The three-year trials of the impact of the planting technology on the maize yield were carried out at the trial sites Jak & scaron;i & cacute; and Tenja. The KWS Intelligens and KWS Kollegas hybrids were used in the research, planted at a standard row spacing of 70 cm, and in the twin rows with a spacing of 48 x 22 cm. In 2020, the highest average grain yield at the site Jak & scaron;i & cacute; in standard planting, with the KWS Intelligens hybrid, was 12.064 t ha -1 , and in the twin row planting an increase in yield of +4.17% was recorded. The KWS Kollegas hybrid had the highest difference in grain yield between a standard and twin row planting in 2021 of +7.52%, in favor of the twin row. At the site Tenja, slightly higher grain yields were recorded in all three years of research. The major difference in yield was recorded in 2020 with the hybrid KWS Kollegas, of +8.22%, or 1.115 t more grain, when planting in the twin rows in comparison with a standard planting. The statistical tests indicate that planting in the twin rows at both trial sites obtained statistically significant results in all three years of research concerning the grain yield ha -1 , grain weight per ear, and grain moisture content.

This paper demonstrates the maize sowing quality results obtained at a test bench. The sowing quality determination is illustrated using the sowing quality indices (ISO standard 7256/1 and 7256/2), i.e. the MISS, MULT, and QFI indices. The research examined a sowing-quality influence of four different maize-seed fractions with two hybrids. A sowing simulation was performed with different technical sowing parameters (two vacuum pressures, three working speeds, and four different grain-selector positions).With the aforementioned research parameters, a statistically significant difference was detected pertaining to different grain fractions, grain-selector positions, vacuum pressure and working speed concerning the intrarow grain spacing of both maize hybrids researched. The PSK 4 vacuum sowing machine scored the high sowing quality coefficients (QFI index >98.6%) at a working speed of 4 km h(-1) and with the grain selector positioned at 10 and can be classified in the group of the very good sowing machines. With regard to the H-1 maize hybrid, the average intrarow grain spacing amounted to 19.60 cm, which ensures a set of 72,448 plants per ha, while the set amounted to 72,831 plants per ha (having an average intrarow spacing of 19.51 cm) with regard to the H-2 maize hybrid. Concerning a grain intrarow spacing, a statistically significant difference between the hybrids was determined by the LSD0,05 test.

The paper presents the results of a triennial study of the sowing system influence on the yied, grain weight per head, plant set per ha and of the grain moisture of a medium-early sunflower hybrid . Standard sowing was performed with the PSK OLT sowing machine at a row spacing amounting to 70 cm, while a twin row sowing was performed with the MaterMacc Twin Row-2 sowing machine at a row spacing of 22*48 cm. Both sowing machines were adjusted according to the ISO standard 7256/1 and 7256/2, with a high QFI index (PSK OLT: 96.32 %; MaterMacc Twin Row-2: 93.93 %). The research was conducted at the Gorjani Experimental Field on psudogley bearing the textured markings of a silty loam, with a weak acid reaction and a small amount of humus. An analysis of variance determined a statistical significance of the sowing system on the grain yield and the grain mass per sunflower head. Sowing in twin rows achieved the higher yields for all three research years : 19.59% in 2017, 19.11% in 2018, and 18.45% in 2019. Plant density was not statistically significantly affected by the sowing systems and vegetation year, but the grain moisture was statistically significantly different between the analyzed research years .

In this paper, the results of maize grain yield (kg ha(-1)) sown in standard and twin row technology are shown. The research has been conducted at the experimental field of Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, near location of Tenja (45 degrees 31'1.83 '' N 18 degrees 46'3.5 '' E) in the period 2016-2018. Maize hybrids H1 = FAO 290, H2 = FAO 380, H3 = FAO 410, H4 = FAO 450 and H5 = FAO 590 were sown using standard sowing (row spacing at 70 cm) and twin row sowing (22 cm spacing between double rows). In standard sowing, hybrid H1 had the highest grain yield of 11,450 kg ha(-1), whereas in twin row sowing it had 12,243 kg ha(-1), which was higher by 3.77-9.66% than the standard, depending on the cultivation year. Hybrid H2 in twin row sowing had grain yield 6.46-10.97% greater than standard sowing. Hybrid H3 in standard sowing had average grain yield of 11,731 kg ha(-1), whereas in twin row sowing, it was 12,763 kg ha(-1) (greater by 3.45-9.95%). The highest grain yield difference between sowing technologies has been observed at H4 hybrid, with 11.72% greater yield at twin row sowing. At hybrid H5, the smallest differences were observed between sowing technologies, so in 2018, twin row sowing produced a lower yield by 0.59% relative to standard sowing.

