyances traditionnelles qui assurent une certaine protection des crocodiles dans ces mares, des pressions dues aux activités anthropiques pourraient influencer leur abondance. From January 2016 to May 2017, C. suchus from two sacred ponds in the villages of Bazoule and Sabou were monitored. The objective of this study was to highlight the local perceptions and beliefs of the populations, then capitalize on endogenous conservation measures. The local attitudes, beliefs and perceptions of the population about the crocodile were studied using an ethno-zoological approach based on interviews using a questionnaire. Diurnal and nocturnal inventories have been conducted to determine the crocodile population structure. The results of this study suggest that traditional beliefs play a very important role in the protection and conservation of C. suchus in Bazoule and Sabou villages. A total of 268 crocodile individuals have been counted in Bazoule: 25% of hatchlings; 17% of juveniles; 12% of subadults and 10% of adults. In Sabou out of a total of 249 individuals counted, 22% are hatchlings; 12% juveniles; 12% of sub-adults and 14% of adults. Despite traditional perceptions and beliefs that provide some protection for crocodiles in these ponds, pressures from anthropogenic activities could influence their abundance.

Large amounts of cashew apples from Cote d’Ivoire are left over as waste in the plantations after nut separation, while it can be transformed into bioethanol. This study aimed at producing bioethanol from cashew apple juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae E450 yeast. S. cerevisiae E450 was used as ferment at 107 CFU/mL in anaerobic and aerobic conditions at temperatures of 30 °C and 33 °C. The fermentation was carried out in batch mode with sampling every 24 hours. The determination of ethanol and glycerol was performed by Gas Phase Chromatography and sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) by HPLC. The amounts of ethanol obtained at 30 °C and 33 °C respectively were of 65.10 and 73.17 g/L in anaerobic conditions and 62.05 and 75.79 g/L aerobic conditions. The fermentations carried out at 33 °C gave the highest ethanol concentrations with the maximum in aerobic which was 75.79 g/L. The fermentation carried out at 30 °C in anaerobic yields the lowest value of 62.05 g/L. This study showed the influence of temperature on the growth of cells and the synthesis of ethanol marked by the presence of oxygen which decreases fermentation time and thus improves productivity. It also revealed that cashew apple has great potential as a biofuel feedstock for bioethanol production. Keywords : Cashew apple juice, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alcoholic fermentation, Bioethanol, Cote d’Ivoire.

We analysed the population characteristics of African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata) kept in captivity in cities in Burkina Faso (West Africa), a country where the species occurs naturally. We focused on two cities - Ouagadougou, the capital and the largest city in the country and Fada N'Gourma in the East of the country. We identified 50 households in Ouagadougou and 14 in Fada that kept spurred tortoises in captivity.We recorded a total of 310 tortoises from which we took morphometric data of 281 individuals. Another 63 spurred tortoises were reported in other locations in Ouagadougou, but no access was allowed by the owners. Most tortoises in Ouagadougou were young, and had an equal sex ratio. In Fada, the majority of tortoises were adults and there was a practically even sex ratio. Population structure of the captive tortoises differed between cities, and about 30% of the Fada individuals were captured from the wild in the surroundings of the town. Body size of spurred tortoises in both cities differed between sexes: males were significantly heavier and had longer carapace and plastron than females. Body condition status was similar in Ouagadougou and Fada, with large adults being underweight compared to their optimal. The distribution of tortoise numbers according to city sector in both cities was clumped. Tortoise owners varied in their socioeconomic background. Most tortoises are fed an omnivorous diet, but some were given a strictly herbivorous regime. Our results suggest that there is a significant potential to engage tortoise owners to use their animals in a collaborative captive breeding programme to produce hatchlings for reintroduction.

