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Introduction:This study examines the state and trait effects of short-term mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training using convolutional neural networks (CNN) based deep learning methods and traditional machine learning methods, including shallow and deep ConvNets as well as support vector machine (SVM) with features extracted from common spatial pattern (CSP) and filter bank CSP (FBCSP). Methods:We investigated the electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements of 11 novice MBSR practitioners (6 males, 5 females; mean age 35.7 years; 7 Asians and 4 Caucasians) during resting and meditation at early and late training stages. The classifiers are trained and evaluated using inter-subject, mix-subject, intra-subject, and subject-transfer classification strategies, each according to a specific application scenario. Results:For MBSR state effect recognition, trait effect recognition using meditation EEG, and trait effect recognition using resting EEG, from shallow ConvNet classifier we get mix-subject/intra-subject classification accuracies superior to related previous studies for both novice and expert meditators with a variety of meditation types including yoga, Tibetan, and mindfulness, whereas from FBSCP + SVM classifier we get inter-subject classification accuracies of 68.50, 85.00, and 78.96%, respectively. Conclusion:Deep learning is superior for state effect recognition of novice meditators and slightly inferior but still comparable for both state and trait effects recognition of expert meditators when compared to the literatures. This study supports previous findings that short-term meditation training has EEG-recognizable state and trait effects.

BACKGROUND:Humans perform object recognition using holistic processing, which is different from computers. Intermodulation responses in the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) of scalp electroencephalography (EEG) have recently been used as an objective label for holistic processing.NEW METHOD:Using stereotactic EEG (sEEG) to record SSVEP directly from inside of the brain, we aimed to decode Chinese characters from non-characters with activation from multiple brain areas including occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal cortices.RESULTS:Semantic categories could be decoded from responses at the intermodulation frequency with high accuracy (80%-90%), but not the base frequency. Moreover, semantic categories could be decoded with activation from multiple areas including temporal, parietal, and frontal areas.COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S):Previous studies investigated holistic processing in faces and words with frequency-tagged scalp EEGs. The current study extended the results to stereotactic EEG signals directly recorded from the brain.CONCLUSIONS:The human brain applies holistic processing in recognizing objects like Chinese characters. Our findings could be extended to an add-on feature in the existing SSVEP BCI speller.

Background: Traditional medical treatments are not effective for some patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). According to the literature, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be effective for the treatment of TS; however, different targets show different results. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of low-frequency rTMS in patients with TS, with the bilateral parietal cortex as the target. Methods: Thirty patients with TS were divided into two groups: active and sham groups. The active group was subjected to 0.5-Hz rTMS at 90% of resting motor threshold (RMT) with 1,200 stimuli/day/side, whereas the sham group was subjected to 0.5-Hz rTMS at 10% of RMT with 1,200 stimuli/day/side with changes in the coil direction. Both groups were bilaterally stimulated over the parietal cortex (P3 and P4 electrode sites) for 10 consecutive days. The symptoms of tics and premonitory urges were evaluated using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Modified Scoring Method for the Rush Video-based Tic Rating Scale (MRVBTS), and Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) scores at baseline, the end of the 10-day treatment, 1 week after treatment, and 1 month after treatment. Results: At the end of the 10-day treatment, the YGTSS total, YGTSS motor tic, YGTSS phonic tic, MRVBTS, and PUTS scores in the active group significantly improved and improvements were maintained for at least 1 month. Conclusions: Low-frequency bilateral rTMS of the parietal cortex can markedly alleviate motor tics, phonic tics, and premonitory urges in patients with TS.

目的 探讨立体定向脑电图(stereoelectroencephalography,SEEG)高频电刺激诱发惯常发作与难治性癫间疒手术预后的相关性.方法 回顾性分析30例难治性癫间疒病例资料,均行SEEG引导下高频电刺激,电刺激频率50 Hz、脉宽0.3 ms,持续时间5～7 s.高频电刺激所诱发的发作,按照与自然发作的临床表现和SEEG脑电图演化对比,分为典型惯常发作、部分惯常发作、无惯常发作.本组病人均行致间疒灶切除术或SEEG引导下致间疒网络射频热凝术.结果 随访时间9～22个月,平均14.7个月.行致间疒灶切除术10例,EngelⅠ级7例,其中5例诱发出典型惯常发作;SEEG引导下致间疒网络射频热凝术20例,EngelⅠ级12例,其中6例诱发出典型惯常发作.高频电刺激诱发惯常发作与手术疗效存在显著相关性(r=0.435,P=0.016).结论 SEEG高频电刺激诱发惯常发作与手术预后存在显著相关性,安全可行.

Objective? To investigate the current procedure of presurgical evaluation and the efficacy and safety of surgical treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods? The clinical data of 27 patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy who had operation from August in 2016 to November in 2018 in Shenzhen Second People's Hospital and Shenzhen University General Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Multiple analysis was used in the presurgical evaluation, including seizure semiology, epileptic sequence of brain MRI (1 mm per slice), interictal Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Video EEG monitoring, epilepsy battery of clinical neuropsychological testing and stereotactic EEG monitoring (SEEG). A multi-disciplinary team was involved in the localization and evaluation of epilepsy foci and functional cortex, as well as making the operation plan. Results? A total of 13 patients underwent primary resection after noninvasive assessment, and 14 patients underwent surgical resection after SEEG implantation. All patients were followed up for 6-34 months with an average follow-up time of (19.93±9.00) months. Surgical efficacy was assessed according to ILAE class criteria. Totally, there were 22 cases of ILAE grade Ⅰ (81.48%), 1 case of ILAE grade Ⅱ (3.70%), 2 cases of ILAE gradeⅢ (7.41%), and 2 cases of ILAE grade Ⅳ (7.41%). The SEEG implantation group had higher ratio of ILAE grade Ⅰ comparing to no SEEG implantation group (12/14 vs 10/13), the MRI positive group had higher ratio of ILAE gradeⅠ than the MRI negative group (16/19 vs 6/8). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. For complications, one patient had intracranial hemorrhage after SEEG electrode implantation, one patient had delayed intracranial hematoma after anterior temporal lobe resection, two patients had transient oculomotor nerve injury, one patient had poor scalp incision, four patients had post-operation infection. There were no cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage or visual field damage or any other complications. Conclusions? With more detailed presurgical evaluation and SEEG implantation, the outcome of surgical treatment for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy is becoming more effective.