Lines of evidence suggest that Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-mediated myosin phosphatase-targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) phosphorylation plays a central role in smooth muscle contraction. However, the physiological significance of MYPT1 phosphorylation at Thr696 catalyzed by ROCK in bladder smooth muscle remains controversial. We attempt to directly observe the quantitative protein expression of Rho A/ROCK and phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr696 after carbachol administration in rat bladder smooth muscle cells (RBMSCs).

Objective To detect the gene expression changes between urethra plates from hypospadias patients and foreskins from non-hypospadias patients by microarray and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of hypospadias.Methods Twelve hypospadias patients,aged 6-12 months (mean,8 months),were enrolled as the test group,including 5 moderate and 7 severe hypospadias patients.Six age-matched patients underwent circumcision were enrolled as controls.Samples from hypospaidas patient's urethra plates during hypospadias repair and samples from the foreskins during circumcision were obtained and processed into Tri-Reagent immediately for RNA extraction.Oligonucleotide expression microarrays were used to detect genes expression changes in tissues from patients with and without hypospadias.This microarray analysis incorporated 22 000 genes.The intensity of all genes present was analyzed by one-way ANOVA (P＜0.01) and Tukey's test.Four estrogen responsive genes,CYR61,CTGF,ATF3 and GADD45β,were tested by RT-PCR in 8 controls,8 moderate hypospadias and 8 severe hypospadias as well.Results Ninty-four genes were detected differentially expressed in hypospadias patients compared with phimosis patients.There were 47 genes upregulated in moderate hypospadias compared with controls(P＜0.01),68 genes up-regulated in severe hypospadias compared with controls(P＜0.001),17 genes up-regulated in severe hypospadias compared with moderate hypospadias(P＞0.05).These genes were involved in different cell functions such as growth regulation and signal transduction.CYR61,CTGF,ATF3 and GADD45β,known to be estrogen responsive or to interact with estrogen receptor were found up-regulated in microarray and the up-regulations were confirmed by RT-PCR.Conclusions The up-regulated genes contribute to the development of hypospadias.Up-regulation of estrogen responsive genes may play important roles in the development of hypospadias.

Induction of smooth muscle differentiation from bladder mesenchyme depends on signals that originate from the urothelium. We hypothesize Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is the urothelial signal that promotes bladder mesenchymal proliferation and induces bladder smooth muscle differentiation. Pregnant FVB mice were euthanized on embryonic day (E) 12.5 and fetal bladders were harvested. Two experimental protocols were utilized: Specimens were sized by serial sectioning. Cell counts were performed after trypsin digestion. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect smooth muscle-specific protein expression. alpha-Actin expression was quantified using Western blot. All specimens were viable at 72h. BLM cultured without Shh survived but did not grow or undergo smooth muscle differentiation. IB cultured without Shh and BLM cultured with Shh grew and expressed smooth muscle proteins at 72h. IB cultured with Shh were larger and contained more cells than IB cultured without Shh (all p<0.05). Increasing Shh concentration from 48 to 480nM did not change bladder size, cell counts, or the level of alpha-actin expression. Prior to culture, IB did not express alpha-actin. After culture of IB in Shh-deficient media, alpha-actin was detected throughout the mesenchyme except in the submucosal layer. The IB submucosa was thinner after culture with 48nM Shh and smooth muscle completely obliterated the submucosa after culture with 480nM Shh. In fetal mouse bladders, urothelium-derived Shh is necessary for mesenchymal proliferation and smooth muscle differentiation. Shh concentration affects mesenchymal proliferation and patterning of bladder smooth muscle.

