Not very much is written in the literature about decisions made by researchers and the justifications on method as a result of a particular clinical problem, together with an appropriate and congruent theoretical perspective, particularly for Glaserian grounded theory. I contend the utilisation of symbolic interactionism as a theoretical perspective to inform and guide the evolving research process and analysis of data when using classic or Glaserian grounded theory (GT) method, is not always appropriate. Within this article I offer an analysis of the key issues to be addressed when contemplating the use of Glaserian GT and the utilisation of an appropriate theoretical perspective, rather than accepting convention of symbolic interactionism (SI). The analysis became imperative in a study I conducted that sought to explore the concerns, adaptive behaviours, psychosocial processes and relevant interactions over a 12-month period, among newly diagnosed persons with end stage renal disease, dependent on haemodialysis in the home environment for survival. The reality of perception was central to the end product in the study. Human ethics approval was granted by six committees within New South Wales Health Department and one from a university.

This review of how dolphins are portrayed in popular media (including literature, film, television, and music) reveals four themes that may influence public acceptance of current scientific research into dolphin cognition. These themes are: (a) dolphin as peer to humans, of equal intelligence or at least capable of communicating with or helping humans; (b) the dolphin as the representation of a romantic notion of ideal freedom in nature, embodying principles of peace, harmony or love; (c) the dolphin as a naive, innocent being that is subordinate and in need of human protection; and (d) the dolphin as superior to humans, potentially affiliating with a higher power or intelligence. This review revealed that the use of dolphins in humor reinforced or lampooned the four identified themes, indicating a common acceptance of these themes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the importance of considering popular narratives in the presentation of scientific research results.

I cannot recall when I first read John Donne's Holy Sonnet 14; I seem to have always known it. For years I thought this sonnet was the closest thing I knew to a perfect poem, not to mention a perfect prayer—the impassioned yet flawlessly elegant cri de coeur of a yearning soul. Long ago, when I still taught my university's version of English 101, I used to delight in pointing out the power of Strong Verbs—fourteen of them in the first quatrain alone. Those mighty monosyllables, each like a hammer blow from heaven! Those heart-shattering spondees! Then I'd wait for my students to discover the parallels, verb by inexorable verb, that build the contrast between mere patchwork and a new creation. Next we would examine the classic images of the second quatrain and the sestet: the intertwined figures of the City and the Bride. In the Apocalypse, both symbolize fulfillment at the end of time: the new Jerusalem comes down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. But in this text, both have fallen into enemy hands. The city is "usurped," its rightful lord reduced to siege warfare, its defenders turned traitors, while the bride is engaged against her will to her lover's mortal foe—a damsel in distress indeed. What then could be more natural, or more poignant, than her final, desperate bid to be rescued?

Agnes Blannbekin (ca. 1244-1315), Austrian mystic, may be little-known today because she was once briefly notorious. Like her more famous contemporary, Angela of Foligno, she dictated her revelations to an anonymous Franciscan confessor. One of those revelations, which the beguine herself was reluctant to disclose, involved the relic of Christ's circumcision. On the feast commemorating that event, Agnes felt the Lord's foreskin on her tongue, thin asthe membrane of an egg, and swallowed it with great sweetness "about a hundred times" (p. 35). Christ then revealed to her that his foreskin had been resurrected with him on Easter—although several churches claimed to possess the relic. When the first edition of Agnes's Revelations was published by Bernard Pez in 1731, it was attacked as blasphemous and promptly disappeared from view. Nor does any complete manuscript survive. The present abridged translation is based on Peter Dinzelbacher's edition of 1994, Leben und Offenbarungen der Wiener Begine Agnes Blannbekin, which relies on a rare copy ofPez.

The fourteenth century, it is fair to say, has not had very good press. It was, after all, the age of the Black Death, possibly the worst pandemic in history before the advent of AIDS. In the wake of this devastation, which carried off one-third to one-half of its populace, Europe was racked by incessant wars, famines, and peasant revolts. Church historians may recall the period as a golden age of mysticism, but they also note the massive credibility gap of the institutional Church, which was only intensified by the popes' "Babylonian captivity" in Avignon and the embarrassing schism that followed their return to Rome. The centuries-old crusading ideal, though militarily doomed, still fired visionary and mercenary hearts. Outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence were on the rise, along with the propaganda to justify them. Heretics went with some regularity to the stake, and the scapegoating psychology so common in times of hardship made life difficult for suspected witches, whose repression heralded the greater persecutions of the early modern era.

