The development of metal salts-based nanocomposites is highly desired for the Fenton or Fenton-like reaction-based chemodynamic therapy of cancer. Manganese sulfate (MnSO4)-dispersed nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated with a hot-melt extrusion (HME) system for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer in this study. MnSO4 was homogeneously distributed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (as a hydrophilic polymer) with the aid of surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80) by HME processing. Nano-size distribution was achieved after dispersing the pulverized extrudate of MnSO4-based composite in the aqueous media. The distribution of MnSO4 in HME extrudate and the interactions between MnSO4 and pharmaceutical additives were elucidated by Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Hydroxyl radical generation efficiency by the Fenton-like chemistry capability of Mn2+ ion was also confirmed by catalytic assays. By using the intrinsic H2O2 in cancer cells, MnSO4 NPs provided an elevated cellular reactive oxygen species level, apoptosis induction capability, and antiproliferation efficiency. The designed HME-processed MnSO4 formulation can be efficiently used for the chemodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer.

Objective:Pathologic complete response (pCR) of breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is highly related to molecular subtypes. Patients who achieved tumor pCR after NAC have a better prognosis. However, despite of better prognosis, pCR patients have a potential for recurrence. There is little evidence of risk factors of recurrence in patients with pCR. We aim to analyze factors associated with tumor recurrence in patients who achieved pCR.Methods:This study retrospectively reviewed the data of patients diagnosed with breast cancer who achieved pCR after receiving NAC between January 2009 and December 2018 in Samsung Medical Center. pCR was defined as no residual invasive cancer in the breast and axillary nodes even if there is residual ductal carcinoma in situ (ypT0 or ypTis with ypN0). Breast cancers are classified into 4 subtypes based on hormone receptors (HR) and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Patients who had bilateral breast cancer, ipsilateral supraclavicular or internal mammary lymph node metastasis, inflammatory breast cancer, distant metastasis, unknown subtype, and histologically unique case were excluded from the study.Results:In total 483 patients were included in this study except for patients who corresponded to the exclusion criteria. The median follow-up duration was 59.0 months (range, 0.5-153.3 months). Breast cancer recurred in 4.1% of patients (20 of 483). There was a significant difference in clinical T (P = 0.004) and clinical N (P = 0.034) stage in the Kaplan-Meier curve for disease-free survival. Molecular subtypes (P = 0.573), Ki67 (P = 1.000), and breast surgery type (P = 0.574) were not associated with tumor recurrence in patients who achieved pCR after NAC. In the clinical T stage and clinical N stage, there was a significant difference between recurrence and no-recurrence groups (clinical T stage; P = 0.045, clinical N stage; P = 0.002). Univariable Cox regression revealed statistical significance in the clinical T stage (P = 0.049) and clinical N stage (P = 0.010), while multivariable Cox regression demonstrated non-significance in the clinical T stage (P = 0.320) and clinical N stage (P = 0.073).Conclusion:Results in this study showed that clinical T, clinical N stage, and molecular subtypes were not statistically significant predictors of recurrence in patients who achieved pCR after NAC. In spite of that, pCR after NAC may be more important than clinical staging and molecular subtype in early breast cancer. In addition, escalated treatments for patients with HER2 + or triple-negative tumors would be considered with a strict patient selection strategy to prevent over-treatment as well as achieve pCR.

