The Korean literate elite during the Chosŏn dynasty were staunch supporters of Confucianism, particularly Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism. However, they also modified Zhu Zi’s ideas to better fit their concern for moral psychology and their greater sensitivity to human moral frailty. We can see those modifications in disputes between T’oegye Yi Hwang (1501–1570), and Yulgok Yi I (1536–1584) over what role the Four Sprouts and the Seven Emotions should play in moral cultivation, and between Han Wŏnjin (1682–1751 and Yi Kan (1677–1727) over how much of a sanctuary from evil our human nature provided. We also see Korean Confucian creativity on display in the writings of Tasan Chŏng Yag-yong (1762–1836), who argued that we need to believe an anthropomorphic Lord on High is watching over us if we are to be inspired enough to exert the effort necessary to adhere to the high moral standards of Confucianism. The Korean search for an explanation of, and a solution to, the difficulties human beings encounter in trying to live consistently moral lives led them to use the building blocks provided by the philosophy of Zhu Xi to construct a thoroughly Koreanized version of Zhu Xi’s philosophy.

Zhu Xi 朱熹 constructed his grand synthesis of Chinese philosophy in the twelfth century. In the thirteenth century, on the other side of the wide Eurasian land mass, Thomas Aquinas (1226–1274) constructed his grand synthesis of Western philosophy and theology. The philosophical approaches adopted by those two intellectual giants were almost diametrically opposed.

This chapter covers the beginning of organized interest in Catholic teachings and values, tracing who inspired the birth of a Catholic community in Korea. It then discusses the papal injunction against the use of spirit tablets in ancestor memorial services and how obedience to that rule from Rome necessitated disobeying the law in Korea. The result was the martyrdom of two early Catholics, which frightened many of the early yangban Catholics into leaving the church.

This is a translation of a conversation imagined by the conservative Confucian scholar An Chŏngbok in which he convinces his dialogue partner (probably intended to represent his Catholic son-in-law) that Catholicism is irrational and morally dangerous and therefore he should return to the Confucian fold.

This chapter survey the controversy over Hwang Sayŏng and his Silk Letter today, focusing on whether he should be seen as a traitor or as a hero. I argue that such a dichotomy is anachronistic, since Hwang could not be a traitor since the modern notion of loyalty to a nation-state did not exist in Korea two centuries ago. Nor should he be praised as a fighter for religious freedom, since he did not know that concept, either. Instead, he needs to be understood in the context of his times. He was a Catholic living in a sino-centric Confucian country who wanted his country to switch its allegiance from China to Rome so that he could practice his religion without government interference.

This chapter focuses on the Neo-Confucian moral and philosophical foundations for rejecting Catholic beliefs and values as idan, meaning unacceptable. It argues that, in mainstream Neo-Confucian eyes, Catholicism was unacceptable because it was not Chinese and it promoted beliefs that appear to Confucians to be unreasonable. But, more important, Catholicism appeared to focus on such selfish concerns as individual salvation rather than the common good and therefore it was, by Confucian criterion, immoral.

Providing multi-interface device users the ability to roam between different access networks is becoming a key requirement for service providers. The availability of multiple mobile broadband access technologies together with increasing use of real time multimedia applications is creating strong demand for handover solutions that can seamlessly and securely transfer user sessions across different access technologies. In this paper, we discuss how the IEEE 802.21 standard and its services address the challenges of seamless mobility for multi-interface devices. We focus on a proof-of-concept implementation that integrates IEEE 802.21 services and a pre-authentication framework, to optimise handover performance in two different scenarios. The first scenario is initiated by the mobile node and the second one is initiated by the network. We present the measurement results for realising these scenarios. Finally, we describe the implementation challenges and lessons learned through this exercise.

