This article attempts to identify the major personal and other factors affecting participation by the elderly in social service and housing programs. Regression analysis is applied to the results of a survey of the elderly conducted in Cincinnati during March 1978. The results provide mixed support for the widely held claim that within the intended target populations these programs tend to benefit the elderly in least need. Those in greatest need did tend to utilize the social services. This was not true, however, for the two housing cost assistance programs considered. The findings highlight the importance of developing more equitable ways to assist elderly homeowners in coping with rising costs. The results also indicate the need to strengthen outreach efforts for particular types of housing and social service programs.