Wavelength-dependent atmospheric effects impact photometric supernova flux measurements for ground-based observations. We present corrections on supernova flux measurements from the Dark Energy Survey Supernova Program's 5YR sample (DES-SN5YR) for differential chromatic refraction (DCR) and wavelength-dependent seeing, and we show their impact on the cosmological parameters w and omega( m ). We use g - i colors of Type Ia supernovae to quantify astrometric offsets caused by DCR and simulate point-spread functions (PSFs) using the GalSIM package to predict the shapes of the PSFs with DCR and wavelength-dependent seeing. We calculate the magnitude corrections and apply them to the magnitudes computed by the DES-SN5YR photometric pipeline. We find that for the DES-SN5YR analysis, not accounting for the astrometric offsets and changes in the PSF shape cause an average bias of +0.2 mmag and -0.3 mmag, respectively, with standard deviations of 0.7 mmag and 2.7 mmag across all DES observing bands (griz) throughout all redshifts. When the DCR and seeing effects are not accounted for, we find that w and omega( m ) are lower by less than 0.004 +/- 0.02 and 0.001 +/- 0.01, respectively, with 0.02 and 0.01 being the 1 sigma statistical uncertainties. Although we find that these biases do not limit the constraints of the DES-SN5YR sample, future surveys with much higher statistics, lower systematics, and especially those that observe in the u band will require these corrections as wavelength-dependent atmospheric effects are larger at shorter wavelengths. We also discuss limitations of our method and how they can be better accounted for in future surveys.

Uno de los libros que difundieron la nueva terminología químicade finales del siglo xviii fue el manual Elémens de chimie de Jean-Antoine Chaptal, profesor de la Universidad de Montpellier, director devarias industrias químicas y partidario de las ideas defendidas por AntoineL. Lavoisier en Francia. Su manual apareció por primera vez en1790, se reeditó varias veces en francés y fue traducido a diversas lenguaseuropeas. La primera edición castellana apareció entre 1793 y 1794 yfue realizada por el médico Higinio Antonio Lorente, que también realizóotras traducciones de obras científicas y médicas francesas. En esos años,Lorente fue nombrado profesor substituto de la cátedra del Real Laboratoriode Química de Madrid. A través del análisis de esta obra, ofreceremosuna visión más general de las condiciones en las que se producía latraducción científica a finales del siglo xviii, con especial atención a losproblemas terminológicos asociados. Para ello, disponemos de una fuentemuy interesante: los informes de censura que emitió la Academia MédicaMatritense y que se conservan en el Archivo Histórico Nacional.

ABSTRACT We present and validate 20 deg2 of overlapping synthetic imaging surveys representing the full depth of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope High-Latitude Imaging Survey (HLIS) and 5 yr of observations of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). The two synthetic surveys are summarized, with reference to the existing 300 deg2 of LSST simulated imaging produced as part of Dark Energy Science Collaboration (DESC) Data Challenge 2 (DC2). Both synthetic surveys observe the same simulated DESC DC2 universe. For the synthetic Roman survey, we simulate for the first time fully chromatic images along with the detailed physics of the Sensor Chip Assemblies derived from lab measurements using the flight detectors. The simulated imaging and resulting pixel-level measurements of photometric properties of objects span a wavelength range of ∼0.3–2.0 μm. We also describe updates to the Roman simulation pipeline, changes in how astrophysical objects are simulated relative to the original DC2 simulations, and the resulting simulated Roman data products. We use these simulations to explore the relative fraction of unrecognized blends in LSST images, finding that 20–30 per cent of objects identified in LSST images with i-band magnitudes brighter than 25 can be identified as multiple objects in Roman images. These simulations provide a unique testing ground for the development and validation of joint pixel-level analysis techniques of ground- and space-based imaging data sets in the second half of the 2020s – in particular the case of joint Roman–LSST analyses.

This paper reviews the way in which Spanish agriculture climbed onto the pesticide treadmill. We claim that Fascist policies and expert advice assembled in the early 1940s accelerated the introduction of pesticides into Spanish agriculture and promoted the emergence of the Spanish pesticide industry in the times of autarky. Agricultural engineers were the key protagonists in this process, but other human and non-human actors also played a pivotal role: a new pest (the Colorado beetle), Francoist politicians, farmers, landowners and industry managers. Our focus is on the use of pesticides against the Colorado beetle (the main threat to the potato crop), and the transition from arsenical pesticides to DDT during the 1940s. We discuss how the politics of autarky offered new opportunities for developing agronomic programmes and the chemical industry and led to the creation of the Register of Pesticides in 1942. We also discuss the role of these regulations in concealing the risks of pesticides from farmers and food consumers. Arsenic pesticides became sources of slow poisoning and tools for social control while reinforcing the alliance of agricultural engineers and Fascist politicians in their autarkic and authoritarian projects. When DDT arrived in Spain, the agricultural engineers praised the low toxicity it had demonstrated (compared to lead arsenate) in its first uses in public health and in military campaigns in Italy. Indeed, the data concerning its potential dangers disappeared from view thanks in part to a large multimedia campaign launched to promote the introduction of the new organic pesticides in Spanish agriculture, which is described at the end of the paper.

