Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an emerging solid-state welding process that joins dissimilar or similar metals based on requirements. The additional material to make the joint is also a weight reduction factor deemed vital in weight-sensitive industries like aerospace and orthopedic applications. The similar and dissimilar Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo (Ti6321) and stainless steel (SS 310) joints are performed through friction stir welding. This investigation aims to identify the effect of process parameters on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural characteristics of the FSW joints. Five plates are chosen; three are FSW joints, and two are kept in the original base material. In all five plates, tensile, microhardness, and impact tests are performed, including an analysis of grain size. It is observed that the similar Ti6321 joint with a 6 mm pin diameter, 60 mm transverse speed, 900 mm rotational speed, and a constant axial force of 1 KN exhibits a maximum microhardness of 362 HV and a tensile strength of 927 MPa when compared to other joints. The tribological properties are identified as varying load (10-50 N), sliding speed (1-5 m/s), and a constant sliding distance (1000 m) on pin-on-disc apparatus. It reveals that welding parameters and tool diameter influence tribological characteristics. The surface morphology carried out by FE-SEM revealed that the HAZ is composed of acicular α. The increase in microhardness is higher in WC than in BM due to the uniform distribution of particles. The chemical composition and phases are analyzed using XRD.

This research examines agricultural wastes that can be used as natural fiber reinforcement in polymer composites. The experiments are conducted with two different mixtures of fiber ratios and with/without coating composites. In the primary mix, three varieties of fibers (Tea leaf, pineapple leaf, and spinifex littoreus) were induced as reinforcement materials in the epoxy matrix. Fibers are abundantly available as agricultural residues in India. A constant 20

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an emerging solid-state welding process that joins dissimilar or similar metals based on requirements. The additional material to make the joint is also a weight reduction factor deemed vital in weight-sensitive industries like aerospace and orthopedic applications. In this novel research, we explore the effects of process parameters on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural characteristics of the FSW joints of similar and dissimilar Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo (Ti6321) and stainless steel (SS 310). Five plates are chosen; three are FSW joints, and two are kept in the original base material. In all five plates, tensile, microhardness, and impact tests are performed, including an analysis of grain size. It is observed that the similar Ti6321 joint with a 6 mm pin diameter, 60 mm transverse speed, 900 mm rotational speed, and a constant axial force of 1 KN exhibits a maximum microhardness of 362 HV and a tensile strength of 927 MPa when compared to other joints. This research reveals that welding parameters and tool diameter influence mechanical characteristics. The surface morphology carried out by FE-SEM revealed that the HAZ is composed of acicular α. The increase in microhardness is higher in WC than in BM due to the uniform distribution of particles. The chemical composition and phases are analyzed using EDS and XRD.

Biocompatible materials are natural or man-made substances kept in the body to turn a living cell into a working organ. Bone tissue and biocompatibility are emerging as an alternative approach to regenerating bone due to some distinct advantages over autografting and allografting. This research aimed to fabricate a novel porous scaffold Ti-Nb-Zr-Sn alloy that can be utilized as a bone substitute. Ti-Nb-Sn-Zr were selected by different weight ratios and synthesized using the powder metallurgy method. Zirconium (Zr) is incorporated to get enhanced biological performance. The elements Ti, Nb with Zr, and Sn are utilized due to their excellent biocompatibility with the human body. The Ti-35Nb-7Zr-4Sn alloy has high tensile strength between 1042 and 1603 MPa by increasing Zr and Nb weight ratios. In addition, 35% Nb/7% Zr with 4% Sn composite show improved hardness, which is beneficial for resembling bone tissue and die-casting fittings in automobile applications. Fatigue and wear analysis is conducted to help us understand the behaviour of the Ti-Nb-Zr-Sn alloy.

In the modern era, manufacturers aim for their parts to possess a sleek finish and increased durability to ensure continued functionality. Both the automotive and aerospace industries are actively seeking new materials and methodologies to enhance the surface quality of components during the preparation process and make the most of available resources. Employing casting, advanced techniques, and new materials is crucial for achieving this goal. Industries commonly utilize alloys and composite materials in the production of their components. This study focuses on magnesium composite Mg-4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr alloy to find the influence of varying three different reinforcement particles on mechanical properties and wear rate. An attempt was made to choose a constant 5% Si3N4 as the primary reinforcement and 2.5% to 7.5% of TiC/MoS2 as the secondary reinforcement, respectively. The samples of magnesium hybrid composites are prepared using a centrifugal casting process. The ZE 41 alloy/5% (TiC-MoS2)/5%Si3N4 has a high tensile strength of 942 MPa. In addition, 5% TiC/5% MoS2 with 5% Si3N4 composite has enhanced hardness, which is beneficial for transmission in aircraft like Boeing 727 and die-casting fittings in automobile applications.