The incidence of breast cancer is steadily increasing, and many patients receive adjuvant chemotherapy before or after surgery. In particular, neoadjuvant drug therapy is commonly used to suppress microinvasive before surgery. In this study, the patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from breast cancer patient’s biopsies were used for drug sensitivity test. To predict patient’s neoadjuvant treatment outcome, we propose a new drug sensitivity evaluation method based on multi-factors such as Area Under Curve (AUC) of dose response curve, organoid growth rate. Patient cells were obtained from core needle biopsy before surgery and mechanically dissociated before being mixed with extracellular matrix (ECM) to generate PDOs. Anti-cancer drug sensitivity testing was performed on these PDOs using a pillar-based organoid system, which involved single or combination treatments with anti-cancer drug with 384 plate-based high throughput screening. Area Under Curve (AUC) values of the dose-response curves (DRC) and organoid growth rate were calculated by pillar-based organoid system. The proposed multi-factor prediction model was verified by comparing drug sensitivity test with patient’s neoadjuvant outcome. We performed drug sensitivity test of 79 breast cancer patients. So far, 13 patients have finally been evaluated for neoadjuvant treatment results. Multi-factor prediction model (Cancer Organoid-based Diagnosis Reactivity Prediction, CODRP) shows 83 % sensitivity and 85 % specificity while conventional prediction model using only AUC shows 50 % sensitivity and 71 % specificity. Therefore, Multi-factor prediction model (CODRP) may provide useful supplementary diagnostic information for individual breast cancer patients by selecting optimal anticancer drug candidates for patient treatment.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the absorption ratio of Fe nanoparticles and to evaluate the optimal dietary concentrations in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, a total of 36 growing broiler chickens (21 d, 935 +/- 13 g) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments and 12 broiler chickens individually housed per treatment aiming to evaluate Fe absorption in ferrous sulfate, nano-Fe, and organic Fe forms. The treatments included ferrous sulfate (FeS; 25 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulfate), iron-Met (FeM; 25 mg/kg), and nano-FeS (N-FeS; 25 mg/kg). In experiment 2, a total of 720 one-day-old broiler chickens (42.5 +/- 2.6 g) were randomly allotted to 8 treatments (6 replicates per treatment; 15 broiler chickens per replicate) including 4 concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 30 ppm) and 2 sources (FeS and N-FeS) based on a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement aiming to evaluate Fe absorption, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal integrity, and intestinal microbiota. The diets were provided in a mash form for 2 phases (0 to 14 d, phase 1; 14 to 35 d, phase 2). In experiment 1, less (P < 0.01) content of Fe was excreted in the N-FeS and FeM treatments compared with the FeS. The absorption rate (P < 0.01), apparent total tract digestibility (P < 0.01), and standardized total tract digestibility (P < 0.01) of Fe were increased in the FeM and N-FeS compared with the FeS. In experiment 2, a linear increase (P < 0.05) in digestibility of crude protein was observed by increasing dietary Fe concentration in phase 1. The concentration of red blood cells (RBC) was linearly increased (P < 0.01) in broiler chickens fed higher dietary Fe. Broiler chickens fed N-FeS diets had greater RBC count compared with the FeS treatments (P < 0.05). The concentration of hemoglobin was linearly increased (P < 0.01) by increasing the concentrations of Fe. The N-FeS treatments increased serum Fe concentration compared with the FeS treatments in phase 1 (P < 0.05). The excreta Fe content was linearly increased (P < 0.01) in broiler chickens fed FeS or N-FeS diets. Total Fe excretion was less (P < 0.05) in broiler chickens fed the N-FeS source compared with the FeS source. Increasing the concentration of dietary Fe as FeS (P < 0.05) or N-FeS (P < 0.01) linearly increased the Fe concentration in the liver. Overall, the N-FeS source of ferrous sulfate can be a good alternative to common ferrous sulfate because of greater absorption, RBC, and blood hemoglobin.

A set of studies was performed to determine the influence of dietary ZnO concentration and source during two phases (days 0 to 14 and days 15 to 28). Experiment 1: 168 weaned piglets were allocated to four treatment groups in six replicates. The treatments included a basal diet without ZnO supplementation (control), 2,500 mg ZnO/kg (In2500), 500 mg nano-ZnO/kg (N500), and 150 mg nano-ZnO/kg (N150). Experiment 2: 168 weaned piglets were divided into three treatment groups with eight replicates. The treatments included control, In2500, N300, and 150 mg nano-ZnO/kg (N150). An in vitro trial showed that the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium was inhibited when exposed to 300 and 500 ppm of ZnO after 24 h of incubation. In experiment 1, the average daily gain (ADG) by the pigs was improved in the N500 and IN2500 treatment groups. Colonization of coliforms and Clostridium spp. significantly decreased in the pigs fed the N500 and IN2500 diets in phase 1. The total plasma antioxidant capacity was greater in the IN2500 and N500 treatment groups than in the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was greater in pigs fed the IN2500 (phase 1) or the IN2500 and N500 (phase 2) diets than in the control and N150 treatment group. In experiment 2, pigs in the N300 treatment group showed a higher ADG and lower fecal score colonization of coliforms and Clostridium spp. compared with those in the N150 treatment group. In conclusion, nano-ZnO at a dose of 300 ppm showed the same growth as the pharmacological dose of Zn. This provides an option to the pharmacological dose.