Research is conducted in a vineyard with Hardi Arrow radial fan mist blower. The influence of major technical spraying factors (type of nozzle, working speed and spray volume) were observed on coverage of the treated area. The working speed of mist blower was set at 6 and 8 kmh(-1), and spray volume on 250, 300 and 350 lha(-1). In research, Lechler blue (TR 8003C), yellow (TR 8002C) and green (TR 80015C) nozzles are used. The research was set as three - factorial field experiment with 18 treatments in 4 repetitions. Sixty water sensitive papers (WSP) were used for the treatment, which was processed with digital image analysis (DIA) and ImageJ software. The major technical spraying factors have a high significant statistical impact (**) on the main property of the research. By decreasing the ISO number of nozzles and by increasing the working speed and spray volume, we found the increase of leaf area coverage.

In this paper the results of vertical air flow distribution on both sides of two different mistblowers are shown. Researches are conducted with Agromehanika AGP 200 ENU and Tifone Vento 1500 axial mistblowers. Agromehanika mistblower is equipped with axial fan, 585 mm in diameter, while fan diameter of Tifone mistblower is 810 mm. Both mistblower fans have 8 blades with the possibility of setting in 5 different bevels. AGP 200 ENU (with 180 rpm of PTO and with fan blades on position 1) has achieved the average air velocity on the left side of machine of 2.81 m/s, while Tifone Vento 1500 had 2.81 m/s. On the right machine side with the same conditions, AGP 200 ENU had average air flow velocity of 2.46 m/s, Tifone Vento 1500 had 2.36 m/s. With increasing of rpm of PTO at 540 (same position of blades) AGP 200 ENU on the left machine side had achieved average air flow velocity of 7.99 m/s and 9.84 m/s with the right side of machine. Tifone Vento at 540 rpm of PTO (maximal bevelling, position 5), on the left side, has achieved the average air flow velocity of 16.02 m/s and 16.72 m/s on the right side. AGP 200 ENU at 540 rpm of PTO (maximal beveling, position 5), on the left side, has achieved the average air flow velocity of 17.46 m/s and 17.96 m/s on the right side.

In this paper the results from vertical air distribution testing are shown through height of air deflector on the left and right side of Agromehanika AGP 200 EN mistblower. This mist blower has an axial fan, with 585 mm in diammeter and 8 blades. Blades can be setted in five different positions. At 540 min(-1) rotation speed of the fan shaft and at first position of blades, mistblower achieved 2.81 m/s average air speed on left side of air deflector with standard deviation of 1.016 and 36.16% coefficient of variation. Similar avereage value has determined on the right side of air deflector. With increasing the number of fan shaft rotation speed at 1620 min(-1), the left side of air deflector achieved average air speed of 7.99 m/s with standard deviation of 1.902 and 23,81% coefficient of variation. Average air speed on the right side of air deflector was 9.84 m/s with coefficent variation of 22,33%. With blades setted on maximal position and with fan shaft rotation speed of 540 min(-1), mistblower on the left side of fan deflector achieved average air speed of 5.52 m/s with standard deviation of 2.319 and 42.03% coefficient of variation. Average air speed on the right side of air deflector was 5.97 m/s with coefficent variation of 33.09%. With increasing the number of fan shaft rotation speed at 1620 min(-1), the left side of air deflector achieved average air speed of 17.46 m/s. Average air speed on the right side of air deflector was 17.96 m/s with coefficent variation of 35.05%. At maximum speed rotation of fan shaft with maximal position of setted blades, the largest air speed for both side was 25,67 m/s.