Demand for nickel-based superalloys has increased significantly in the automotive industry because of their great potential to reduce the weight of components and improve efficiency. The objective is to improve the tribological performance and tool lifespan of the GH4169 alloy through machining, focusing specifically on the potential benefits of using cryogenic cooling. Hence, the experiments are conducted under liquid nitrogen (LN2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. The test results proved that cryogenic cooling with the inclusion of MQL helps improve tool life with better tribological characteristics. The maximum power dissipation efficiency is identified as 44

Objectives: To investigate the mechanical and microstructural behaviour of zinc hybrid composites. Zinc alloys are utilized in biomaterial development for implant applications due to their suitable corrosion properties. However, the advantages connected with hybrid reinforcements suggest further research. The objective is to determine the impact of Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Calcium Silicate (CS) derived from biowaste as hybrid reinforcement in Zn-1Mg- 0.2Ti alloy. The influence of hybrid reinforcement (HA&CS) was assessed in various weight percentages. Methods: Synthesis of the reinforcement (HA&CS) involved 10h milling and calcination at 1000ºC. Pure Zinc and Zn-1Mg-0.2Ti alloy with 5 wt. % and 10 wt. % (HA and CS) biomaterials were fabricated by the squeeze casting process. Hardness tests of the cast samples were conducted with a 1 kg (Hv) force and a 15-second dwell time. The compressive test was performed as per ASTM E9-19, with a ram speed 0.5mm/min. Findings: Results suggest that, among all three cases, Zn-1Mg-0.2Ti-(2.5 HA / 2.5 CS) composite exhibited favourable mechanical and microstructural properties. The Zn-1Mg-0.2Ti-(5 HA / 5 CS) composite density was 5.52 kg/m3, a significant 25% decrease compared to pure zinc metal. The Hardness value of Zn-1Mg- 0.2Ti-(2.5 HA / 2.5 CS) was 82Hv, which is 148% increase compared to pure zinc metal (33Hv). The compression tests demonstrated that the Zn-1Mg- 0.2Ti-(2.5 HA / 2.5 CS) exhibited the highest ultimate compression strength (364 MPa) and toughness modulus (131 MPa) due to sufficient adherence of the reinforcement with the matrix. Novelty: The novelty of the study was to introduce hybrid reinforcements (HA and CS) in the Zn-1Mg-0.2Ti alloy to increase its hardness and compressive strength. Zn-1Mg-0.2Ti-(2.5 HA / 2.5 CS) is a new hybrid composite compared to recent biomaterials. Furthermore, it can be recommended for implants in orthopaedic surgical applications. Keywords: Zinc Composites; Biodegradable Materials; Hydroxyapatite;Calcium Silicate (Wollastonite); Compressive Strength

Composites are environmentally friendly materials made from natural fibers that have lightweight properties and improve the performance of synthetic parts. Medical waste has been identified as one of the biggest challenges recently in India due to COVID-19. More than 70% of medical waste is considered non-hazardous waste, obtained from crushing used surgical face mask (SFM) and surgical gloves (SG) as reinforcement materials chosen in this study. The research aim is to increase the strength and minimize the cost of production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) matrix by employing hybrid waste fibers as particle reinforcement particles. Five fiber composites of 3% to 12% weight fractions of hybrid fiber (Kevlar Fiber/Glass fiber) and a constant 10% medical waste were fabricated using an injection moulding process to regulate the polymer structure and determine its thermal conductivity. Adding fibers improved mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength. TGA and thermal conductivity were analyzed. Tribological characteristics like a specific wear rate and coefficient of friction were conducted. Morphology is used to identify material behaviour by applying different weight fractions. Adding 9% (KF/GF) and 10% (SFM/SG) particles improves the wear and mechanical properties of the hybrid composite by 52%, respectively. Adding medical and fiber waste particles will improve the interfacial bonding between the matrix material and fillers. It is widely used as a leaf spring in ballistic and automobile applications suspension.