This chapter reviews the coproduction of the Spanish pesticide treadmill and the early Francoist regime. I move away from dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-centered narratives by paying attention to other sociotechnological products (arsenic pesticides), human and nonhuman protagonists (agricultural engineers and Colorado beetles), toxic hazards (poisoning of workers and food consumers), and geopolitical contexts (fascist and autarky policies in Spain during the 1940s). I discuss how the politics of autarky offered new opportunities for developing new agronomic programs, chemical industry, and autarkic policies. These circumstances were behind the making of the Register of Pesticides in 1942. In the last part of this chapter, I discuss the consequences of these regulations in invisibilizing the risks of pesticides for farmers and food consumers. Pesticides have become sources of slow poisoning and tools for social control while reinforcing the alliance of agricultural engineers and fascist politicians in their autarkic/authoritarian dreams.

This article reviews one of the most famous cases of lead poisoning in France, the Ponchon affair, which occurred in 1843 during a crucial period for French toxicology. The trial attracted public attention and inflamed controversy among medical and legal experts. The debate involved toxicological methods and their reliability, and gave rise to more general questions about the value of expert evidence, the way it was presented in court, and its relationship to other forms of legal evidence. I begin with a general overview of lead poisoning and toxicological research on lead compounds around 1840. I then discuss different toxicological proofs employed for detecting or preventing lead poisoning and examine as well growing uncertainties about them. A review of several trials related to lead poisoning in workplaces around 1840 introduces the Ponchon affair. Here I present the experts involved in the trial and describe their strategies for presenting and managing proofs and uncertainties. Finally, I summarise the controversy aroused by the trial in medical and legal communities as it relates to the value of jury trials in cases of poisoning, the risks of using too much chemistry in judicial inquiries, and the different proposals for managing uncertainties and disagreements among experts.

El trabajo que ofrecemos a continuación es un análisis histórico de la presencia del dicloro difenil tricloroetano (DDT) en México, específicamente acerca de las implicaciones que tuvo dentro de dos programas de desarrollo social impulsados por el Estado mexicano a partir de la década de 1940 y en el establecimiento de la industria agroquímica estatal. El DDT fue introducido en México a principios de la década de 1940 como una de las principales herramientas tecnológicas de los programas sanitario y agronómico concebidos por la Fundación Rockefeller, quien señalaría a la malaria y a la baja producción agrícola como dos problemas críticos para el país. La integración de estos programas al sistema político y económico propició la creación de instituciones y de una industria agroquímica nacional que permitieron al DDT una vigencia en México por más de 50 años.

We present an algorithm implemented in the astroalign Python module for image registration in astronomy. Our module does not rely on WCS information and instead matches 3-point asterisms (triangles) on the images to find the most accurate linear transformation between the two. It is especially useful in the context of aligning images prior to stacking or performing difference image analysis. Astroalign can match images of different point-spread functions, seeing, and atmospheric conditions.

This work is a historic analysis of the use of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (Dm) in Mexico since the 1940s and its implications for the then nascent domestic agrochemical industry and the social development programs boosted by the Mexican State. DDT was introduced to Mexico at the beginning of that decade as one of the main technological inputs of the agrarian and health models designed by the Rockefeller Foundation, which identified both malaria and low agricultural production as critical problems for this country. The adoption of these models by the Mexican political and economic system encouraged the creation of public institutions and a national industry as well, which allowed the persistent DDT use and production for more than 50 years in Mexico.

This article will provide a review of recent historical scholarship on toxic products. It will start by discussing studies on the history of nineteenth-century criminal poisoning and continue with recent literature on twentieth-century toxic hazards in workplaces, agriculture, foodstuffs and the environment. The aim is to highlight continuities and changes in historical studies on poisons and toxic risks over the last two decades. The author will review the main studies which have guided his own research while describing the main trends in crime history studies, environmental history and the history of public and occupational health. He contends that the area will benefit from more multidisciplinary exchanges in order to consolidate its position in current public debates.

