With the rapid advancement of technology, residential and occupational electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure has become an important issue. The electromagnetic exposure level in residents and working areas should be monitored and controlled to provide a healthy environment. This study focuses on assessing the EMF exposure levels in a factory with 250 employees. Electric and magnetic fields measurements are conducted from offices to manufacturing areas, specifically within the extremely low-frequency and radio frequency bands. Then, the results are compared with the reference levels set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the national Information and Communication Technologies Authority of Türkiye (ICTA: BTK in Türkiye). The findings indicate that EMF levels throughout the working environment are below the ICNIRP and ICTA reference levels. Consequently, the facility is classified as safe regarding electromagnetic exposure under the observed conditions.

In this paper, a meandered inverted–F(MI–F) antenna is designed and presented for 5G smartphone applications. The operating frequency of designed antenna is 27 GHz with 10 dB bandwidth from 26.44 to 27.77 GHz. The electrical performance of the presented MI–F antenna is evaluated in terms of frequency–dependent return loss (S11) and the directivity of the 3D antenna radiation pattern. CST full–wave electromagnetic simulation software is used for evaluating the design parameter values. A smartphone model is designed to numerically assess the impact of a smartphone on the antenna’s electrical performance within the 20–30 GHz frequency range. The designed smartphone including MI–F antenna is placed in a hand–held model to obtain the electrical performance of the antenna. Finally, the simulation results for a MI–F antenna, a MI–F antenna placed in a smartphone and a hand–held model with a MI–F antenna placed in a smartphone are analysed and compared considering the frequency–dependent S11 parameters and far field results.

Rapid technological development and the intensive use of electrical energy in buildings create electromagnetic pollution. This pollution is further intensified by external radiation from base stations and transmission lines. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure as a Class 2B carcinogen. To address this, this study proposes a novel electromagnetic pollution rating index (EPRI). This index integrates into green building certification systems, such as leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) and building research establishment environmental assessment method (BREEAM). The EPRI methodology applies risk reduction factors (10–1000×) to international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP) reference limits. A case study conducted in a 7,600 m² municipal building involves 760 measurements at extremely low frequency (ELF) and radio frequency (RF) ranges. Results reveal maximum values of 4.9 V/m and values of 0.43 µT. These qualify for the highest A+++ rating, demonstrating the practical applicability of EPRI in certifying electromagnetically clean indoor environments.

This review article comprehensively evaluates recent studies investigating the potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted from various sources on human health. The literature addresses the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) originating both from mobile communication systems (mobile phones, base stations, wireless modems) and from low-frequency power transmission lines (50 Hz). Findings indicate that specific absorption rate (SAR) and power density values can exceed international limits under certain conditions; this situation may lead to outcomes such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, neurological disorders, adverse effects on reproductive health, and hearing loss. In addition, many studies have reported symptoms including headaches, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty in concentration, and skin problems. These findings reveal the necessity for further experimental and epidemiological research to understand better the short- and long-term health effects of electromagnetic exposure. In conclusion, scientific investigation of different frequencies and exposure scenarios, comprehensive evaluation of biological effects, and raising public awareness on this issue will contribute to a clearer understanding of the impacts of electromagnetic radiation on health.

This paper investigates the manufacturability of PMC-based heatsinks containing arrays of pins with more complex geometries, offering an alternative to conventional PMC surfaces with cylindrical pins having a circular cross-section. For this purpose, truncated cone-shaped pin geometries are considered in the designs to achieve the PMC surface characteristics, and the SLS technique is applied for the first time in the manufacturing of the proposed PMC-based heatsinks. Moreover, the simulation results of the PMC-based heatsinks with truncated cone-shaped pins are compared with those of the PMC-based heatsinks with cylindrical pin arrangements, considering the bandgap limit values. Finally, the simulation results of the PMC-based heatsinks with truncated cone-shaped pins are verified through measurements in the frequency range of interest.

Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC) surfaces typically used for inhibiting resonances in metal enclosure are demonstrated to be effective also for limiting the unintentional EM radiation guided by the IC heat sink and the PCB ground plane. This PMC surface is realized by appropriately placing array of conductive pins under the heat sink and around the IC. Microstrip interconnects routed from/toward the IC are numerically analyzed to verify the impact of the close conductive pins on single-ended and differential traces; the crosstalk is analyzed as well to provide comprehensive guidelines for microstrip routing when a pinned heat sink is employed. If the layout is appropriately designed, the signal transmission and the crosstalk of microstrip interconnects are the same as the reference case of a heat sink without pins

Determination of the levels of the electromagnetic field of frequency between 0 Hz and 300 GHz bands in the working area and the evaluation of the results measured in terms of international standards is now essential according to the regulation of working safety and health. In this study, electromagnetic field measurements were performed in a cleaning product manufacturing factory with 400 workers. Electric and magnetic field measurements were performed at 10 different departments of the factory with extremely low-frequency and broadband (radiofrequency) frequencies. Obtained values are shown and analysed with graphs and compared by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and National Information Technology and Communication Authority (Turkey) limits. Also, an assessment is made for the occupational electromagnetic field levels in the factory and recommendations are suggested for the lowest risk occurrence and providing a healthier working environment for workers.

In this study, the design and electrical tests of radar absorber fabric containing an array of circular shaped conductive patches positioned on a neoprene fabric are presented. In the designs, electrical performance of the radar absorber fabric is numerically studied in both planar and conformal structures. Furthermore, the two-dimensional (2D) surface current distribution at the resonant frequency is examined to better understand the operating principles of the proposed structure. Finally, the prototype of the radar absorber fabric is manufactured, and the frequency dependent reflection parameter values are measured by using the free space measurement technique to validate the numerical results. A good agreement between the measurement and numerical results is obtained.