The insufficiency of information on fish assemblages has limited the ability to carry out effective conservation measures, hence failing to address economic and ecological roles of fish. Therefore, the present study aimed at characterizing the fish community in the upper part of Volta River basin and drawing up their influence on fisheries‟ sustainability. From 2009 to 2014, fish individuals were collected in nine sampling areas belonging to the Volta catchment, mainly in the catchment of Nakanbé and Mouhoun rivers that are the two major tributaries. More than 40,000 fish specimens were collected in over 600 mesohabitats by using several types of fishing gears (gill nets, cast nets, long lines and electric fishing gears). Altogether, 79 fish species belonging to 41 genera grouped in 19 families were identified. The most common species were Enteromius macrops (50.71%), Brycinus nurse (35.32%), Enteromius ablabes, Oreochromis niloticus (47.10%), Sarotherodon galilaeus (47.88%) and Coptodon zillii (42.23%). The fish species richness varied according to the sampling area. The main trend is that the protected area of Nazinga is the most diverse thus would be regarded as an appropriate refuge for fish species.Keywords: Common species, species richness, protected area.

The Trematodes of the genus Mesocoelium parasites of Anurans from Mogtedo, Zam, and Zorgho, in the area of Ganzourgou in Burkina Faso have been investigated between August, 2018 and January 2019. A total of 233 Anurans belonging to 5 families, 5 genera, and 9 species were examined. The species of Anurans examined were: Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Amnirana galamensis, Ptychadena bibroni, Ptychadena pumilio, Sclerophrys pentoni, Sclerophrys maculata, Sclerophrys regularis, Sclerophrys xeros, and Xenopus fischbergi. The Anurans were collected by hand using the Visual Acoustic Encounter Survey (VAES) method. Amphibians were euthanized and dissected to examine the digestive tract and their appendices for Trematodes of the genus Mesocoelium. Atotal of9 species of the genus Mesocoelium were recovered, with an overall prevalence of 11.16%. The Trematodes that have been recovered were: Mesocoelium monas, Mesocoelium brieni, Mesocoelium sociale, Mesocoelium microon, Mesocoelium incognitum, Mesocoelium danforthi, Mesocoelium americanum, Mesocoelium monody, and Mesocoelium megaloon. The means intensity of infestation was generally low except for Mesocoelium incognitum (100.5 parasites / infested host). That infestation was influenced by the selectivity of the host by the Trematodes. It appears that in the 9 species of Anurans examined, only 3 species were infested by parasitic Trematodes (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Sclerophrys maculata and Sclerophrys regularis). The preferred organ of the genus Mesocoelium infestations in the host was the small intestine. Histopathologic studies in infested organs will be carried out to show the impacts of the Trematodes of the genus Mesocoelium in their hosts.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the handling conditions and microbial contamination of fish from Ouagadougou markets. In spite of the fact that fish consumption is linked to several events of alimentary infection in Burkina Faso, fewer studies were dedicated to this issue. The study was conducted using two approaches. First, an investigation conducted with fish sellers to evaluate handling hygienic conditions of fish. Secondly, microbiological analysis conducted to assess the microbiological quality of fish. Total and faecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, fungic flora, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and Escherichia coli were the main groups found on fish specimens from Ouagadougou markets. The results showed also a predominance of women in the fish handling domain, sellers mainly illiterate, without any training in good hygienic practices (GHP). The consequences on microbiological level, was an abundance of S. aureus mainly on smoked fish. 57.5, 55 and 7.5% of samples have been found unsatisfactory (not good for consumption) respectively according to their contamination by S. aureus, faecal coliforms and fungus. Besides, Shigella sp. was found on 1% of sample, E. coli 15% and Salmonella sp. 25%. Key words: Fish, coliforms, staphylococcus, market, Ouagadougou.

No Access8.2.3 Joint research and scientific exchange for higher educationGabriele Slezak, Adama Oueda, Philippe Cecchi, Gustave B. Kabre, Otto Moog, Raymond Ouedraogo, Florian Peloschek, Léon G. Blaise Savadogo, Stefan Schmutz, Jan Sendzimir, Patrice Toe, Herwig Waidbacher, Andreas H. MelcherGabriele Slezak, Adama Oueda, Philippe Cecchi, Gustave B. Kabre, Otto Moog, Raymond Ouedraogo, Florian Peloschek, Léon G. Blaise Savadogo, Stefan Schmutz, Jan Sendzimir, Patrice Toe, Herwig Waidbacher, Andreas H. Melcherhttps://doi.org/10.7767/9783205201731-058SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail About Previous chapter Next chapter FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Download book cover ISBN: 978-3-205-79690-9 eISBN: 978-3-205-20173-1HistoryPublished online:August 2018 PDF download