The primary goal of this research is to identify and examine logical decision-making, intuitive decision-making, and business conversations in the selection of product distribution channels in Kosovo. The study’s findings indicate that logical decision-making, intuitive decision-making, and business discussions have little influence on the selection of product distribution channels in Kosovo firms. Kosovo’s trade deficit in 2022 was 4.7 billion euros, or 20.1 percent higher than in 2021. Total exports in 2022 were 920.4 million euros, with imports being 5.6 billion euros (Kosovo Statistics Agency [ASK], 2024). The issue of establishing marketing mix instruments in Kosovo is linked to the country’s economic development. The use of rational decision-making and efficient management of distribution policies and strategies, in which, in addition to other measures within the framework of marketing and distribution development policies, the choice of distribution channels (CDC) is critical in the use of efficient product distribution channels in enterprises. The study recommends that marketing policy and strategy makers, with a special focus on the distribution instrument, manage policies and make productive decisions to create efficient distribution channels for enterprises in Kosovo and abroad, where distribution channel development is still at a low level, among other things.

In addition to other indicators, improvements in the performance of the labor market, improvements in the performance of remittances, and improvements in the performance of the management of labor market policies and remittances in Kosovo all play important roles in the economic development of Kosovo. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate and compare the dynamics of employment and remittances, as well as to determine the impact of remittances on employment growth in the Republic of Kosovo. In the present study, we examined the dynamics of employment and remittances during the last decade, empirically examined the influence of remittances on employment, and conducted an analysis of employment and remittance policy in Kosovo. According to the findings, the highest number of employees in Kosovo from 2012 - 2022 was in 2022, whereas the lowest number of employees was in 2015. According to the latest results in Kosovo, the unemployment rate is 10.8%, whereas the employment rate is 34.7%. Remittances have had a significant effect on Kosovo's economy and citizens’ level of living. The value of remittances increased from 2012 - 2022, with the largest value occurring in 2022. Remittances in June 2023 were 123.9 million euros, which represents an increase of 18% compared with the same period of 2022. The hypothesis in this work is examined econometrically, and the empirical results show that the β1 coefficient value is positive, indicating that remittances have a considerable impact on increasing employment in Kosovo. The challenge with remittances in Kosovo in terms of expanding employment is related to their effective management with regard to creating new jobs. The report advises that policymakers implement more sustainable remittance and labor market management to enhance Kosovo's employment performance, among other things.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a significant role in the Republic of Kosovo's economy, namely in the tourist sector. The primary goal of this research is to examine the impact of FDI on the increase in the number of tourist visits (NTV), as well as the trend of NTV and government spending on recreation, culture, and religion in the Republic of Kosovo. The results demonstrate that NTV increased in Kosovo between 2008 and 2022, however this increase was not consistent. The most pronounced growth was in 2021 compared to 2020, at approximately 133%, while the most pronounced decline in NTV was in 2020 compared to 2019, at -46%. From 2008 to 2022, the FDI trend was the highest in 2022, when the value of FDI reached 778.2 million euros, while the government's expenditures in the fields of recreation, culture, and religion were the highest in 2021, at approximately 61 million euros. Empirical analysis indicates that FDI has positively impacted the expansion of NTV in Kosovo, with a β parameter of 0.41. The report suggests that state officials adopt more sustainable and effective policies that will result in higher FDI, government tourism spending, and NTV in Kosovo. A sustainable FDI policy for the tourism industry will have an impact not only on tourism, but also on other tourism-related businesses. Furthermore, a critical appraisal is required in Kosovo to improve tourism performance and regional economic development, among other things.

The main objective of this study is to identify and analyze funding for tourism development in Kosovo through grants, legal infrastructure, and tourism staff training. A field survey was done to supplement this work, and the data was examined utilizing comparative and empirical analysis. The study was conducted in 2022, but administrative data in the field of tourism from 2010 to 2020 were also used for this study. According to the conclusions of the study, financial help in the form of grants, training, and tourism-related training was insufficient. The total number of visitors was 40,390, with 37.05 percent being local and 62.95 percent being foreign (Agjencia e Statistikave të Kosovës [ASK], 202a). In terms of gross domestic product (GDP), based on economic activities at current prices, the hotel and tourism sector contributed approximately 163 million euros in 2021, or 2.1 percent of GDP (ASK, 2022b). The problem of tourism development in Kosovo is linked to the country’s economic development, with the efficient management of tourism development policies and strategies. The study recommends that tourism policymakers and strategies create more sustainable management of tourism policies to attract a larger number of visitors to Kosovo, etc.

