ABSTRACr This paper is about the extent of children's reading related knowledge and associations with reading achievement at seven years. It presents results, from a major longitudinal study of children's progress in 33 Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) infant schools, on six measures of pre-school reading related knowledge word matching, concepts about print, letter identification, word reading, handwriting, and oral vocabulary and their associations with Young's Group Reading scores at seven years. The strongest association was between letter identification and reading at seven. Pre-school oral vocabulary and handwriting were also significantly and independently related to reading at seven, though concepts about print, in contrast to other recent research, was no more related to later reading than was word matching. Results are set in the context of conflicting theories about the early teaching of reading and, in particular, about conflicting views on the extent of preschool reading related skills and which skills have the most relevance to later reading

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Following an earlier survey of the attitudes and activities of academic staff who had retired three to five years earlier, a survey was undertaken of the policies and practices of university authorities in relation to supporting the academic activities of their retired staff. The sample included 21 universities in England and Scotland, and 28 Oxford and Cambridge colleges. Very few universities had a formal policy, generally leaving it to departments and faculties to provided facilities if and as they wished. There was a wide variation in the extent of support offered, in the criteria for allocating support and the length of time for which it was provided. It was unusual for authorities to be explicit and transparent about these policies. It is argued that a key factor in the provision of support is whether it is seen as a privilege, or as a cost‐effective way of contributing to the work and reputation of the university.

A national sample of 1662 academic and academic related university staff, who had retired 3-5 years earlier, completed a postal survey about their current employment, research, other academic activities, and the academic resources available to them, and about their attitudes to retirement, and the extent of their leisure, voluntary, and other caring activities. Over two-thirds of academics and four-fifths of academic related staff had retired early. Younger staff were more often currently employed, but the employment rate amongst academics aged 66-73 was very much greater than in the general population. The extent of research and other academic activities was related to university rank rather than age, with professors and readers more committed, and less involved in leisure activities. The most frequent reasons for early retirement were dissatisfaction with changes in the universities and financial inducements. The majority said they were more contented because of retiring, and most would not have wanted to retire later than they did, but concerns were expressed about the failure of universities to give adequate status and resources to retired academics. There was some evidence that women were discriminated against in retirement.

Child Psychology and Psychiatry ReviewVolume 6, Issue 4 p. 191-193 Personal Profile: Ann and Alan Clarke Barbara Tizard, Barbara TizardSearch for more papers by this author Barbara Tizard, Barbara TizardSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 July 2003 https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-3588.00345AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume6, Issue4November 2001Pages 191-193 RelatedInformation

One of the major questions which developmental psychologists have studied is whether or not there is a critical period in the first stages of human development, and, if there is, how long it extends after birth. By ‘critical period’ we mean a stage during which the child is highly ‘malleable’, when the occurrence of damaging experiences might have long term (perhaps life-long) consequences.

Current debates about the utility of the concept of social class for social analysis have been helpful in illuminating the shortcomings of traditional theories and traditional methods of assessment of social class. Yet, social class continues to have an important impact on life chances and worldviews. This article uses data from an interview study of 248 young Londoners (young women and men; black, white and of `mixed-parentage') to examine the place of social class in young people's lives. The young people's accounts indicated that they did not necessarily use occupational groupings in defining social class and that the majority considered themselves to be middle class. Nonetheless, social class was important to the ways in which they thought about themselves. They differentiated themselves from others on the basis of differences in lifestyle, housing, money, speech, dress and behaviour. Some disliked and/or feared people they considered to be from other social classes.

Theories about "black identity" are discussed in relation to a study of adolescents with one white and one African or African-Caribbean parent. Interview findings on their racial self-definition, attitudes to their mixed parentage, and allegiance to black and white people and cultures reveal a wide range of racial identities and cultural allegiances. Differences are related to type of school, social class, and the degree of politicisation of the young person's attitudes to race. The findings are discussed in relation to the issue of interracial adoption and fostering, and to recent debates about the concept of an "essential" black identity.

Studies of the outcome of intercountry adoption are reviewed in the context of its history and politics. Intercountry adoption is a post-World War II phenomenon, and has become largely a service for childless couples in the West. Many Third World countries, and some Western social workers, are bitterly opposed to the practice, on both political and psychological grounds. Outcome studies have produced results similar to those found in studies of incountry adoption, although, to date, insufficient attention has been paid to issues of identity and racism. The policy implications of these studies will depend on political considerations, as well as the research evidence.

S ummary . There is still much debate, particularly in North America, about whether teachers' expectations have an effect on pupils' achievement, and through which factors expectations might be mediated. This paper reports on associations between teachers' academic expectations at the beginning, and children's attainments at the end of the school year. The study took place in infant schools in London. Associations were significant during all three years of infant school, and were not explained by children's attainments at the time of the expectation rating. Range of effects, in standard deviation units, of associations between expectations and progress over the school year ranged from 0.4 to 0.8. Two possible mediating factors between expectations and attainment were explored: differential curriculum coverage and differential classroom behaviour. It was found that children for whom teachers had higher expectations were given a wider range of activities in written language and mathematics, and this was so over and above attainments at the beginning of the school year. In contrast, there was no evidence that expectations were related to measures of classroom interaction like teacher praise and instructional contact.

A group of children raised in institutions until at least 2 years of age, then adopted or restored to a biological parent, have been followed longitudinally into mid-adolescence. No effect of early institutionalisation was found on IQ which depended largely on the type of family placement. Behavioural and emotional difficulties were more common in the ex-institutional group than in a matched comparison group, according to teacher questionnaires and interviews with the adolescents and their parents. The findings are discussed in relation to placement policy and the question of the long-term effects of early experience.