Mouse bladder mesenchyme differentiates into smooth muscle under the influence of urothelium at gestational day 13.5 (E13.5). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is considered to be the upstream gene arising from the urothelium, which induces smooth muscle in the peripheral bladder mesenchyme. We hypothesize differential gene expression across the full thickness of bladder mesenchyme as a function of proximity to the inducing bladder urothelium and the peripheral location of the smooth muscle. Embryonic bladders from FVB mice were collected at E12.5, 13.5, 15 and 16 and cryosectioned followed by microdissection with a PixCell (R) II laser capture microscope. RNA extraction was performed at the laser captured sites and mRNA expression profiles were measured using SYBR Green quantitative RT-PCR. Smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMAA) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) were expressed in the E13.5, E15 and E16 bladders in the peripheral layer of mesenchyme, but not in the prospective submucosa. Patched 1 (Ptc1), Gli1 and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) 4 expression was consistently elevated in the mesenchymal layer immediately adjacent to the urothelium compared to the peripheral location at E12.5. After E12.5, Ptcl expression decreased to an undetectable level throughout the bladder mesenchyme. The level of TGF-beta 1 was highest in the mesenchymal layer adjacent to the serosa at E13.5. The level of expression of serum response factor (SRF) was also highest at E15 in the peripheral mesenchyme. Genes downstream of Shh are differentially expressed in the prospective submucosa vs. the peripheral bladder mesenchyme as a function gestation age and smooth muscle differentiation.

Objective To investigate the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in hypospadias tissues and normal prepuce, and to find out its relationships to the degree of hypospadias. Methods The tissues from 28 patients with hypospadias, including 22 cases of mid-moderate style and 6 cases of severe style, and 15 normail penile skin tissue samples from elective circumcision as control were collected for Immunohistochemistry analysis to detect ATF3 protein expression. The tissues from 24 patients with hypospadias including 8 cases of mid-moderate style and 16 cases of severe style, and 19 normal penile skin tissue samples from elective circumcision as control were used for RT-PCR analysis to detect ATF3 mRNA expression. Results The positive expression rate of ATF3 in hypospadias tissues was 85.7% (24/28), which was higher than that in normal penile skin tissues 13.3% (2/15). There was a significant difference in the expression of ATF3 between mid-moderate(81.8%) and severe types of hypospadias. The ratio of IDV value of ATF3 mRNA in RT-PCR was (0.581±0.21), (1.813±0.22) and(3.547±0.27) in normal penile skin tissues, mid-moderate and severe style hypospadias respectively, which had obvious difference among three groups. Conclusion The results indicated that ATF3 is up-regulated in hypospadias tissues and associated with its pathological degree, which suggested that ATF3 might be a candidate gene in the development of hypospadias

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in several biological processes including development, differentiation and proliferation. Analysis of miRNA expression patterns in the process of embryogenesis may have substantial value in determining the mechanism of embryonic bladder development as well as for eventual therapeutic intervention. The miRNA expression profiles are distinct among the cellular types and embryonic stages as demonstrated by microarray technology and validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR approach. Remarkably, the miRNA expression patterns suggested that unique miRNAs from epithelial and submucosal areas are responsible for mesenchymal cellular differentiation, especially regarding bladder smooth muscle cells. Our data show that miRNA expression patterns are unique in particular cell types of mouse bladder at specific developmental stages, reflecting the apparent lineage and differentiation status within the embryonic bladder. The identification of unique miRNAs expression before and after smooth muscle differentiation in site-specific area of the bladder indicates their roles in embryogenesis and may aid in future clinical intervention.

You have accessJournal of Urology1 Apr 2009DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS DURING BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION Benchun Liu, Mei Cao, Gerald R Cunha, and Laurence S Baskin Benchun LiuBenchun Liu More articles by this author , Mei CaoMei Cao More articles by this author , Gerald R CunhaGerald R Cunha More articles by this author , and Laurence S BaskinLaurence S Baskin More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(09)60729-1AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS DURING BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION." The Journal of Urology, 181(4S), p. 256 © 2009 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 181Issue 4SApril 2009Page: 256 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2009 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Benchun Liu More articles by this author Mei Cao More articles by this author Gerald R Cunha More articles by this author Laurence S Baskin More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

The authors and journal apologize for an error in the above paper above which appeared in 159 (4) 453–458 . The third author's name should have appeared as Ophir Klein, as shown correctly above.

