Nowadays, roaming individuals require ubiquitous, effortless, secure and private "on-the-go" connectivity for their Mobile Device (MD). At the same time, WiFi Access Networks (ANs) need to offer connectivity to MDs in an accountable and credible manner to avoid compromising their security policies. Our approach efficiently satisfies these conflicting requirements, and presents a solution where the MD does not have to disclose its identity when requesting network access. At the same time, the AN has a uniquely identifying alias for the MD, to account and profile for the connectivity it provides to it. The evaluation of our implementation on a live experimental testbed, demonstrates that our solution's overhead is remarkably low for the benefits it provides, and highlights its applicability and efficiency for real world deployment in the current Internet infrastructure.

Mobile Networks are emerging in the real world in various scenarios, from networks in public transportation to personal networks in consumer electronics. The NEMO BS protocol provides constant network connectivity and reachability for the nodes of these Mobile Networks in a seamless manner despite their roaming. However, NEMO BS has yet to show its advantages in real world deployment because it lacks troublefree and secure network access for the whole network, and secure data transmission for the nodes it provides connectivity for. On the other hand, Access Networks provide connectivity for Mobile Networks, but currently lack a robust AAA service which would enable network mobility support in a fast, trouble-free, but also secure and authenticated manner. Our paper describes a collaborative Unified Architecture that satisfies the requirements of both Mobile Networks and Access Networks, and our evaluation proves its efficiency and applicability for real world deployment in today's Internet infrastructure.

The GINSENG project develops performance-controlled wireless sensor networks that can be used for time-critical applications in hostile environments such as industrial plant automation and control. GINSENG aims at integrating wireless sensor networks with existing enterprise resource management solutions using a middleware. A cornerstone is the evaluation in a challenging industrial environment - an oil refinery in Portugal. In this paper we first present our testbed. Then we introduce our solution to access, debug and flash the sensor nodes remotely from an operations room in the plant or from any location with internet access. We further present our experimental methodology and show some exemplary results from the refinery testbed.

In this paper we present BurstProbe, a new technique to accurately measure link burstiness in a wireless sensor network employed for time-critical data delivery. Measurement relies on shared probing slots that are embedded in the transmission schedule and used by nodes to assess link burstiness over time. The acquired link burstiness information can be stored in the node's flash memory and relied upon to diagnose transmission problems when missed deadlines occur. Thus, accurate diagnosis is achieved in a distributed manner and without the overhead of transmitting rich measurement data to a central collection point. For the purpose of evaluation we have implemented BurstProbe in the GinMAC WSN protocol and we are able to demonstrate it is an accurate tool to debug time-critical data delivery. In addition, we analyze the cost of implementing BurstProbe and investigate its effectiveness.

Mobile IPv6 has been developed for quite a few years now, but it has yet to bring its constant connectivity and global reachability benefits to mobile devices in real world scenarios, mainly due to lack of trouble-free and secure network access and data transmission for devices as they roam. In this paper we propose a Unified Architecture that combines the strengths of Mobile IPv6 and AAA services and closes the gap between the Mobile Node and the Access Network's requirements. Our approach provides a comprehensive solution in a setting where users require seamless roaming, secure network access and secure data transmission in a dynamic fashion as they commute, whereas Access Networks require powerful AAA services without compromising their security policies. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of our Unified Architecture through thorough laboratory tests, demonstrate the efficiency of our approach and highlight its potential and suitability for real world deployment in the current Internet architecture.

Aiding the efficient collaboration and coordination of rescue teams is a difficult task especially in a mountainous region. Challenges emerge from quickly alerting and debriefing rescuers, to deploying them effectively, and also coordinating and monitoring them in the rural search domain. Knowing the exact location of the rescuers and vehicles involved in a mountain search and rescue mission is a key element for the successful progress of the mission and aids the mission coordinator, who usually stays at the headquarters, to take fast and informed decisions. In this paper we present the devised Location Awareness Rescue System that targets the aforementioned challenges, and provides location information and updates of the rescuers in a real time manner as they are deployed in the rescue domain overlaid onto interactive maps. The results from our tests show that our system is a proficient presence management solution that can provide precise location information by recovering from any periodic or total connectivity loss, and also improve and support mountain rescue teams leading to more effective and successful missions.

The computing department at Lancaster University are currently involved in the ongoing deployment of an advanced communications system designed to support the requirements of search and rescue teams. This system is based around the concept of using an all IP infrastructure to provide multi-functional data communications (such as group voice calling, live video streaming and location updates) to highly mobile vehicles and personnel in challenging environments. In addition to these types of data communications there is also a requirement to reliably transmit different types of sensor data information from the individual rescue team members, their vehicles and the casualties they locate and rescue. In this paper we describe the work we have carried out to incorporate an IP based sensor networking approach into our existing communications system deployment that we have in place with the Morecambe Bay Search and Rescue Team, in order to support Mobile Sensor Networks. In addition, we present results from our experimentation with our deployment that is specifically focused on the issue of wireless interference that our Mobile Sensor Networking solution is potentially subjected to.

