Objectives: The aim of the study was to present and compare 2 years results of mechanical photorefractive keratectomy (M-PRK) and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (T-PRK) for myopia. Methods: One hundred and nine eyes of 55 patients were included in this retrospective study. The mean age of the patients was 26.9±5.2 years. Forty-four eyes (40.4%) had M-PRK and 65 eyes (59.6%) had T-PRK. Follow-up time was 2 years. Refractive errors (RE), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), and high-order corneal aberrations were compared. Results: The mean RE was −2.33±0.88 D and the mean UCVA was 0.24±0.17 logMAR at baseline for M-PRK patients. At month 24, those measurements were changed to −0.27±0.32 D and 0.99±0.04 logMAR. The mean RE was 2.19±0.73 D and the mean UCVA was 0.23 ± 0.15 logMAR at baseline for T-PRK patients. At month 24, those measurements were changed to −0.14±0.32 D and 0.99±0.01 logMAR. The mean REs significantly decreased and the mean UCVA significantly increased after both type of surgeries (all p<0.001). In M-PRK group, 4 mm zone total corneal aberration and 6 mm total-coma-spherical corneal aberrations were statistically significantly increased in post-operative term. In T-PRK group, only 6 mm total-spherical corneal aberrations were statistically significantly increased in post-operative term. There was no serious complication during surgeries or follow-up time. Conclusion: M-PRK and T-PRK were a safe and effective in the treatment of myopia in 2 years term. Some high-order aberrations may be increase after those treatments.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and complications of transconjunctival Botulinum toxin A injections performed according to an algorithm, for the management of upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease. Methods Seventy one eyes of 60 patients at the inactive stage, who had undergone Botulinum toxin A injection were reviewed retrospectively. Botulinum toxin A was injected transconjunctivally, just above the superior tarsal border of the upper eyelid in doses between 2–15 units according to an algorithm, depending on the amount of retraction. Margin-reflex distances were measured according to the photographs taken under standard conditions before and after the injections at the tenth day, then the second month and the fourth month. Additional Botulinum toxin A injections were performed in patients who had an undercorrection on the tenth day. Complications such as diplopia and ptosis were recorded. Results The study included 38 females, 22 males with a mean age of 43.3 ± 13.1. Normal margin-reflex distances (3–4 mm) were reached in the 58 of 71 eyes (81.7%). Additional injections were needed in eight eyes (11.2%) for residual retraction on the tenth day. Ptosis was the major complication in four eyes for 1–3 weeks after injection. Upper eyelid retraction recurred after 5.1 ± 0.9 months in all patients. Conclusion In the treatment of upper eyelid retraction due to thyroid eye disease, transconjunctival injection of Botulinum toxin A is an effective, safe, transient, and repeatable method with few complications in patients. The algorithm used in this study resulted in high success rate in long-term follow-up.

PURPOSE:To evaluate the possible hemodynamic changes following strabismus surgery via optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS:Thirty-two eyes of 16 patients who underwent strabismus surgery in one eye were included in the study. Fellow eyes were used as a control group. The vessel densities of the superficial and deep capillary plexus and superficial and deep foveal avascular zones were measured preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS:The mean superficial and deep foveal avascular zones measurements were 0.84 ± 0.09 and 0.76 ± 1.13 mm2, respectively. The mean vessel density of the superficial capillary plexus was 1.23 ± 0.12 and 11.13 ± 1.04 mm2 preoperatively in the 1- and 3-mm zones, respectively, whereas the mean vessel density of the deep capillary plexus was 1.13 ± 0.16 and 10.11 ± 1.28 mm2 preoperatively. Postoperatively, the mean superficial and deep foveal avascular zones changed to 0.20 ± 0.13 and 0.23 ± 0.12 mm2, respectively. Postoperatively, the mean vessel density of the superficial capillary plexus changed to 1.47 ± 0.11 and 12.75 ± 1.10 mm2, and the mean vessel density of the deep capillary plexus changed to 1.56 ± 0.12 and 13.91 ± 1.35 mm2 in 1- and 3-mm zones, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in vessel density measurements of the superficial and deep capillary plexus, and a statistically significant decrease in measurements of the superficial and deep foveal avascular zone postoperatively (P < .05). In the fellow eyes, there was no statistically significant change in any of the measurements (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS:Following strabismus surgery, vessel density of the fovea may increase and the foveal avascular zone may decrease according to optical coherence tomography angiography measurements. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(2):95-100.].

Purpose: To present choroidal and macular thickness measurements in pediatric patients with keratoconus and to evaluate a possible correlation between anterior and posterior segment parameters. Methods: 50 eyes of 50 patients and 50 eyes of 50 age-matched controls were included in this cross-sectional comparative study. The participants underwent ophthalmologic examination including; refraction, visual acuity, biomicroscopy, corneal topography and optical coherence tomography. The choroidal thickness (CT) was measured at subfoveal area and at 500 microns intervals to the nasal and temporal to the fovea up to 1500 microns. Results: The mean age of the patients and controls were 12.4 +/- 1.9 and 12.0 +/- 2.1 years. The mean thinnest corneal pachimetry was 456 +/- 57 mu m, the mean central macular thickness (CMT) was 258 +/- 24 mu m and the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 342 +/- 30 mu m for the patients. There was no significant difference between the patients and controls in regards of CMT and CT at any measured points (p > 0.05 for all). There was no correlation between anterior segment parameters and CMT. There was no correlation between anterior segment parameters and subfoveal choroidal thickness. Conclusions: We may conclude that keratoconus does not affect the CMT and CT of pediatric keratoconus patients, and we may propose that we do not need a correction for this group of patients when we need to evaluate the CMT and CT.

PURPOSE To quantify vessel density of superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of children's amblyopic eyes and to compare the measurements with those of companion eyes and age-matched controls.METHODS Fifteen patients with strabismic amblyopia, and 15 age-matched controls were included in this cross-sectional study. SCP, DCP, and FAZ were measured via optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA).RESULTS Mean subject age was 8.2 +/- 2.3 years in the amblyopia group and 8.6 +/- 2.2 years in the control group. The mean SCP at 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm zones were (in the order amblyopic eye, companion eye, control) 1.399 +/- 0.088, 5.854 +/- 0.195, 12.866 +/- 0.346; 1.467 +/- 0.084, 5.979 +/- 0.182, 12.965 +/- 0.321; and 1.559 +/- 0.052, 6.343 +/- 0.190, 13.819 +/- 0.423. SCP was significantly lower in amblyopic eyes than in companion eyes and controls (P < 0.05). The mean DCP at 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm zones were 1.425 +/- 0.069, 6.038 +/- 0.186, 13.522 +/- 0.336; 1.525 +/- 0.072, 6.427 +/- 0.190, 14.286 +/- 0.322; and 1.685 +/- 0.074, 6.895 +/- 0.198, 15.355 +/- 0.356. DCP was significantly lower in amblyopic eyes than companion eyes and controls (P < 0.05). The mean superficial FAZ were 0.287 +/- 0.091, 0.262 +/- 0.092, and 0.280 +/- 0.097. The mean deep FAZ were 0.382 +/- 0.092, 0.335 +/- 0.080, and 0.329 +/- 0.085. There was no significant difference in FAZ among groups (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS Vessel density of SCP and DCP of eyes with amblyopia is lower than that of the companion eye and the age -matched controls.