Biomaterials are natural or man-made substances put into the body to turn a living cell into a working organ. Bone tissue and biocompatibility are emerging as an alternative approach to regenerating bone due to some distinct advantages over autografting and allografting. This research aimed to fabricate a novel porous scaffold that can be utilized as a bone substitute. Zn-nHApx-Srx (x = 0, 3, 6, 9) were selected by different weight ratios and synthesized using the powder metallurgy method. The utilization of nanohydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is due to its excellent biocompatibility with the human body. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is incorporated to get enhanced biological performance. The nanohybrid composites' tensile strength increased between 0.4 and 19.8 MPa by increasing Zn and Sr weight ratios. In addition, 3% Sr/2.5% Zn with 2% of nHAp-PLGA composite showed improved hardness, which is beneficial for resembling bone tissue and die-casting fittings in automobile manufacturing applications. Mechanical properties, FT-IR, hot deformation behaviour, and SEM techniques help us understand the behaviour of Zn-Sr-nHAp in a vial containing PLGA. The highest ultimate tensile strength of 182 MPa and improved flow softening behaviour are achieved in a coated Zn/6% (nHAp-Sr) mixture suitable for biodegradable implant applications.

This research examines a new approach to using medical waste as a raw material. There are two types of medical waste: hazardous and non-hazardous. More than 70

Composite materials are natural or man-made substances put into the body to turn a living cell into a working organ. Bone tissue and biocompatibility are emerging as an alternative approach to regenerating bone due to some distinct advantages over autografting. This research aimed to fabricate a novel porous scaffold that can be utilized as a bone substitute. Zn-nHAp x -Sr x (x = 0, 3, 6, 9) was selected by different weight ratios and synthesized using the powder metallurgy method. The utilization of nanohydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) is due to its excellent biocompatibility with the human body. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is incorporated to get enhanced biological performance. Plasma spray coating was performed on a zinc substrate using pure and doped biocomposites calcined at 800 °C. The biocomposites tensile strength increased between 0.4 and 19.8 MPa by increasing Zn and Sr weight ratios. In addition, 3% Sr/2.5% Zn with 2% of nHAp-PLGA composite showed improved hardness, which is beneficial for resembling bone tissue and die-casting fittings in automobile manufacturing applications. Mechanical properties, FT-IR, hot deformation behaviour, and SEM techniques help us understand the behaviour of Zn-Sr-nHAp in a vial containing PLGA. The highest ultimate tensile strength of 182 MPa and improved flow softening behaviour are achieved in a coated Zn/6% (nHAp-Sr) mixture suitable for biodegradable implant applications.

Electrical discharge deposition (EDD) is surface modification method, used to produce thin and thick coating layer on the workpiece materials. Light weight alloys are used to manufacture the components are used in automobile, aircraft and medical applications. Nowadays, Mg alloys surface are modified with desired coating based on the application. However, it cannot be applied in the high load sliding applications due to its poor wear resistance. Hence, it is essential to improve the wear resistance in order to employ in the high load sliding conditions. In this investigation, AZ31B Mg alloy is coated using EDD with WC-Cu powder compacted electrode. Response surface methodology is applied to conduct the experiments and develop the empirical model. Selected factors are compaction load, discharge current and pulse on time while coating thickness (CT) and surface roughness (SR) are measured as responses. Higher discharge current and pulse on time with low loaded electrode increases CT and SR. Conversely, lower setting of current and pulse on time with high loaded electrode reduces the CT and SR. Lump coating with numerous micro cracks were observed at the surface coated using low loaded electrode (150 MPa), resulted increased SR. Maximum layer thickness of 120.55 µm was successfully achieved at compaction load of 150 MPa, current of 4A and pulse on time of 90 µs. Minimum coating thickness of 98.76 µm was observed at compaction load of 200 MPa, current of 2A and pulse on time of 50 µs. Uniform deposition with small sized globules were observed at the surface coated using high loaded electrode (200 MPa) that reduced SR. Energy dispersive spectroscope and scanning electron microscope analysis were carried out to study the quantity of elements and microstructure of the coated surface respectively.