Signal detection methods were used to develop an algorithm useful in distinguishing those at risk for late relapse from those likely to maintain abstinence. Four subgroups with 24-month survival (nonrelapse) rates ranging from 79% to 33% were identified. Among participants whose depression symptoms decreased from baseline to the end of treatment, lower levels of nicotine dependence were associated with less relapse at the 24-month follow-up (odds ratio = 2.77; 95% confidence interval: 1.36-5.62). Among participants whose depression symptoms increased from baseline to the end of treatment, greater weight gain was associated with less relapse at follow-up (odds ratio = 2.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.41-5.96). This study suggested that it may become possible to use both baseline and treatment information to "titrate" interventions.

Results of a prospective examination (N = 618) of factors associated with smoking relapse are reported. At 1-year follow-up, a modified version of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (Dependence Index; DI) and a measure of craving entered the logistic model (odds ratio of 2.7 [p less than .001]). At Year 2, only the DI entered the model (odds ratio of 2.2 [p less than .001]). The ability of signal detection analysis (SDA) to produce clinically useful decision rules was also examined. At Year 1, SDA produced 1 subgroup with a 25% nonrelapse rate and another with a 9% nonrelapse rate (odds ratio of 3.4 [p less than .001]). At Year 2, SDA produced 1 subgroup with a nonrelapse rate of 19% and another with a nonrelapse rate of 7% (odds ratio of 3.0 [p less than .001]). The use of signal detection methods may help clinicians to identify those at greater or lesser risk of relapse.

Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM1) is a leukocyte adhesion molecule induced on human venular endothelium in vitro and in vivo by inflammatory stimuli. A truncated cDNA for ELAM1 has been constructed, stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and the secreted recombinant soluble form of ELAM1 (rsELAM1) purified to homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. rsELAM1, when immobilized on plastic, is fully functional as an adhesion protein, and selectively binds only cells known to bind cell-surface ELAM1 expressed on human endothelial cells, including the myelomonocytic cell line HL60 and the colon carcinoma cell line HT29. Immobilized rsELAM1 also binds human PMN, monocytes, NK cells, and T cells. T cell subset analyses indicate preferential binding of CD4+ T memory cells. However, rsELAM1 is only a weak inhibitor of ELAM1-mediated adhesion. rsELAM1 should prove valuable for the further study of the role of ELAM1 expressed on the vascular wall during the inflammatory response.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule, VCAM-1, is an adhesion molecule expressed on activated endothelium thought to play a role in leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation. VCAM-1 adheres to leukocytes through the VLA-4 integrin. Recombinant soluble VCAM-1 (rsVCAM) and anti-CD3 mAb OKT3 were utilized to address the role of the VCAM-1/VLA-4 pathway in antigen-dependent T cell activation. Monocyte-depleted T cells proliferated upon exposure to co-immobilized OKT3 and rsVCAM but to neither alone. In contrast, an anti-VLA-4 mAb HP1/2 failed to co-activate with OKT3, despite the fact that both rsVCAM and HP1/2 support T cell adhesion comparably. These data indicate that adhesive function is not sufficient for co-stimulatory activity. They also reveal that VCAM-1 may play a role in regulating T cell immune responses as well as migration in vivo.

There have been few prospective studies of craving following smoking cessation. This paper presents findings from a prospective examination of factors associated with craving over an 8-week treatment period. Two findings merit attention: (1) dependence, as measured by the Dependence Index (DI), was associated with craving at 48 h, 4 and 8 weeks post-cessation. The magnitude of the association between the DI and short-term craving was, at the least, comparable to that previously reported among several biochemical measures of smoke intake; (2) a measure of craving obtained 48 h after smoking cessation was associated with treatment outcome. Forty-three per cent of participants with low initial craving scores were abstinent at a 2-month follow-up compared to only 26% of those with high craving scores. The DI was also associated with participants' status at follow-up. This result is interesting because evidence that craving or other abstinence effects are prospectively associated with outcome has been lacking.

1,218 smokers able to quit smoking for 48 hr were randomly assigned to one of 12 cells in a 4 x 3 fully crossed factorial experiment. A pharmacologic factor contained four levels: nicotine polacrilex (gum) delivered ad lib or on a fixed regimen, placebo gum, and no gum. A self-guided behavioral treatment factor contained three levels: self-selected relapse prevention modules, randomly administered modules, and no modules. Those receiving nicotine gum were more likely to be abstinent at the 2- and 6-month follow-ups. The fixed regimen accounted for most of the effect for gum. There was no effect for the relapse prevention module factor. Men and women showed a differential treatment response. Men who received nicotine gum were more likely to be abstinent at each follow-up (2, 6, and 12 months). No treatment was significantly better among women. We conclude that research on different gum chewing regimens is warranted and that further examination of possible gender differences in response to replacement therapy is needed.