This paper explores the management of health hazards caused by the use of lead compounds in food vessels. My focus is on the regulations promulgated in 1801 in Spain. The main protagonists of the paper are late eighteenth-century members of the Madrid Academy of Medicine interested in public health issues, chemists with contrasting views on the regulation of toxic hazards, enlightened artisans with particular ways of knowing and doing, and French military surgeons involved in the long-term controversy concerning the causes and remedies of what was known as the 'colic of Madrid'. Many general issues regarding the regulation of toxic risks are discussed: the disputed fields of expertise, the changing social anxieties, the diverse agency of the stakeholders and decision makers, the technologies for identifying poisons and for assessing their effects, and the persistent tensions and conflicts inside the various professional and academic groups.

We report the first confirmed detection of the galaxy cluster VVV-J144321-611754 at very low latitudes (l = 315.°836, b = −1.°650) located in the tile d015 of the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) survey. We defined the region of 30 × 30 arcmin2 centered in the brightest galaxy finding 25 galaxies. For these objects, extinction-corrected median colors of (H−Ks) = 0.34 ± 0.05 mag, (J−H) = 0.57 ± 0.08 mag, and (J−Ks) = 0.87 ± 0.06 mag; R1/2 = 1.59 ± 0.″16; C = 3.01 ± 0.08; and Sérsic index n = 4.63 ± 0.39 were estimated. They were visually confirmed showing characteristics of early-type galaxies in the near-IR images. An automatic clustering analysis performed in the whole tile found that the concentration of galaxies VVV-J144321-611754 is a real, compact concentration of early-type galaxies. Assuming a typical galaxy cluster with low X-ray luminosity, the photometric redshift of the brightest galaxy is z = 0.196 ± 0.025. Follow-up near-IR spectroscopy with FLAMINGOS-2 at the Gemini-South telescope revealed that the two brighter cluster galaxies have typical spectra of early-type galaxies and the estimated redshift for the brightest galaxy VVV-J144321.06-611753.9 is z = 0.234 ± 0.022 and that for VVV-J144319.02-611746.1 is z = 0.232 ± 0.019. Finally, these galaxies clearly follow the cluster red sequence in the rest-frame near-IR color–magnitude diagram with a slope similar to a galaxy cluster at a redshift of 0.2. These results are consistent with the presence of a bona fide galaxy cluster beyond the Milky Way disk.

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Abstract Lead arsenate was introduced on a massive scale in agriculture in Spain in the early 1940s. With the support of a network of agricultural engineers, the new Francoist state encouraged the production and use of lead arsenate as the main weapon against a newly arrived pest, the Colorado potato beetle. In this paper I discuss arsenical pesticides as sociotechnological products which played a pivotal role in the joint production of both chemical-based agriculture and the emerging Francoist regime in Spain during the 1940s. I review the campaigns organized by agriculture engineers and the making of the new National Register for Phytosanitary Products in 1942. The new regulations promoted research in pesticide quality control but also contributed to concealing the health hazards. This invisibilization of the risks took shape in the confluence of interests of the emerging Francoist state, the new pesticide industry, and the large network of agricultural engineers.

We present a comparison of several Difference Image Analysis (DIA) techniques, in combination with Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, applied to the identification of optical transients associated with gravitational wave events. Each technique is assessed based on the scoring metrics of Precision, Recall, and their harmonic mean F1, measured on the DIA results as standalone techniques, and also in the results after the application of ML algorithms, on transient source injections over simulated and real data. This simulations cover a wide range of instrumental configurations, as well as a variety of scenarios of observation conditions, by exploring a multi dimensional set of relevant parameters, allowing us to extract general conclusions related to the identification of transient astrophysical events. The newest subtraction techniques, and particularly the methodology published in Zackay et al. (2016) are implemented in an Open Source Python package, named properimage, suitable for many other astronomical image analyses. This together with the ML libraries we describe, provides an effective transient detection software pipeline. Here we study the effects of the different ML techniques, and the relative feature importances for classification of transient candidates, and propose an optimal combined strategy. This constitutes the basic elements of pipelines that could be applied in searches of electromagnetic counterparts to GW sources.

By focussing on a case of collective poisoning in 1865, four features of forensic cultures are analysed: technologies for detection, authorized voices, regulations in action and the predominant social anxieties. Local newspapers and archival documents kept in the medical academies of Barcelona and Madrid are analysed. The analysis shows the tensions between various types of proof employed in legal medicine and the ambiguities between epidemic diseases and poisoning accidents. In the first section, I review the fears caused by the cholera epidemic in 1865, which was the first explanation of the accident. The changes of popular perception are also discussed by analysing contemporary newspapers. I also reconstruct the social anxieties that constrained the judicial investigation and the subsequent work of the experts. I study the lack of economic and manpower support for the development the new organization of forensic physicians and, finally, I review the controversies between doctors and pharmacists regarding the management of the different types of toxicological proofs.