PURPOSE:We developed an organotypic genital tubercle culture system in vitro and used it to investigate the direct effects of the hyperestrogenic state on fetal mouse penile and urethral development.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Genital tubercles were dissected from embryonic day 14.5 C57B/L6 male mouse fetuses and cultured using an air-liquid interface on a microporous membrane support soaked in synthetic medium. Cultures were separated into 4 groups. Groups 1 to 3 were supplied with 10 nM dihydrotestosterone, estradiol and 10 nM dihydrotestosterone plus estradiol, respectively. Group 4 was cultured in hormone-free medium. After 36 to 72-hour culture morphological, histological, proliferation, apoptosis, androgen signaling and activating transcription factor 3 analyses were done.RESULTS:The physiological concentration of 10 nM dihydrotestosterone was essential for genital tubercle growth in vitro. Androgen induced growth and urethral development were significantly suppressed by high dose estrogen. Concurrently we observed increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation in the mesenchyma. Androgen signaling was disrupted and activating transcription factor 3, a factor related to hypospadias genesis, was up-regulated.CONCLUSIONS:High dose estrogen suppressed male genital tubercle development in vitro. The organotypic genital tubercle culture system in vitro consisting of urethral epithelial and mesenchymal cells can recapitulate the hormonal sensitivity of fetal penile and urethral development. This method is potentially useful for studying the effects of various factors, particularly endocrine disruptors.

ATF3, gène œstrogéno-dépendant exprimé durant le développement génital, est considéré comme un gène candidat de l’hypospadias du fait de son expression anormalement élevée dans le prepuce d’hypospades, et du fait de son implication dans l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire qui pourrait interférer avec la croissance urétrale. Le but de cette étude est de préciser l’implication d’ATF3 dans l’hypospadias en réalisant son séquençage chez des patients hypospades et en étudiant son expression dans le tubercule génital de fœtus humains. Le séquençage des exons codants et des sites d’épissage d’ATF3 a été réalisé chez 41 garçons porteurs d’hypospadias de sévérité variable et chez 30 contrôles. L’expression d’ATF3 dans le tubercule génital de fœtus humains avec et sans hypospadias a été étudiée par immunohistochimie. La mutation missense (Leu23Met) a été identifiée chez un garcon porteur d’un hypospadias antérieur. Cette acide aminé, habituellement hautement conservé à travers les espèces, pourrait avoir un rôle fonctionnel significatif. Trois mutations (C53070T, C53632A, Ins53943A) ont été identifiées dans ou à proximité de l’exon 6. Cette région importante comprend une zone d’épissage alternatif à l’origine de la fomre ATF3Δ zip. Cette forme alternative est impliquée dans la régulation de la fonction d’ATF3. Ces mutations pourraient donc être altérer sa formation et ainsi la régulation de l’action d’ATF3. Les phénotypes associés à ces mutations étaient des hypospadias périnéal, pénoscrotal et antérieur. Aucune mutation n’a été identifiée chez les contrôles. ATF3 n’est pas exprimé dans l’urètre du fœtus normal. Il est par contre exprimé de façon aberrante dans la plaque urétrale chez le fœtus hypospade, en particulier au niveau de l’orifice urétral ectopique. Nous rapportons les premières mutations du gène ATF3 chez des patients porteurs d’hypospadias. Ces résultats, associés à une expression aberrante d’ATF3 dans l’urètre de fœtus hypospade, confirment le rôle de ce gène dans la survenue de cette malformation.

OBJECTIVES To report a retrospective series of 130 Chinese patients with penoscrotal extramammary Paget’s diseases (EMPD), with a long‐term follow‐up, and thus improve the diagnosis and therapy of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS The history, clinical presentation, pathology, treatment, and prognosis of 130 patients were analysed. All cases were confirmed by skin biopsy, and then the patients had local wide resection to remove the involved skin and subcutaneous tissue. The large defective wound was reconstructed using a split‐thickness skin graft or local flap. RESULTS Forty‐five patients were evaluated by frozen‐section biopsy of the margins during surgery, five of whom had positive margins and then had an extended resection immediately. Most of these patients had local skin or adjacent scrotal flaps to cover their skin defects. Of the 130 patients, 81 had a mean (range) follow‐up of 3.2 (0.5–10) years after surgery. Five of nine patients with positive margins and three (4%) of 72 with negative margins had tumour recurrence. Five patients died from metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS Penoscrotal EMPD needs be differentiated from other chronic dermatitis. A 3 cm surgical margin should be sufficient and frozen‐section pathological examinations are necessary for some complicated conditions. Skin grafts or local flaps are good for large skin defects.