The main objective of this research is to determine and analyze the impact of labor market management and financing in Kosovo, with a particular emphasis on labor market financing in the age group 18–24 years in Kosovo. In order to enrich this paper, a field survey was conducted, and the data were analyzed using comparative and empirical analysis. The findings of the study indicate that financial support for self-employment among young people in Kosovo is very low or negative, despite the fact that the regression coefficients of the variables in this study are statistically stable. In 2020, the youth unemployment rate in Western Balkan countries was over 26%, but it was much higher in Kosovo, at around 50% (Ramhorst, 2021). A significant portion of the young population, or approximately 48.6%, is unemployed, but the most pronounced unemployment is among women in this age group, which is approximately 53.5% compared to men at approximately 46.1% (Kosovo Agency of Statistics [KAS], 2021). The study recommends that labor market policymakers implement long-term labor market policies in order to create new jobs for young people in Kosovo, where employment is quite low, and so on.

The main aim of this study is to analyse the employment and unemployment rates in the Western Balkans, looking particularly at youth (aged 18–24 years) unemployment in Kosovo. The results of the study show that unemployment in this age group is high and that labour market policies are also not appropriate. The empirical study was conducted during the pandemic (2020), but statistics for study needs were used from the period 2001–2019. It involved young people aged 18–24 and used data from various local and international institutions regarding the labour market for young people, labour market policy, etc. The study shows that in Kosovo, 48.7% of young people aged 18–24 are unemployed and that the most pronounced unemployment is among women. A significant proportion of the young population is unemployed (46.4%) and youth unemployment among females is higher (53.6%) compared to males (42.9%) (Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2020b). Kosovo’s problem with youth unemployment is the result of poor economic development as well as inefficient labour market policies. The study recommends that policymakers develop sustainable and effective policies that will lead to stability in youth employment and improve the labour market performance. These policies should help organizations and businesses to increase the number of employees, but should also create long-term employment stability. Furthermore, a critical appraisal is necessary to avoid youth unemployment, instability in youth employment and labour market instability as a whole

The improvement of the labor market, the management, the expansion of foreign direct investment, etc., all play a key role in the economic development of the Western Balkans. The main purpose of this study is to analyze and compare trends in employment, unemployment, gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), labor market management and to study the effects of foreign direct investment on employment in the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia) between 2015 and 2019. However, evidence for FDI’s impact is mixed (Navaretti & Venables, 2004). In terms of methodology, comparative and empirical analyses of the strength of the correlation between the dependent variable of employment and the independent variable of FDI for the countries of the Western Balkans have been conducted. Based on analyses, the employment rate in the six Western Balkan countries in 2019 has improved when compared to 2018, except in Montenegro, where it has declined. This study will contribute to enhance understanding of the labor market and the impact of FDI on employment in the Western Balkan countries

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has a special and specific importance for the Republic of Kosovo taking into account the conditions and economic development, which in turn impact the economic development and social improvement of the country. For the state to have a greater absorption of FDI, significant improvement should be made in improving the management capacity in order to create a motivating environment for foreign investment, which is related to the improvement of macro-factors and microfactors at the country level in order to make the environment as attractive as possible for FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trend of FDI, the trend of export with a keen eye on Kosovo and to present the correlation of FDI with export. Firstly, at the beginning of this paper, a theoretical review of the literature on definitions of FDI in economic terms and definitions of export is presented. Secondly, the trend and comparison of FDI and exports over the years is presented. Thirdly, FDI trends in Kosovo were analyzed by the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourthly, in the context of this paper, an analysis in terms of investment management at the country level in order to create an attractive investment environment was made. Fifthly, as part of this paper, empirical analyzes showing the correlations between FDI and Export in the Kosovo case have been made. FDI trends in Kosovo have been decreasing over the years, which must be improved by creating a motivating environment for both domestic and foreign investors.