The APHINITY trial showed that an addition of 1 year pertuzumab (P) to standard chemotherapy with trastuzumab (T) improves invasive disease-free survival in HER2+ breast cancer patient with node-positive. Meanwhile, in patients with pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) with TP, it lacks of evidence whether an addition of P might be omitted in adjuvant treatment. We compared survival outcome according to the type of adjuvant anti-HER2 therapy in patients with pCR after NACT with TP. We included the patients who achieved pCR in both breast and axilla after NACT plus TP. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) was defined as the interval between operation and recurrence or last censored. The 3-years RFS was compared between two groups by adjuvant anti-HER2 therapy (TP and T). A total of 381 patients were included. Of these, 47 (12.1%) patients received adjuvant TP, while 334 (87.9%) were treated adjuvant T alone. At an initial diagnosis, clinical stage, clinical nodal status, and ER-positive rate was not different between two groups. At a median follow up of 36 months, the 3 year-RFS was 93.9% in all patients. In all patients, the 3-years RFS did not differ between two groups (91.7% in TP and 94.2% in T). In clinical node-positive group (n=293), there were no survival difference between two groups (90.4% in TP and 93.2% in T). In patients with pCR responded to chemotherapy and dual HER2- blockade, 3 years RFS was excellent and did not differ according to the type of adjuvant anti-HER2 therapy (TP vs T). Our findings provide a tailored strategy for exploring adjuvant pertuzumab de-escalation in excellent responders identified by surgery after NACT plus TP.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the supplementation of hot-melt extrusion (HME) processed zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on the growth performance, antioxidative activity, pancreatic digestive enzyme, small intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and Zn content in broilers. The chicks were allocated to three treatments, each of which had five replicates of 15 chicks per replicate. The broiler chickens were assigned to three dietary treatments: the control (without supplemental Zn), IN-Zn (ZnSO4, 80 mg/kg), and HME-Zn (HME processed ZnSO4 as nano-Zn, 80 mg/kg). The broilers fed diets supplemented with 80 mg/kg of HME-Zn improved the BWG (P < 0.05) and FCR (P < 0.05) compared to the broilers fed the control and IN-Zn diets in phase 2. The Zn supplementation significantly enhanced the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the serum (P < 0.05) and liver (P < 0.05), and HME-Zn supplementation significantly increased the SOD in the liver compared to the IN-Zn supplementation. Reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was seen with the Zn supplementation compared to the control (P < 0.05). The chickens fed diets supplemented with the HME-Zn had higher activity of amylase (P < 0.05) and trypsin (P < 0.05) than those of the chickens fed the control and IN-Zn diets. The villus height (VH) in the duodenum (P < 0.05) and jejunum (P < 0.05) increased with the ZnSO4 and HME-Zn supplementation compared to the control. The VH and crypt depth rate (VH:CD) in the jejunum improved with the HME-Zn compared to the control (P < 0.05). The HME-Zn significantly increased the apparent ileal digestible crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) and energy corrected by nitrogen (AIDEn) (P < 0.05) compared to the control or IN-Zn. In phases 1 and 2, the HME-Zn significantly increased Zn concentration in the liver and tibia compared to control and IN-Zn (P < 0.05). The excretion of Zn was significantly decreased in the HME-Zn compared to the IN-Zn (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of 80 mg/kg of HME-Zn in diets improved the growth performance, antioxidative activity, pancreatic enzyme activity, intestinal villus height, and nutrient digestibility with the improved Zn bioavailability in broilers.

Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of diets of broiler chickens with hot-melt extruded CuSO4 (HME-Cu) on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota, small intestinal morphology, meat quality, and copper (Cu) bioavailability. Methods A total of 225 broilers (Ross 308), one-day old and initial weight 39.14 g, were weighed and distributed between 15 cages (15 birds per cage) in a completely randomized experimental design with 3 treatments (diets) and 5 replicates per treatment. Cages were allotted to three treatments including control (without supplemental Cu), IN-Cu (16 mg/kg of CuSO4), and HME-Cu (16 mg/kg of HME processed CuSO4). Results The HME-Cu treatment tended to increase the overall body weight gain (p<0.10). The apparent digestibility of Cu was increased by supplementation of HME-Cu at phase 2 (p<0.05). The Escherichia coli count in cecum tended to decrease with the supplementation with Cu (p<0.10). In addition, the HME-Cu treatment had a higher pH of breast meat than the control and IN-Cu treatments (p<0.05). Significant increases in the cooking loss, water-holding capacity, and lightness in the breast were observed in the HME-Cu treatment compared to the control (p<0.05). The Cu content of excreta increased with the Cu supplementation (p<0.05). The concentration of excreta Cu in broilers was decreased in the HME-Cu compared to the IN-Cu in phase 2 (p<0.05). The Cu concentration in the liver was increased with the HME-Cu supplementation, compared with the control diets (p<0.05). Conclusion This study showed that HME-Cu supplementation at the requirement level (16 mg/kg diets) in broiler diets did not affect the growth performance and the physiological function of Cu in broilers. However, supplementation of Cu in HME form improved the meat quality and the bioavailability of Cu.

1. Mineral excretion is an issue in the poultry industry. The use of micro minerals in nano form can increase bioavailability and decrease excretion rate. However, information concerning the bioavailability of nano manganese (Mn) in broiler chicks is limited.2. This experiment studied the influences of hot-melt extrusion (HME)-processed manganese sulphate on body weight gain, Mn bioavailability, nutrient digestibility and meat quality in broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet as a starter and grower phase. A total of 700 birds (Ross 308, 1-day-old) were randomly placed in 35 cages (20 birds per cage). The broiler chicks were fed one of seven experimental diets, which consisted of a control (without supplemental Mn), different levels of MnSO4 (IN-Mn60; 60, 120, and 200 mg/kg), or HME MnSO4 (HME-Mn; 60, 120, and 200 mg/kg).3. There was an increased serum Mn content in broilers fed diet supplemented with HME-Mn. In the grower phase, increased dietary Mn levels elevated the concentrations in the serum, liver, and tibia. There were increases in the excreta Mn content of broilers fed increasing levels. The supplementation of HME-Mn showed a lower percentage of abdominal fat compared with the IN-Mn treatment diets. Supplementation with HME-Mn decreased intramuscular fat compared with the diets supplemented with IN-Mn. The supplementation of HME-Mn decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at d 6 of age. The HME-Mn source showed a greater decrease in TBARS compared with the IN-Mn treatment.4. In conclusion, HME processing increased bioavailability and could be used as an environmentally friendly method to facilitate lower levels of Mn in the diet of broiler chickens.

Despite improvements in endocrine therapy, approximately 30% of patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer undergo adjuvant endocrine therapy, eventually experience recurrence with distant metastasis. Therefore, we are aiming to identify novel targets to improve treatment efficiency for ER+ breast cancer patients before recurrence or metastasis. We analyzed survival rates according to CDK9 and ESR1 in ER+ breast cancer patients. We generated tamoxifen-resistant cells (TamR) and tamoxifen-sensitive cells (TamS) using parental MCF7 cells. Levels of protein and mRNA expression were analyzed western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. cell-cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. We performed a CDK9 knock down experiment to lenti-virus infection and generated CDK9 knock down cell lines (CDK9 K/O) using TamS cells. Tumorigenicity of CDK9 K/D cells was evaluated through orthotopic xenografts. Levels of CDK9 and ESR1 expression were associated with poor prognosis in ER+ breast cancer patients. Our results showed that levels of CDK9 expression were increased in TamR cells. So, we investigated the pharmacological effects of CDK9 inhibitors on TamS and TamR cells. Treatment of CDK9 inhibitors induced G2/M phase arrests and decreased cell growth in both TamS and TamR cells. Furthermore, we performed a CDK9 knock down experiment in TamS cell lines. As expected, tumorigenesis of TamS with CDK9 loss was significantly decreased comparing to TamS with CDK9. High CDK9 expression is associated with poor survival rates in ER+ breast cancer. CDK9 inhibitor, AZD4573, reduced the expression of CCNA and CCNB1 and then induced G2/M phase arrests. Also, we found that combination of AZD4573 and tamoxifen is more effective than AZD4573 or tamoxifen alone in ER+ breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, we suggest that the possibility that CDK9 could be a novel therapeutic target that can help the effective treatment of ER+ breast cancers.