This paper describes the Tackle system and its model-based approach for analysis and correlation of fault- and performance-related problems in wireless networks. The Tackle system is intended to operate over tactical networks to help uphold communication requirements in the network that are critical to the success of a mission. It does this by producing and reasoning over executable models that adapt to changing network topologies and communication requirements. The Tackle modeling approach allows reasoning about network state to be distributed throughout the nodes in the network, and to be able to operate at different perspectives at multiple levels of aggregation based on the layers in the network hierarchy. Each perspective at each layer of the hierarchy is represented in a correlation domain. During operation, each Tackle Correlator reasons over its own correlation domain. Tackle Clearinghouses reconcile network state that is shared by multiple correlation domains. This approach supports the eventual goal of consistent and informed root cause analysis across the network. We have implemented and rigorously tested a correlation engine that executes the models in a simulated environment with multiple nodes in multiple subnets. We present our testing results and analysis at the end of this paper.

Journal Article Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaŏm Synthesis in Silla Korea. By Richard McBride Get access Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaŏm Synthesis in Silla Korea. By Richard McBride. University of Hawai'i Press, 2008. 228 pages. $52.00. Donald Baker Donald Baker University of British Columbia dbaker@interchange.ubc.ca Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Volume 77, Issue 2, June 2009, Pages 372–374, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfp021 Published: 15 June 2009

Providing users of multi-interface devices the ability to roam between different access networks is becoming a key requirement for service providers. The availability of multiple mobile broadband access technologies together with increasing use of real time multimedia applications is creating strong demand for handover solutions that can seamlessly and securely transfer user sessions across different access technologies. In this paper, we discuss how the IEEE 802.21 standard and its services address the challenges of seamless mobility for multi-interface devices. We focus on a proof-of-concept implementation that integrates IEEE 802.21 services and a pre-authentication framework, realizing different possible usage scenarios to optimize handover performance. We describe the implementation of two handover scenarios using the 802.21 Services: the first one is initiated by the mobile node and the second one is initiated by the operator network. We compare the two scenarios and discuss their respective benefits. Finally, we describe the implementation challenges and lessons learned through this exercise.

This paper describes an approach to root cause analysis and fault correlation that addresses the problems inherent in wireless military networks. Root cause analysis concerns itself with identifying and correcting problems in a network. The ultimate goal of root cause analysis is to diagnose the cause for network anomalies, towards the ultimate goal of ensuring that adequate communication functionality is maintained to support the requirements of the network users. In a wired network, the diagnosis of faults is easier due to the existence of a fixed, wired topology and fixed, wired links. In the wireless networks at the tactical edge of military networks, there is no hardwired connectivity, yet there are also expectations on the network from the end users which place constraints on the operation of the network. Fault diagnosis in such networks is fundamentally different from that in wired networks. The performance of the network must be managed explicitly with respect to its user expectations, even though the network connectivity is dynamic, the network monitoring traffic must traverse the (possibly failing) network itself, and the "correct" behavior of the network against which current network state needs to be compared evolves over time. The novel features of our solution that distinguish it from existing root cause analysis techniques are (a) a dynamic model of fault, performance and security problem propagation in the network that can evolve as the definition of network correctness changes, (b) a method for distributing reasoning over this model throughout the network into independent Correlators that share information through a set of Clearinghouses to provide a global root cause correlation capability, and (c) the ability for the Correlator and Clearinghouse reasoning to adapt gracefully when network problems prevent full exchange of information required for root cause analysis.

Providing users of multi-interface devices the ability to roam between different access networks is becoming a key requirement for service providers. The availability of multiple mobile broadband access technologies, together with the increasing use of real-time multimedia applications, is creating strong demand for handover solutions that can seamlessly and securely transition user sessions across different access technologies. A key challenge to meeting this growing demand is to ensure handover performance, measured in terms of latency and loss. In addition, handover solutions must allow service providers, application providers, and other entities to implement handover policies based on a variety of operational and business requirements. Therefore, standards are required that can facilitate seamless handover between such heterogeneous access networks and that can work with multiple mobility management mechanisms. The IEEE 802.21 standard addresses this problem space by providing a media-independent framework and associated services to enable seamless handover between heterogeneous access technologies. In this article, we discuss how the IEEE 802.21 standard framework and services are addressing the challenges of seamless mobility for multi-interface devices. In addition, we describe and discuss design considerations for a proof-of-concept IEEE 802.21 implementation and share practical insights into how this standard can optimize handover performance.