Des études rétrospectives récentes suggèrent que le pronostic fonctionnel urinairedes malformations du sinus-urogénitalest incertain, voire peu satisfaisant. Diverses approches chirurgicales ont été proposées mais les résultats à long terme des techniques les plus récentes restent à évaluer. Dans l'attente de ces résultats, la connaissance précise de la neuroanatomie du pelvis fœtal pourrait permettre l'optimisation des corrections chirurgicales de ces malformations. Des coupes sériées ont été réalisées à partir de pelvis de 10fœtus humains féminins. Des coupes sélectionnées ont été coloré par Masson trichrome et par immunohistochimie avec un marqueur neuronal (anticorps anti S100). A partir de photos numériques de chaque coupe, une reconstruction tridimensionnelle assistée par ordinateur a été réalisée pour obtenir une image animée des organes pelviens et de leur relation avec les structures nerveuses. Trois structures nerveuses ont été identifiées : Un réseau dense périviscéral constituant un feuillet autour des organs pelviens. La majorité de ces nerfs est située sur la face externe des viscères avec une fraction limitée dans les septum recto-vaginal et urétro-vaginal. Cette énervation s'étend en haut, de la face antérieure de l'urètre, vers le bas en arrière du rectum. Une quantité importante de nerfs enveloppe les faces antérieures et postérieures de l'urètre, notamment dans sa portion supérieure supra-pubienne. Une structure plus large et plus distante, prenant naissance au niveau du plexus sacré, descend en bas et en avant vers le rectum, croisant ainsi le feuillet nerveux périviscéral. Ces résultats anatomiques sont en faveur, au cours de la correction des malformations des sinus urogénitaux, d'une dissection minimale des faces latérales du vagin d'une part, et de l'urètre proximal au-dessus du ligament urétropubien d'autre part. La mobilisation partielle du sinus urogénital semble ainsi être la seule technique actuelle à respecter l'ensemble des structures nerveuses décrites.

Purpose ATF3, an estrogen-responsive gene expressed during genital development, is a strong candidate gene in the development of hypospadias. It is indeed the most upregulated gene in hypospadiac skin and it is implicated in cell cycling suppression that may interfere with urethral cell growth. We thus investigated the sequence and the expression of ATF3 in hypospadias. Material and Methods Direct sequencing of coding exons and splicing sites of ATF3 was performed in 41 boys with hypospadias and 30 controls. ATF3 expression in the genital tubercle of fetuses with and without hypospadias was also studied by immunochemistry. Results -A missense mutation (Leu23Met) was identified in a boy with anterior hypospadias. This aminoacid is highly conserved through species and may be of functional interest. -3 mutations (C53616T, C54177A, Ins54489A) were found in or close to exon 6. This important exon includes splicing sites for an alternative transcript (ATF3ΔZip) implicated in the regulation of the function of ATF3. The phenotypes associated with these mutations were perineal, penoscrotal and anterior hypospadias. None of these mutations were present in controls. -Immunochemistry revealed that ATF3, which is undetectable around the urethra in normal fetus, is overexpressed in the urethral plate and subcutaneous tissue of hypospadiac specimen, especially around the ectopic orifice of urethra. Conclusions This first report of ATF3 mutations in hypospadias, coupled with its particular expression pattern in hypospadiac fetus, highlight the role of ATF3 in this frequent malformation. These results further support the importance of estrogen responsive genes in the development of hypospadias.

Purpose: Retrospective reviews suggest that the functional outcomes of surgery of the urogenital sinus have often been unsatisfactory and to our knowledge the long-term results of newer surgical techniques have yet to be evaluated. A precise understanding of pelvic fetal neuroanatomy is germane for optimizing surgical correction of the urogenital sinus.Materials and Methods: The pelves of 10 human female fetuses were serially sectioned. Masson's trichrome staining and immunochemistry for the neuronal marker S100 (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, California) along with anatomical computer reconstruction allowed 3-dimensional analysis of the nerves in relation to the pelvic structures as an animated motion picture.Results: Two types of neuronal structures were identified. 1) A dense perivisceral foil of branching nerves closely surrounded the pelvic organs. The localization of most nerves was on the external faces of the viscera with a limited fraction in the rectovaginal and urethrovaginal septa. This innervation was from the anterior cephalad periurethral area to the posterior caudal perirectal area. 2) A significant amount of nerves surrounded the cephalad urethra on its anterior and posterior faces.Conclusions: Based on these anatomical data during surgical repair of a urogenital sinus we would advocate minimal mobilization of the lateral faces of the vagina, avoiding dissection of the proximal urethra above the pubic bone and electing, a vaginal flap in severe cases.