The purpose of this document is to outline the prototype implementation for the Mountain Rescue service trial. It provides an overall picture of which components have been implemented, how they work together and the methodology of the trial. It is the conclusion of 18 months of discussions, analyses, development and lab/field trials. All the results from the Mountain Rescue trial are reported and analysed in the companion deliverable, D4.2.3 Report on the Mountain Rescue Service Trial.

The combination of network mobility (NEMO) and the ability to form ad-hoc connections enables the existence of complex, scalable and auto-configured Internetworking topologies. Routing Internet traffic within such a topology becomes a challenge when multiple attachment points to the Internet exist simultaneously. Existing mobile ad-hoc FRQILJXUDWLRQVRIPXOWLSOH�1(02∂VDUHYDJXHO\�GHILQHGDQGYDU\� according to the scenarios in which they are deployed. Scenarios such as vehicular networks, wireless sensors networks and remote rescue teams that are currently using mobile ad-hoc networks of 1(02∂Vhave the potential to have multiple attachment points to the Internet. There is no standard method that can assure optimum gateway selection that maximizes Internet connection performance and robustness. This paper proposes a model that utilizes the existence of multiple Internet gateways in a mobile ad- hoc network in order to increase both the performance and the robustness of the Internet connection. The proposed model performs four tasks in order to achieve its design goals, these tasks being: capability measurement, capability information dissemination, optimum route selection and route enforcement. I. INTRODUCTION

Autonomously making good network handover decisions is a complicated process that is fundamentally important in many complex mobile scenarios. In many mobile scenarios it is often infeasible to assume that an end user can be required to intervene and manually perform or verify a network handover decision. For this reason, utilities are required that can specifically manage the network connectivity of mobile nodes, monitoring their constantly changing state and the changing environment around them in order to ensure that the most appropriate connection is utilised at any given time. In this paper we present our Handover Manager that we have developed specifically for use in rescue system mobile networking solutions, such as mountain and coastal rescue, based on our experiences from real use case deployments. In particular we describe the way our solution autonomously manages connections to multiple heterogeneous access network technologies, we provide results from a testbed based analysis we performed and finally we draw upon our experiences to highlight important areas for future consideration that are applicable to our Handover Manager approach and to the wider MANET community in general.

The aim of the Portable Wireless LAN trial programme by JANET, under which this work is being carried out, is twofold. Firstly, we needed to develop a portable and easily carried Wireless LAN (WLAN) kit that should be able to provide local and global connectivity to the devices individuals carry for an academic study or module outdoors. In simple terms, the portable WLAN kit should provide local connectivity to devices around it, in the form of a 802.11b/g wireless network, and global connectivity with the aid of a backhaul connectivity option, such as a Satellite, 3G/UMTS or WiMAX link or by establishing its own connection to the Internet if that is feasible. Secondly, the project needed to study the backhaul connectivity options that could be utilized in the above context, so that we could identify and evaluate the suitability and applicability of the backhaul connectivity options that the Portable WLAN kit could utilize to establish a connection over. This report fulfills the second aim of the project and studies theoretically and practically three possible backhaul connectivity options, namely Cellular networks, Satellite Communications and WiMAX network, in an effort to give an insight of their characteristics and applicability for the goal of this project.

Advances in the field of sensor networking, coupled with the increased level of ubiquity of wireless Internet access has given rise to the ability to support Mobile Sensor Network scenarios. The name Mobile Sensor Network refers to a group of sensor nodes that move together, collectively sensing the environment around them as their location changes. In this paper we present our sensor-to-sink all IPv6 based Mobile Sensor Networking solution that facilitates the delivery of the sensor nodes' data to any data sink connected to the Internet by forming a dynamic routing infrastructure between clusters of these networks. Our approach has the ability to utilise any available Internet connection for transmitting this data to any globally reachable location without requiring any specific alteration to the infrastructure of the access networks, whilst also ensuring that every node in a Mobile Sensor Network remains persistently reachable whenever an external connection to the Internet is available. We provide results from our experimental testbed that highlight the overall capabilities of our approach and its suitability for supporting Mobile Sensor Networking scenarios.

The goal of the Portable JANET trial programme is to be able to develop a portable and easily carried Wireless LAN kit (WLAN) that should provide local and global connectivity to the devices individuals carry during an academic outdoors study. In simple terms, local connectivity should be offered to devices in the form of a 802.11b/g wireless network and global connectivity should be offered by the portable WLAN kit with the aid of a backhaul connectivity option, such as a Satellite, 3G/UMTS or WiMAX link or by establishing its own connection to the Internet if that is feasible. In this report we describe the designed prototype of a Portable WLAN kit by Lancaster University that not only provides the best available connectivity option for outdoor academic and research studies, but also facilitates the mobility of end users by bringing the advantages of MANEMO to this challenging application domain.