In recent years considerable attention has been directed to the investigation of AMCs due to their growing application in the automobile and aerospace industries. An attempt was made to study the mechanical, physical and microstructure characteristics of LM25/SiC/Gr hybrid composites. Matrix reinforced with SiC by varying weight fractions of 2%, 4% and 6%, and a constant graphite (Gr) particulate of 2% is chosen. The composite was made using a double stir-casting approach and initially preheated silicon carbide and graphite particles before melting. The experimental research is split into two distinct phases. Mechanical properties such as hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength of hybrid reinforced composites were examined in the primary phase. The physical properties such as density and porosity of aluminium hybrid composites were studied in the secondary phase. Increased tensile strength of 158.17 MPa, Yield Stress of 137.29 MPa, % Elongation of 2.51 and hardness of 93.06 VHN are achieved in addition to a 4% hybrid composite. The physical properties, such as density of 2.710 g/cm3 and porosity of 1.513%, are enhanced in the addition of LM25/4%SiC/2%Gr hybrid composite. Microstructural examination of the AMCs as carried out by SEM and OM revealed a uniform distribution of SiCp within the matrix and good bonding between the reinforcing agent and the matrix material. The chemical composition and phases are analysed using EDS and XRD.

Phase transformation and crystal structure variety will influence microstructure evolution and hot deformation behaviour of high niobium containing Ti-Al alloys. These alloys are great attention in research on industrial and medical sectors. The niobium alloys are lightweight and high strength, increasingly popular for automotive engine and chassis components. Three novel Ti-Al based alloys have been developed in present research such as Ti-43Al-6Nb-1Mo-1Cr, Ti-43Al-7Nb-3Mo-2Cr and Ti-43Al-8Nb-3Mo-3Cr niobium alloys were fabricated using a hot isostatic press (HIP). The alloys were heat-treated at 1200 degrees C temperature for 5 h in the Ar atmosphere. The mechanical properties and flow curves of Ti-Al alloys are studied by varying three different temperatures (800 to 1200 degrees C) and strain rates (0.1 to 10 s (1)) on a servo-controlled universal testing machine. The microstructures of the alloys were analysed using SEM. The results showed an addition of Nb-Mo-Cr particles to Ti-Al increased material strength by 21.36% (Hardness), 32.08% (compressive), 41.37% (splitting tensile) and 39.23% (flexural) more than as cast alloy. In addition, Nb and Cr with Mo will provide excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical strength for Ti-Al alloys. This study shows a benchmark against compatible alloys and metallic implants. From results, the representation of material is specified as Ti-43Al-8Nb-3Mo-3Cr > Ti-43Al-7Nb-3Mo-2 Cr > Ti-43Al-6Nb-1Mo-1Cr. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Nanotechnology.

In India, urban solid waste generation has risen over the last decade. The aspect of waste generation is a large amount of waste materials among all solid waste types. While using ash particles eliminates waste, it also contributes desirable qualities. In this research work, the effects of Himalayan nettle leaf ash (HNLA) and bean pod ash (BPA) with molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) on the ZWK611 (Mg–Zn6.0–Y1.2–Zr0.2) alloy is examined. The as-cast alloy exhibits an α-Mg matrix, and cubic γ-phases are formed in addition to MoO3 particles. In this work, an attempt was made to choose a ZWK611 alloy reinforced with HNLA and BPA by varying weight percentages ( X = 4, 8, 12, and 15%) with a constant weight percentage of MoO3 (5%) fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The mechanical and physical properties were tested for both as-cast alloy and magnesium hybrid composites. Surface morphology and XRD are analysed to identify material behaviour. The addition of 12% (HNLA-BPA)/5%(MoO3) hybrid composite exhibits high strength as compared to the as-cast alloy.

Objectives: To investigate the tribological behaviour of aluminium hybrid composites. Aluminium alloy (LM 25) is utilised in the aerospace and defence industries. Its wear properties are further improved to increase the lifespan of the components used in these sectors. Due to their ability to resist wear, graphite and silicon carbide are often used to manufacture machine tools. The objective is to identify the wear parameters of the LM 25 alloy. It was examined after stir-cased and strengthened with silicon carbide and graphite in various weight ratios. Methods: The dry sliding wear behaviour for aluminium alloys containing 2, 4, and 6 wt.% silicon carbide and a fixed 2 wt.% graphite is investigated using stir-casting composites. These process parameters included loads of 15, 30, and 45 N, sliding speeds of 0.55, 1.10, and 1.65 m/s, and sliding distances of 333, 666, and 999 m. Findings: According to the test results, the overall wear loss of SiC-reinforced hybrid composites was less compared to both unreinforced alloys and Al/Gr composites. The tribological behaviour of a composite consisting of 4% SiC and 2% Gr was significantly improved compared to the base alloy. Novelty: The novelty of this study is to induce a brake disc made of an Al alloy with wear-resistant SiC/Gr particle-reinforced aluminium composites committed to its surface. The role of tribology in determining material behaviour is shown to be important in controlling material removal. Keywords: LM25Al Alloy; Silicon carbide; Graphite; Double stircasing; Wear resistance; Worn surface morphology