The study determined the effects of Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) administered early in the life of suckling piglets on their growth performance, gut morphology, and gut microbiota. Thirty litters of 3-day-old crossbreed piglets were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments, and treatments were commenced on day 3 after birth. During the whole period of the experiment, the piglets were kept with their mothers and left to suckle ad libitum while being supplemented with a milk formula with or without the bacterial probiotic supplemented. The control group (CON) was not treated with probiotics, the HLS group was treated with LS144 (HLS) screened from feces of fast-growing pigs with high body mass index (BMI) while the NLS group was supplemented with LS160 (NLS) screened from feces obtained from pigs of normal BMI. At the weaning time, a higher abundance of Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and Elusimicrobia phyla were observed in NLS piglets, whereas the abundance of Fibrobacteres phylum was significantly reduced in NLS and HLS piglets compared with the CON. A greater abundance of Lactobacillus was detected in the HLS treatment compared with the CON. The abundance of Bacteroides and Fibrobacter was higher in the CON piglets compared with the HLS and NLS piglets. Compared with the CON group, the oral administration of LS significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus and villus height in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Moreover, the villus height of the duodenum was significantly improved in the HLS treatment compared with the NLS treatment. Based on the findings in the neonatal piglet model, we suggest that oral supplementation of LS, particularly LS isolated from high BMI pigs, could be beneficial by improving the intestinal villus height.

The effects of dietary supplementation of zinc (Zn) sources and concentrations were investigated on growth performance, absorption into tissues, fecal excretion, nutrient retention, and intestinal morphology in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 525 one-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were assigned based on body weight to seven dietary treatments. There were five replicate pens for each treatment and 15 broilers per replicate pen. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (control, without supplementing Zn), and basal diet supplemented with Zn, as inorganic zinc sulfate (ZnS; 110 mg/kg); organic Zn-methionine (ZnM; 110 mg/kg); hot-melt extruded (HME) 25 zinc sulfate (27.5 mg/kg); HME50 zinc sulfate (55 mg/kg); HME75 zinc sulfate (82.5 mg/kg); or HME100 zinc sulfate (110 mg/kg) for 35 days in two phases (d 1–21, phase I and d 22–35, phase II). Bodyweight and feed efficiency of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with increasing dietary concentrations of HME-Zn improved linearly during the study period (P<0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the ZnS, ZnM, and HME diets increased Zn concentrations in the serum and liver. Inorganic ZnS supply resulted in the highest Zn concentration in excreta. Increasing supplemented Zn content in diets as HME linearly increased Zn concentration in the excreta, serum, liver, and tibia. Broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with increasing concentrations of HME increased villus height (VH; linear and quadratic) of the jejunum and VH of the ileum (linear). Increasing concentrations of dietary Zn supplied as HME resulted in linearly enhanced dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen retention of broilers on day 21. These results suggest that dietary HME-Zn at a lower level (55 ppm) shows the same growth performance as common ZnSO4 at 110 ppm.