The process of testing software that is to be deployed across an adhoc mobile networking environment is inherently challenging. The mobile domain introduces variable conditions mainly due to the wireless communications and the changing topology of the underlying network. Testing software is therefore difficult because of the sheer number of variables that must be considered in order to realistically replicate the intended deployment environment. In this paper we provide a comparison of two static, lab-based Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) emulation techniques: MAC address filtration and channel separation. These techniques were deployed and tested on a testbed that had global communication links to the Internet. These techniques have been designed to help developers emulate the effects that mobility will have on their protocols and applications in a realistic environment, while reducing resource cost and logistical complexities that are inherent problems when testing across the intended network deployment. Specifically, we focus on the radio interference apparent in the two emulation techniques and show its affect on network performance.

The NEMO Basic Support protocol is a Home Agent based technique (derived from Mobile IPv6) that permits the mobility of a network of IPv6 devices to be supported through the use of a dedicated Mobile Router. This NEMO Mobile Router accepts connections from IPv6 nodes and transparently manages any IP mobility on their behalf, which means that as well as individual hosts, a NEMO Mobile Router can also accept connections from other NEMO mobile networks. When this occurs, the inter-connected NEMO mobile networks form a highly inefficient topology known as a Nested NEMO network. In this paper we describe this concept and examine the properties of Nested NEMO networks. In particular we highlight how their communication patterns differ from typical Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) and present example scenarios which demonstrate their potential application domain. We present the Unified MANEMO Architecture (UMA), a solution which has been developed in order to efficiently support these Nested NEMO scenarios. Through varying experimental testbed configurations, we provide an evaluation of the protocols performance and demonstrate how our approach is able to be deployed over the current Internet architecture without requiring any augmentation to access networks or the core Internet infrastructure.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols have been the focus of an accomplished research effort for many years within the networking community and now the results of this effort are beginning to show. With protocol development maturing (and now typically concentrating on a smaller number of standardised routing protocols), increasing numbers of deployment successes are materialising. However, despite these successes and the relative stability of the protocol implementations, seamlessly incorporating MANETs into the Internet still presents many challenges that have hindered their deployment in important mobile scenarios. In this paper we discuss the inherent properties that have affected the adoption of MANET solutions and present an innovative new protocol which has been designed to comprehensively address these challenges. Using performance results acquired from our experimental testbed, we demonstrate how our approach can be used to produce MANET solutions that are highly suited to use in synergy with the current Internet architecture. Our protocol is based on the concept of integrating MANET routing protocols with Network Mobility (NEMO) technologies to produce what is termed a MANEMO solution. This has meant that by utilising the properties of both of these technologies we have been able to realise a solution that provides mobile networks with the efficient localised communication and robustness of MANETs, as well as the global reachability and the ability to provide structured AAA that a NEMO approach can support.

Using data collected from three UK operators (O2, Orange and Vodafone) this paper incorporates population density, provider-claimed accuracy, achieved-accuracy as determined using a reference network and base station parameters to form an extremely comprehensive empirical study of currently deployed cellular network-based positioning technologies in the UK. The paper also demonstrates how the aforementioned parameters can be combined in an attempt to infer the positioning technology used by a particular operator. The data collection was completed using a mobile phone and a GPS-enabled PDA running a purpose-built piece of software, thereby providing the means for continuously assessing the operators' progress in improving upon positioning accuracy. Positioning data for dozens of LBS requests were collected in both a densely and sparsely populated area of the UK. The data collected during this experiment indicate that a direct correlation between population density and both claimed and actual accuracy exists. Using inference based on all available parameters, it is shown that sufficient information exists to infer the positioning technology in various locations.

Network mobility is an established topic of research which has the potential capability to support many valuable scenarios. Specifically, the ability to support the mobility of entire networks of IP enabled devices that are oblivious to the changing network conditions beneath them is particularly useful to numerous scenarios such as vehicle based networks and personal area networks (PAN). In this paper, we present an efficient and scalable approach that allows mobile networks to intercommunicate and be reachable via the Internet both directly (via their own Internet connection) and indirectly (via another mobile network with an Internet connection). The implemented approach is based on the concept of combining the beneficial features of mobile ad-hoc networking (MANET) protocols and the network mobility basic support (NEMO BS) protocol to develop what is known as a MANEMO solution. In the paper we highlight the key performance characteristics of our protocol through analysis of our implementation in a testbed environment.

The NEMO Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol provides a technique for enabling entire networks of IPv6 hosts to gain Internet access and remain reachable via constant, unaltered addresses whilst their underlying location in the Internet changes. In addition to individual hosts, this NEMO model also supports entire mobile networks connecting to other mobile networks, resulting in topologies known as Nested NEMO networks. In this paper we explain the inefficiencies that arise if NEMO BS is used to support this type of scenario and introduce our NEMO+ suite of protocols which are designed to optimise performance in Nested NEMO networks. We detail the Tree Discovery (TD), Network In Node Advertisement (NINA) and Reverse Routing Header (RRH) protocols that make up the NEMO+ suite and provide experimental evaluation results from a testbed comprising of our two distinct protocol implementation platforms (Linux and Cisco IOS). In addition we present simulation results based on scenarios of mass deployment of NEMO+ enabled mobile networks in order to determine the feasibility of our approach to efficiently support Nested NEMO networks.