The use of natural wastes and biomasses has become a strategic sector widely used for industrial applications to meet sustainable development and cost-savings for Indians. The future growth is likely depending on the availability of biodegradable materials. In this study, two types of fibers, such as alkali-treated alfa fiber (ATAF) and alkali-treated hemp fiber (ATHF) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were used for the hybridization. It exhibits substantial energy and cost savings to improve the material's strength. The samples are fabricated using the melt mixing method with six different laminates at various weight quantities of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Each sample was cut from the composite sheets and measured mechanical properties according to ASTM standards. The study shows a significant impact of fibers on the characteristics of mechanical and thermal properties. Compared with the matrix, the addition of hybrid fibers results in a 43% of improvement in strength. Hybridization fiber content up to 15% mixture decreased porosity to 21%. The UHMWPE/AFHF/AFAF/PVA composites possess higher crystallization peak and thermal stability was lower than that of UHMWPE. The thermogravimetric analysis was conducted, and the sample with 15% of fiber and 6% of PVA-reinforced hybrid composite indicated excellent thermal stability. Surface morphology is also performed to identify material behavior. This material is widely used in marine components, medical equipment, chemical holding tanks and food processing parts.

The use of many new materials and their hybrids and composites in various applications is growing in material technologies. These alternatives include the potential of additive manufacturing (AM) for future revolution, and significant interest, due to its radical ability to produce complex structures. The essential characteristics of AM or 3D printing are flexibility of design, production modifications, waste minimization, complex structures, and fast prototyping. The growing interest rate in 3D printing enhances the demand for new materials constantly to embed 3D printing in new emerging fields and make innovative applications. In various applications, including selecting, biomedicine, and automation, these materials are highly assured. Furthermore, new methods and technologies are identified in the 3D printing process, aimed at improved mechanical homes of soft 3D printed gels and controlling materials in the thermal environment. The creation of new 3D printable materials is detailed on both artificial and design aspects.

In the perspective of world’s apprehension with the environment, the current work proposes to determine an alternative way for disposing bamboo leaf ash (BLA) residual debris. The widespread utilization of bamboo results in widespread accumulation of bamboo leaf residual wastes, and the unchecked burning of the residual debris for the disposal of bamboo leaf stages a grave threat for both human and environment. The higher reserves of siliceous and aluminous materials in bamboo leaf ash can be used as effective filler material during the fabrication of several eco-friendly, low-cost, low-weight, amply available composite material systems. The current research chiefly aspires for inspecting the heat treatment characteristics of nickel-deposited aluminium-reinforced bamboo leaf ash composites. Al-BLA composites are fabricated by engaging a classic stir casting practice varying the reinforcement compositions, i.e. wt.% 2, 4, 6. The fabricated Al-BLA composites are nickel plated by employing a customary stirred watts bath. Potentiodynamic polarization tests have been executed for assessing the corrosion behavioural traits of the composites preceding and succeeding the T6 heat treatment in aerated 3.5% NaCl ambience. Microstructural and surface morphologies are determined by engaging XRD and SEM techniques.

Contemplating the global concern towards the environment, the current research is intended for finding out an effective way for curbing of the undesired industrial–agro residual waste which poses a serious threat to human and environment. Extensive research is carried out in developing materials systems with elevated energy dissipation. The current study investigates the damping characteristics of aluminium reinforced with bamboo leaf ash (BLA) metal matrix composites varying the reinforcement weight percentage. The Al-BLA composites are synthesized by engaging a classic stir casting approach. The damping characteristics of the stir cast Al-BLA composites are investigated at three dissimilar frequencies by engaging a dynamic mechanical analyser. Microstructural characterization is performed by engaging a scanning electron microscope and all the pertaining mechanisms have been scrutinized thoroughly.