In the Republic of Kosovo remittances have been and continue to be one of the contributors to economic development and have served as a source of household income. Remittances at the national as well as at the global level are an essential element of combating poverty, and can be said to represent one of the largest flows of financial resources at the global level. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of remittances on economic growth, present the comparability of remittance trends over the years, remittance management, in the Kosovo case. The findings of the study should serve as an important input in improving the management of remittance policies and strategies by the Kosovo government in order to increase the impact of remittances on Kosovo's economic development. Trend analysis shows that remittances in Kosovo continued to grow steadily from 2005 to 2018; remittances were greater in 2015 worth € 772 million, one of the main reasons for remittances to Kosovo, results to be the support of the households, while the largest share of Kosovar emigrants' investments was in the construction sector, where investment in the sector was over 40%.

Kosovar society needs a leadership that has and brings new ideas in all spheres, starting from the family to the central level of the state. An important factor in the development of political parties and their activities is undoubtedly the development of a successful leadership, in order to achieve the objectives that contribute to improving the well-being of the population and the economic development of the country. The main purpose of this paper is to study the effectiveness of leadership in banking organizations in Kosovo and the study of leadership in organizations of political parties in Kosovo. Decision-making analysis, leader characteristics, development of communication with subordinates, way of clarifying the objectives of the organization, etc. will be discussed in this paper. During 2018, the loan portfolio of banks operating in Kosovo was about 2.76 billion euros. Sassipre / econometric analysis was also used in this research. Leaders of political parties in terms of decision-making turn out to be more focused on the program of political parties with about 52.1%. The linear correlation of the determination correlation is positive.471. , etc.

Abstract Today, tourism is becoming more and more the main sector of the economy by generating financial income and creating opportunities for new jobs. However, as one of the sectors where the economic growth of the country is expected to be concentrated in the future, tourism has still not found itself in genuine sectoral development. One of the many problems that Kosovo's tourism economy faces today is the identification of a genuine tourism product development strategy, as well as the use of marketing strategies, which will orient towards the sustainable development of tourism. In times of market economy, unfavorable fiscal policies in Kosovo often become an obstacle to the development of tour operators, even when they have the capacity and potential for development. Kosovo's tourism economy, in particular, and the economic sector in general are dominated by small and medium economic operators, while large economic operators are still in the process of privatization, therefore it is required to find a favorable sector strategy which in long-term period will ensure the sustainability of tour operators, offering a diversified tourism product.

One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc. Keywords: One of the important aspects of a country's economic development is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), these investments impact on economic development and improve social aspects. At the international level as well as at the country level, FDI has a relevant significance which as an issue is related to the sustainable management policy that makes the country more attractive in absorbing FDI. The purpose of this paper is to present the trends of FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an open look in Kosovo and their comparison, investment policy management, GDP FDI correlation and comparison of the trends of the remittances .Firstly in the introduction of this paper there is a theoretical review of the literature on the definitions of FDI in the economic aspect. Secondly, FDI has been presented and compared over the years in the Western Balkans countries with a vacant look in Kosovo. Third, it analyzes the FDI trends in Kosovo based on the country of origin of these investments, etc. Fourth, in the framework of this research paper, country-level management policies were analyzed in terms of creating an incentive environment for FDI. Fifth, as part of this paperwork, there are also empirical analysis of the correlations between FDI and GDP in the case of Kosovo, etc. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Investment Policy Management, Correlations, Remittances JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24 JEL classification: F21, M12, C33, F24

Improving gender equality in decision-making is a very important issue in a country's economic development. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the level of central level decision making and the alignment of the labor market at Kosovo level on gender basis. Also, this paper presents a theoretical focus on the role of decision making for a better service and the possible management of gender equality counseling programs in the economic, political and social spheres. Kosovo continues to face challenges as well as a marked disparity in women's disadvantage in regards to managing the gender-based decision-making process at both the central and the local level. Although there are laws that stimulate gender equality, the position of women in decision-making in public life in terms of contributing to economic, political and social development endeavors are lacking their increase in participation and decision-making at both central and local levels.