Smooth muscle differentiation is induced in the embryonic bladder by the centrally located urothelium in the undifferentiated mesenchyme in the periphery adjacent to the serosa. We hypothesize that under the appropriate signal the entire undifferentiated bladder mesenchyme is capable of smooth muscle differentiation and that the urothelium patterns fibromuscular development. Embryonic bladders of wild-type and Green Fluorescent Protein mice were separated into urothelial and mesenchymal components before smooth muscle differentiation (E12.5–E13). The urothelial layer green fluorescent protein was recombined and grafted with the mesenchyme (wild-type) in an orthotopic position, heterotopic position and ectopic position. In all cases, a zone of smooth muscle inhibition was observed adjacent to the epithelium whether the urothelium was in an orthotopic or heterotypic position. Bladder mesenchyme and bladder epithelium grafted alone did not grow. In conclusion, the full thickness of bladder mesenchyme is capable of smooth muscle differentiation dependent on the location of urothelium. These experiments support the hypothesis that urothelium secretes a diffusible factor that at high concentrations inhibits smooth muscle and at low concentrations induces smooth muscle, thus patterning mesenchymal cell differentiation across the full thickness of the fibromuscular bladder wall.

Des mutations de CXorf6, gène impliqué dans la synthèse de la testostérone, ont récemment été décrites chez les enfants 46 XY porteurs teurs d’anomalie du développement sexuel (46XY DSD). Des anomalies de CXorf6 n’ont pas été rapportées à ce jour chez des enfants porteurs d’hypospadias isolés sans ambiguïté vraie. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer le rôle de CXorf6 chez des patients hypospades. 41 patients porteurs d’hypospadias isolés de sévérité variable, et 30 contrôles ont été inclus dans cette étude. L’AND a été extrait à partir de peau de prépuce en excès collectée au cours de la correction chirurgicale de la malfromation. Un séquençage direct de CXorf6 a été réalisé. La structure tridimensionnelle des protéines a été prédite par les serveurs NNPredict et PhyrEngine (UC San Francisco et Imperial College of London). Quatre mutations (9,7 %) ont été identifiées. Une mutation missense (V432A) et 2 délétions (del324G, à l’origine d’un codon stop L112X et donc d’une protéine tronquée) ont été retrouvées chez des patients avec des hypospades proximaux et pénoscrotaux. Il est à noter que ces mutations surviennent toutes dans le même exon (exon 3 qui code pour la majeure partie de la protéine) et qu’elles sont associés aux phénotypes les plus sévères. Une amplification du domaine polyglutamine par augmentation du nombre de triplés CAG (un type de mutation généralement impliqué dans les maladies enzymatiques) a été également identifiée chez un patient porteur d’un hypospadias antérieur. La prédiction de la structure tertiaire a montré une altération de la forme de la protéine, et un encombrement stérique entre les domaines. Ces résultats renforcent la présomption d’altération de la fonction de la protéine. Enfin, nous rapportons une incidence élevée de polymorphismes (12,2 %) chez les patients hypospades (haplotype N589S/P286S dans 4 cas). Les mutations de CXorf6 sont présentes non seulement chez les patients 46XY, DSD, mais également dans une proportion significative de patients porteurs d’hypospadias isolés. Les mutations portant sur l’exon principal sont associées aux formes les plus sévères d’hypospades. Nous rapportons également pour la première fois une amplification du domaine polyglutamique de CXorf6.