This study was aimed to investigate the Cu bioavailability, growth response, digestibility of nutrients, and blood metabolites of broiler chicks fed CuSO4 in nano or common forms. A total of 720 broiler chickens were distributed between eight treatments according to a completely randomized design. There were 8 treatments and 6 replicates in each treatment with 15 birds/replicate. The treatments were divided into common copper sulfate at the doses of 16 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 120 ppm (INO) and hot-melt extruded copper sulfate at the doses of 16 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 120 ppm (HME-Cu). The experiment was operated for 35 days in 2 phases (phase 1, d 0 to 14; and phase 2, d 15 to 35). No significant differences were shown in growth performance, feed intake, FCR, and nutrient digestibility among the treatments. The concentration of Cu in the serum was increased in the HME-Cu broilers compared with the INO broilers at phase 2. A linear increase was observed in the concentration of Cu in the liver in broilers fed INO diets, however, no significant differences were observed by the supplementation of HME-Cu levels. The linear increase was detected in the content of Cu in excreta in the INO and HME-Cu treatments by increasing the dietary Cu content. The HME-Cu treatments showed a lower Cu concentration in the excreta compared with the INO treatments. The higher bioavailability of Cu in HME form can decrease the recommended dose of Cu in broiler diets.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of exogenous multienzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. Methods: A 2×2 factorial design was used in this study. Four dietary treatments consisted of i) basal diets (corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets without multi-enzyme and phytase), ii) basal diets with phytase (0.05%), iii) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme (0.05%), and iv) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme including phytase (0.05%). A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308 - one day old) were weighed and allotted to thirty-two cages (15 birds per cage), and chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. Results: The body weight gain and feed conversion rate were improved by supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase during the finisher period (p<0.05). The birds fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase had a significantly greater digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus compared with birds fed non-supplemented diets (p<0.05). The chickens fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a higher concentration of Ca and P in the serum (p<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium were not affected in the ileum and cecum of chickens fed enzyme-supplemented diets. The dietary supplemental exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a significant improvement in villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio, compared to basal diets or dietary supplemental phytase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of the exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase synergistically improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and villus height of the small intestine of broiler chickens fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets.

Background Most of breast cancer patients survive for a long-term period. The existing assessment of survivors’ prognosis has had some limitations in breast cancer because it is based on an evaluation at the time of diagnosis. Conditional survival reflects change over time after diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Conditional disease-free survival (CDFS) and conditional overall survival (COS) can provide more accurate prognosis to breast cancer patients. In this study, we aimed to determine 5-years CDFS and COS according to disease-free period after diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Korea. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of 5664 patients aged 16 to 86 who underwent curative surgery for breast cancer between January 2000 and December 2008 at Samsung Medical Center, a single tertiary hospital in Korea. The CDFS and COS rates were based on cumulative DFS and OS estimates up to 15 years using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results At baseline, each 5-years DFS and OS were 88.0% and 93.8%. For patients who kept disease free status from 1 to 9 years after surgery, the 5-years CDFS rates were calculated as 88.7%, 90.7%, 91.6%, 91.1%, 91.5%, 91.0%, 89.5%, 86.1% and 86.1%, respectively. The 5-year COS rates of the patients who had survived from 1 to 9 years after surgical treatment were calculated as 92.6%, 92.1%, 91.2%, 91.0%, 89.4%, 85.6%, 80.7%, 75.3%, and 73.0%, respectively. Conclusions Our study showed that 5-years CDFS and COS for most patients who have breast cancer in Korea seemed to be good prognosis for a long time. However, cancer recurrence tended to occur after a long period postoperatively. Further study is required to identify risk factors associated with recurrence after several years in Korean breast cancer patients. Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

To study the role of hot-melt extruded (HME) selenium (Se) and in the lactating sows’ reproductive performance and litter growth, a total of 60 crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; average body weight, 245.3 kg) were allotted to one of four treatments according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The performance of lactating sows was investigated in the different average room temperatures (high temperature (HT), 28.1 °C vs. low temperature (LT), 24.6 °C), and different selenium sources (INO, 0.15 mg common sodium selenite/kg diet; HME, 0.15 mg nano-sodium selenite/kg diet) during the summer season. At days 10 and 21, the serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and Se concentration were greater in lactating sows fed HME compared with sows fed INO diet. The concentration of Se in the serum was greater in piglets from the HME treatment compared with piglets from the INO treatment. The HT treatment had a significantly higher body weight loss, backfat thickness loss, and weaning-to-estrus interval. The piglets’ survivability, total weight gain, daily feed intake, and average daily gain during the lactation were greater in the LT sows compared with the HT sows. A higher blood cortisol concentration was observed in the HT sows compared with the LT. Selenium contents of milk at days 10 and 21 postpartum were increased by dietary supplementation of HME. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that there are no performance differences between sows fed different Se sources; however, HME supplementation increased serum and milk Se content, resulting in increased serum GPx concentration in sows and a greater serum Se in the litters.