The aim of the paper is to identify the trade barriers imposed by the Western Balkan countries. All barriers, whether tariff or non-tariff, undoubtedly impede the normal development of trade between countries. Therefore, the paper examines merchandise trade patterns in the Western Balkan region and tries to identify the main drivers of and obstacles to intra-regional trade. Intra-regional trade comes second in importance, after trade with the European Union (EU); it underperformed and was in decline in the last few years. In the region with political challenges as the Western Balkans, non-tariff barriers significantly reduce trade exchanges between the countries in this region. Currently, the trade and political disputes (tax rate 100%) between Kosovo and Serbia showed that the imposed tariffs in trade created a political reaction between the countries, interrupting the dialogue between these countries. The originality and value of the paper are reflected in its dealing with such topics as trade barriers, genesis in ethnic and political disputes that are prominent in the Balkan region.

Background: The current health system reforms in Kosovo aim to improve health status through universal health coverage. Risk pooling and ensuring access to necessary care without financial hardship are envisaged through compulsory health insurance. We measure the level of financial risk protection through two commonly applied concepts: catastrophic health expenditures and impoverishment. Methods: Data from the 2014 Kosovo Household Budget Survey were used to estimate catastrophic health expenditures as a percentage of household consumption expenditures at different thresholds. Poverty head counts and gaps were estimated before and after out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments. Results: Approximately 80% of the households in Kosovo incurred OOP health payments. Most of these expenditures were for medicine, pharmaceutical products and medical devices, followed by diagnostic and outpatient services. Hospital services and treatment abroad were less frequent but highly costly. Although households from the upper consumption groups spent more, households from the lower consumption groups spent a greater share of their consumption expenditures on healthcare. The catastrophic health expenditure head count showed an increase, while the impoverishment and poverty gap remained stable compared to 2011. Regression analysis showed that age of the household head, insurance coverage, household size, belonging to the lowest consumption expenditure quintiles, and having disabled and aged household members were significant predictors of the probability of experiencing catastrophic health expenditures. Conclusions: Ongoing financing reforms should target the lower income quintiles and vulnerable groups, pharmaceutical policies should be revisited, and the internal referral system should be strengthened to overcome excessive spending for treatment abroad.

Remittances have been and remain of great relevance for socio-economic development of the country, as they constitute an important source of financial resource. The aim of this article is to assess the impact of remittances, transfer channels and other aspects, with reference to Kosovo. Existing data show that since 2005 there has been a significant and continuous growth of remittances: in 2005 remittance flows were recorded at 418 million Euros, reaching up to 772 million Euros in 2015. Remittances are mainly sent to support families in Kosovo. Main investment destination sectors of remittance senders are construction, accounting for 47.2 percent of total investment value.

Over the last decades, in Kosovo and in many Western Balkan countries, there have been processes of political, economic and social transformations. The object of this study was to analyse the linear trends, employment and unemployment correlation through Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and its growth, Consumer Prices Index (CPI), Import and the role of employment policies in Kosovo. The methods used for this study were: linear econometric models, correlation, comparative methods ect. Although there have been improvements in socio-economic indicators in Kosovo, the economy still has a higher unemployment rate compared to the countries of the region. The approach of linear relationships for econometric models is usually preferred to research the socio-economic situation and dynamics of labour market trends. Labour market analysis is a measurement unit and assesses the economic forces and demographics such as education and trainings on the one hand and employment on the other. According to the results conducted from the quantitative study, it turns out that the employment variable in Kosovo has a complex relationship with a set of other parameters where GDP and GDP change carries the main weight, etc.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the implementation of labor market policies as well as labor market statistics for the youth in Kosovo. In this article factors influencing the employment and unemployment trends of youth in Kosovo are analyzed. The article is developed based on literature published by local and international institutions regarding policies and statistical analysis related to the labor market of the youth in Kosovo. Kosovo is characterized by high level of unemployment which is around 45.7%, while for the age group 15 to 24 unemployment rate is about 73%-high by any international standard. This high unemployment rate presents not only social and economic problem but also a political problem. Kosovo is faced with a high number of young people entering into the labor market, around 25,000 people entering the labor market every year and around 6,000 people leaving the labor market. Although Kosovo has had a positive GDP growth in the previous years, this increase has not been sufficient to improve the level of employment trends especially for the youth-those between 15 to 24 years old. To address this high unemployment rate Kosovo government should tailor labor market policies that create a friendly environment for the business start-ups and provide training programs to increase professional capacities according to the needs of the labor market.