PURPOSE:ATF3, an estrogen responsive gene expressed during genital development, could be implicated in the etiology of hypospadias. ATF3 is up-regulated in the foreskin of patients with hypospadias and is implicated in suppression of the cell cycle, which may interfere with urethral cell growth. We sought to investigate the sequence of ATF3 in patients with hypospadias.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Direct sequencing of coding exons and splice sites of ATF3 was performed in 41 boys with hypospadias and 30 controls. In addition, ATF3 expression in 1 human fetal penis with and 1 without hypospadias was studied by immunohistochemical analysis.RESULTS:A missense variant (L23M) was identified in a boy with anterior hypospadias. This amino acid is highly conserved. Three genomic variants (C53070T, C53632A, Ins53943A) were found in or close to exon 6 in patients with perineal, penoscrotal and anterior hypospadias. This important exon includes splice sites for an alternative transcript (ATF3DeltaZip) that have been implicated in regulation of the function of ATF3. None of these genomic variants was present in controls. Immunochemical analysis revealed that in normal fetuses ATF3 is not expressed in and around the urethra, while in patients with hypospadias ATF3 is over expressed in the urethral plate and subcutaneous tissue, especially around the ectopic orifice of the urethra.CONCLUSIONS:Genomic variants of ATF3 are present in 10% of our patients with hypospadias. We also report an abnormal expression pattern of ATF3 in a hypospadiac fetus. The direct implication of ATF3 in the occurrence of hypospadias remains to be confirmed by functional studies of the genomic variants we describe.

OBJECTIVE:Mutations in chromosome X open reading frame 6 (CXorf6), a recently described candidate gene involved in the development of male genitalia, have been found in patients with complex 46,XY disorders of sexual development (46,XY DSD) including micropenis, bifid scrotum, and penoscrotal hypospadias. The objective of this work was to identify genomic variants of CXorf6 in patients with isolated hypospadias, severe or non-severe.DESIGN AND METHODS:Forty-one patients with glandular to perineal hypospadias and thirty controls were studied. Direct sequencing for coding exons 3-6 of CXorf6 and their flanking splice sites was performed on DNA extracted from foreskin collected from surgery. Secondary and tertiary structures of the protein were predicted using NNpredict and Protein Homology/analogY Recognition Engine engines.RESULTS:Four mutations (9.7% of cases) were identified. One missense mutation (1295T>C, V432A) and two deletions (325delG, predicted to cause a stop codon L121X) occurred in patients with penoscrotal and proximal hypospadias. One patient with subcoronal hypospadias had CAG-repeat amplification in the second polyglutamine domain of CXorf6. Secondary structure prediction indicated that this insertion occurred in a helix element of the protein. The tertiary structure prediction showed an alteration of the shape of the protein and crowding between domains.CONCLUSION:CXorf6 mutations are associated with isolated hypospadias of varying severity. However, the pathophysiology of these mutations and the function of the CXorf6 gene product remain to be investigated.

You have accessJournal of Urology1 Apr 2008SONIC HEDGEHOG SIGNALING MODULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL DIFFERENTIATION GENES IN PLURIPOTENT C3H10T1/2 STEM CELLS Benchun Liu, Michael Hsieh, and Laurence S Baskin Benchun LiuBenchun Liu More articles by this author , Michael HsiehMichael Hsieh More articles by this author , and Laurence S BaskinLaurence S Baskin More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(08)60633-3AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "SONIC HEDGEHOG SIGNALING MODULATES SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL DIFFERENTIATION GENES IN PLURIPOTENT C3H10T1/2 STEM CELLS." The Journal of Urology, 179(4S), p. 220 © 2008 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 179Issue 4SApril 2008Page: 220 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2008 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Benchun Liu More articles by this author Michael Hsieh More articles by this author Laurence S Baskin More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

You have accessJournal of UrologyPodium 23, Monday, May 21, 2007, 8:00 - 10:00 am1 Apr 2007717: Estradiol Effects on the Promoter Activity of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Human Foreskin Fibroblastic Cell Benchun Liu, Guiting Lin, Michael Hsieh, Ching-Shwun Lin, Tom FLue, and Laurence S. Baskin Benchun LiuBenchun Liu More articles by this author , Guiting LinGuiting Lin More articles by this author , Michael HsiehMichael Hsieh More articles by this author , Ching-Shwun LinChing-Shwun Lin More articles by this author , Tom FLueTom FLue More articles by this author , and Laurence S. BaskinLaurence S. Baskin More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)30957-1AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "717: Estradiol Effects on the Promoter Activity of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Human Foreskin Fibroblastic Cell." The Journal of Urology, 177(4S), pp. 240–241 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 177Issue 4SApril 2007Page: 240-241 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Benchun Liu More articles by this author Guiting Lin More articles by this author Michael Hsieh More articles by this author Ching-Shwun Lin More articles by this author Tom FLue More articles by this author Laurence S. Baskin More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...