In order to obtain the GlobalGap certificat, testing of technical systems in crop protection in Obreska orchard were carried out with employees of Agricultural faculty in Osijek. Sixteen mistblowers are tested, according EN 13790 standard. With Croatian entry in EU the directives 2009/128/EC i 2006/42/EC were inherited. This directive provides for mandatory review of technical systems in plant protection (mistblowers and boom sprayeres). The directive was introduced in Regulation on sustainable use of pesticides (NN 142/12), according to which all devices in crop protection until the November, 2016 must have a label on the regular technical overview. Devices manufactured before 1995, must have a label until November, 2014. Due to the aforementioned problems and approaching deadlines, directive becomes current and they should be given additional significance.

This paper presents the results of investigations of surface and bulk liquid distribution, and their flows in nozzles that are used to protect against weeds under the trees of permanent crop. Investigations were carried out on nozzles manufacturing marks OC3 and OC4 made of brass and stainless steel; Lechler company at operating pressures of 2, 3 and 4 bar, and working heights of 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm from the ground. It was found that the nozzles with mark OC3 achieved an average flow rate during testing at an operating pressure of 2 bar, the value of 1,05 l / min, with a standard deviation of 16,07 and coefficient of variation of 1,52%. OC4 investigatednozzles had liquid flow of 1,36 l/min. Increasing pressure to 3 bar OC3 nozzles achieved a flow rate of 1,27 l / min and nozzle OC4 1,36 l / min with a standard deviation of 18,660 and the coefficient of variation of 1.36%. At working pressure of 4 bar average flow rate OC3 nozzles was 1,45 l / min, and for the OC4 nozzle was 1,87 l / min. At a working height of 50 cm from the ground and a pressure of 3 bar OC3 nozzle had an average working width of 128,7 cm, and OC4 nozzle had 114,2 cm. OC3 nozzles with raising the working height to 60 cm at a pressure of 3 bar was achieved working width of 139,2 cm, while OC 4 nozzles had 125,1 cm with a standard deviation of 27,037 and coefficient of variation of 2,16%. Reducing the working height at 30 cm and with a working pressure of 4 bar from OC3 nozzles was founded that they had working width of 82,09 cm, and 74,41 from OC4 nozzles. When is the working height increased at 50 cm we achieved working width of 130.0 cm from the OC3 nozzle and 121.2 cm at OC4 nozzle with with a standard deviation of 72.390 and the coefficient of variation of 5.97%.

Three commercial mist-blowers were tested in an apple orchard at the end of vegetation development in October 2008, using pure water and water sensitive papers (WSP). The width between apples was 3.5 m, the average width of the tree top was 1.6 m and the average apple height was 3.6 m. All the machines had the same "Albuz ATR 80" red nozzles and the tractor's PTO had a rotational speed of 540 rpm. The average temperature during testing was 17.05 degrees C; the average air humidity was 56.55%, and the average wind speed was 0.9 m/s from the West. The spraying equipment used was: (A) "Typhoon Wind" 1500, water levels of 1000 l/ha, maximum. air velocity of 30 m/s and 18638 m(3)/h of airflow, 14 nozzles, travel velocity of 5 km/h and working pressure of 17 bars; (B) "Myers N1500", water level of 1000 l/ha, maximum. air velocity of 34 m/s and 36580 m(3)/h of airflow, 14 nozzles, travel velocity of 5 km/h and working pressure bar of 11 bar; (C) "Hardi Zaturn 1500", water level of 1000 l/ha, maximum. Air velocity of 38 m/s and 44590 m(3)/h of airflow, 18 nozzles, travel speed of 5 km/h and working pressure of 7 bar. The "Tifone" mistblower had 10048 m(3)/h total air volume on the left side of the blower and 8590 m(3)/h on the right side. With this amount of air, the average WSP coverage on the left side was 44.05%, and on the right was 41.33%. The "Myers" mistblower had 18120 m(3)/h total air volume on the left side of the blower and 18460 m(3)/h on the right side. With this amount of air, the average WSP coverage on the left side was 33.61%, and on the right side was 37.98%. (C) The "Hardi" mistblower had 24940 m(3)/h total the amount of air on the left side of the blower and 19650 m(3)/h on the right side. With this amount of air, the average WSP coverage on the left side was 45.85%, and on the right side was 42.47%.The WSP were photographed by a "Canon EOS 1000D". The images were then converted by "Irfan View 4.0", and finally elaborated by "Adobe Photoshop", "Global Lab Image/2" and "Graduate" softwares.