Weight at baseline and posttreatment was measured for 1096 participants in a smoking relapse prevention trial: 42.1% maintained their weight, 42.5% gained more than 1 kg and 15.4% lost more than 1 kg during the eight-week treatment program. Abstainers (n = 383) gained more than four times the weight gained by relapsers (n = 713) (Abstainers: 1.6 kg, Relapsers: 0.4 kg, p < .0001). In order to examine the anorexic properties of nicotine gum, Abstainers were classified into nicotine gum user and non-user categories. Users gained significantly less weight than non-users although the difference was small (Users: 1.1 kg, Non-users: 1.8 kg, p < .004). A dose-response relationship was observed between number of cigarettes smoked per day at baseline and weight gain. Higher cigarette consumption was associated with increased weight gain in both gum user (p < .004), and non-user groups (p < .02). There was no significant difference in weight gain between Abstainers who later relapsed at 6 months and those who maintained abstinence (p < .29). Although the impact of nicotine gum on weight gain was small, this apparent property of the substance may be useful in encouraging cessation among smokers who perceive weight gain as a potential stumbling block to success.

Examination of the gel electrophoresis patterns of 14C-biosynthetically labeled immunoglobulin from C57BL/6 × BALB/c IgA hybridomas reveals that each of the monoclonal cell populations produces two different forms of IgA: molecules with heavy chains (H) and light chains (L) joined by disulfide bonds, as well as molecules with H and L being noncovalently associated. The possible origin of this was explored: Southern blot analysis of the hybridoma DNA indicated that only one alpha gene is expressed by each cell line; hybridoma cells labeled in the presence of the N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin exhibit both forms; and electrophoresis of biosynthetically labeled spleen cell IgA from C57BL/6, BALB/c and (C57BL/6 × BALB/c) F1 mice shows that BALB/c mice produce only the noncovalently associated form, while C57BL/6 and (C57BL/6 × BALB/c) F1 mice produce both. Possible mechanisms by which two types of IgA may be assembled by the same hybridoma cell are discussed.

The combining sites of 12 mouse hybridoma antibodies to dextran B1355S have been characterized by quantitative precipitin assay. All antibodies preferentially bind the immunizing antigen B1355S and two other class I dextrans, B1498S and B1501S, but show substantial differences in the extents to which they cross react with class I dextrans, suggesting their clustering into five groups. Three myeloma proteins, CAL20 TEPC1035, J558, and MOPC104E, which bind dextran B1355S, each fall into a different group. There appears to be a substantial, but imperfect, correlation of DH region structure and individual idiotypic determinants with dextran binding patterns. Proteins with RY DH segments and IdI (J558) idiotypes are in groups 1 or 3, and proteins with YD DH segments and IdI (MOPC104E) idiotypes are exclusively in group 5. However, identical patterns of precipitin curves accompany very different sequences in CDR3. Antibodies of group 1, which react only with class II dextrans, differ the most in primary sequence, a finding suggesting that subsites responsible for cross reactivity with class I dextrans may be blocked and that this may be effected by side chains of different amino acids. This finding delineates a new aspect of the relationship of variability in amino acid sequence to antibody complementarity.

Banded karyotypes were prepared for three independent sublines of clone 745A, a Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cell line originally produced by Dr. C. Friend. Each subline had the same chromosome complement, with a near-diploid number of chromosomes, two-thirds of which appeared normal. The remaining one-third were structurally rearranged marker chromosomes, including eight whose origins could be determined from their banding patterns. A fourth subclone of line 745A, under different selection pressure, showed changes in five marker chromosomes but no changes in the normal chromosomes, suggesting that the markers contained unstable sites, perhaps viral integration sites. Another Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cell line, FSD-1/F4, developed independently by Dr. W. Ostertag, had a near-diploid number of chromosomes, about one-fourth of which were abnormal chromosomes. The only similarity between these markers and those in subclones of 745A, other than participation of some of the same chromosomes in centric fusion, was the inclusion of the proximal two-thirds of chromosome 15 in one of the markers of each line. This adds to the number of mouse tumor cells or cell lines in which No. 15 is altered or duplicated. In FSD-1/F4 cells there was a striking increase in the size of the secondary constriction of one of the two chromosomes 19, suggesting that the rRNA genes on this chromosome had been amplified.