The purpose of the paper is to analyze and simulate the shielding effectiveness (SE) performance of a fiber reinforced cylindrical shell. A matrix model is presented to evaluate the transmitted electromagnetic fields on the axis of cylindrical shell. SE performance of the cylindrical shell is calculated for various parameters such as radius of cylinder, shell thickness and shell conductivity. Also, a 3D model of the cylindrical shell is constructed via Computer Software Technology (CST) program to carry out the analytical results. The analytical calculations and simulations are performed for TM mode excitation. A good agreement is obtained by the comparison of analytical results and CST simulations.

The metal skin at air vehicles provide an important shielding effectiveness against the effects of high amplitude electromagnetic waves. In recent years, the composite materials with the advantages such as being lighter, causing lower fuel consumption, are used as a replacement of metals. In this paper, electromagnetic shielding performance of composite materials in air vehicle manufacturing industry is investigated. A panel model is used to obtain the shielding performance of these composite materials. Due to the geometrical similarity of air vehicles with a cylinder, a cylindrical shell model is also considered. Analytical calculations for the interaction of an electromagnetic pulse(EMP) with composite materials are carried out for both panel and cylindrical models. Also, the panel and cylindrical models are constructed via Computer Software Technology(CST) program and analytical and simulation results are compared. There is a good agreement with the results.

Energy need of the world is directly increasing with population and technology. Limited traditional sources like fossil fuel are not sustainable and usage of these sources causes harmful conditions for environment. The continuous and increasing energy usage must be provided from the continuous, natural and renewable energy sources instead of traditional sources. Wind and solar energy applications are important types of renewable energy class with features like being clean and environmentally friendly. Because of these remarkable features, these renewable energy sources are preferred and used all over the world. In Turkey, an outstanding increase has taken place in installed power during last 10 years. In this study, the electricity requirement of a building on the campus of Sakarya University is aimed to be compensated with a combined solar/wind energy system. First, the amount of energy consumption of selected building in a year was evaluated. The required parameters for wind energy like wind speed were provided from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources page. And, solar energy parameters were taken from Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) established by European Commission. The calculations were made by using these parameters and return of the investment was determined.

Electromagnetic field exposure levels of people living in the closest houses to the GSM transmitting antennas were investigated in a city between 2010 and 2012. At the end of 3-year period, trend of the electromagnetic exposure levels was determined especially for indoor/outdoor environments near the base station antennas. Because of increasing number of base stations by years and changing of the technology, it is determined that average electromagnetic exposure values in the city increased in a certain extent each year. Total and frequency selective measurements were performed in indoor/outdoor places. The results were compared by International ICNIRP limits. In addition, possibility of the compliance with some European countries which have applied low limit values are discussed to minimize involuntary exposure to electromagnetic fields at indoor/outdoor environments. Consequently, a suggestion is made and discussed for obtaining relatively homogeneous distribution of electromagnetic field exposure at indoor/outdoor environments near base station antennas to eliminate extent values.

The aim of this study is to investigate the electromagnetic characterization of ceramic panel produced with natural zeolite via considering the frequency-dependent transmission (T), reflection (R) and absorption (A) coefficients. For this purpose, first of all, frequency-dependent complex dielectric values(dielectric permittivity and tangent loss) of material are measured via LCR meter and complex dielectric values used in three dimensional(3D) electromagnetic simulation tool. Then, Debye parameters such as static permittivity(εs), optic permittivity(ε∞) and relaxation time(τ) are derived by using genetic algorithms. Finally, to validate the simulation results, T, R and A coefficients obtained from simulations are compared with frequency-dependent T, R and A values calculated by using the transmission-line equation.

In this study, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of ceramic bodies produced with natural zeolite illuminated by an electromagnetic pulse is investigated. A matrix model is used to calculate the propagation of electromagnetic pulse through sample. Shielding effectiveness of sample is determined for both transmitted electric and magnetic fields. Mathematical theory of the interaction and the shielding effectiveness of the sample is determined as a function of frequency, thickness of the material and the incidence angle of electromagnetic pulse. Zeolites used in this study were supplied from ETI Holding Company located in Turkey. Water was added as a binder and disc samples were shaped by uniaxial dry pressing at pressing pressure of 1.5 tone. Samples were fired in an electric furnace with a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min at 1150 degrees C with a period of 60 min. Electrical measurements are performed to determine the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent at 25 degrees C constant temperature between frequency range from 1 kHz up to 2 MHz.

People have increasingly been worrying about the possible adverse health effects of the exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR). The use of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) for communication increased significantly in the recent years (radio, television and cellular) and consequently the environmental level of RFR has increased. This paper reports the results of an exposure level survey of RFR originating from mobile telephone base stations, radio and television broadcasting. EMR measurements performed in the urban environment of the city of Sakarya, in Turkey. To estimate the exposure, the frequency-selective electromagnetic field measurement with a spectrum analyzer and antennas is the most appropriate method. The measurements performed using a spectrum analyzer and appropriate antennas. The measured electric field values were compared to the value of reference levels for general public exposure to time-varying electric fields limits of ICNIRP Guidelines and Turkish Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA).

The industry needs good EMC engineers, not only for efficient solving the problems, but also for organising EMC management and EMC related products (and systems) development. For the education of engineers in the EMC domain, we present the following possibilities: University activities, in-house courses for industry and co-ordination between University and Industry. This paper illustrates an education program for engineers. Main program of the EMC-Education must include:Theory and numerical experiments; Experiments in EMC Labs and case studies