The livestock sewage with high concentration of COD,NH+4-N,SS and great odor was studied.According to the defects exists in general bio-reactors such as short sludge retention time(SRT),limited resistance capacity,inconsistent removal of carbon and nitrogen and high investment operating cost,the jet loop anaerobic and air-lift loop aerobic fluidized bed with the features of fortified mass-transfer and mixing were developed for the treatment of livestock wastewater.A biological combined process of A/O2 assisted by pretreatment and post treatment was constructed,which was operated at a treatment scale of 216 m3/d and the engineering effect was evaluated by 6 months continuous operation data.The results showed that under the operation load of A,O1 and O2 at 6,6 and 0.5 kg COD/(m3·d),the COD,BOD5,NH+4-N and SS reduced from 11 000~13 000 mg/L,5 500~6 500 mg/L,560~640 mg/L,7 000~9 000 mg/L to 56.8~59.2 mg/L,4.7~4.9 mg/L,8.6~9.5 mg/L,37.0~39.4 mg/L,respectively.All the effluent indexes met the first grade standards of Water Pollution Discharge Limits(DB4426-2001) in Guangdong Province(primary standard of the second period).The developed process achieves obvious engineering effectiveness and exhibits popularization and application value.

The production of carboxylic acids and their derivatives which are hydrolyzed from nitrile by nitrile-hydrolyzing enzyme(nitrilase or nitrile hydratase/amidase) have been widely used in pharmaceutical.In order to obtain more nitrile-hydrolyzing enzymes(nitrilase or nitrile hydratase/amidase),it is very important to build a high-throughput screening strategy.In this paper,a modified ferric hydroxamate spectrophotometry was established,which is simple,rapid,and high-throughput.The accuracy of the method established was validated by the bioconversion of nitrile hydrolysis with the resting cells of Rhodococcus sp.CCZU10-1.The results indicate that the accuracy of this method for assaying carboxylic acids is as high as the HPLC-based method.Therefore,the method established can be used for the screening and application of microorganisms with nitrile-hydrolyzing activity.

The contribution of the suspended substance,colloid and dissolved components to residual COD value in the biological effluent of coking wastewater was investigated by the methods of sequential filtration and chemical analysis.The UV-vis spectrum and GC/MS measurements were used to analyze the properties of organic compounds,aiming to establish an evaluation method for the analysis of COD composition in wastewater treatment.The results showed that the major contributions to residual COD values were suspended substance and colloid,and the ratio was 25.9%—46.3% and 18.7%—44.4%,respectively.It was indicated that about 35%—45% of the total COD from suspended and colloid components were removed by coagulation.The COD of dissolved components was 24.6%—40.7% of the total COD,and therein 4.3%—15.8% of the total COD was contributed by the reducing inorganic such as sulphide and thiocyanide.The remaining COD was contributed by chain alcohols,hydrocarbons,esters and other dissolved organic matters.Oxidation and adsorption are the suggested methods for decreasing the COD of the dissolved components in order to satisfy the higher standards.The results also provide an important theory basis for the selection of advanced treatment technologies for coking wastewater.

On the basis of the data of 38 coking plants,the technical development of coking process is reviewed.The effluents of coking wastewater with respect to the size of coke oven,the process of coke quenching and the proportion of caking coal are compared.The changes in composition of coking wastewater with respect to the recovery of chemical products,local coal quality and management level are analyzed.The influence factors of coking wastewater composition are identified.Development of new coking technology,combined with the intensification and integration of unit processes,is an effective way to control industrial pollution with the purpose of cleaner production and resource recycling.

Few studies have been devoted to the real-time analysis of the variation in cyanide concentration in a coking wastewater treatment plant,although this is important for the design of such a plant.This work presented a method to allow high-efficiency removal of cyanide,based on the analysis of the data collected from a real A/O1/H/O2 coking wastewater treatment plant(Shaogang,Guangdong).The results showed that the biodegradation rate of cyanide was much slower than that of phenols present in the biological system,and the degradation rate of metal-complexed cyanide was much slower than that associated with uncomplexed cyanide.The effective removal of carbon and nitrogen in the A/O1/H/O2 biological system was responsible for achieving high-efficiency biodegradation of cyanide.In addition,this work demonstrated that the high-efficiency treatment of coking wastewater could be realized by taking into account the synergetic effect of biodegradation kinetics for different components and the optimization of operating conditions.

A novel biological fluidized bed was designed and developed to deal with high-concentration refractory organic industrial wastewater. From 12 successful projects, three cases of dyeing wastewater treatment projects with the scale of 1200, 2000 and 13000 m3/d respectively were selected to analyze the principle of treating refractory organic wastewater with fluidized bed technology and discuss the superiority of self-developed biological fluidized bed from the aspects of technical and economic feasibility. In the three cases, when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of biological system were 23, 34 and 21. 8 h, and the volume loading of influents (COD) were 1.75, 4.75 and 2.97 kg/(m3 x d), the corresponding COD removal were 97.3%, 98.1% and 95.8%. Furthermore the operating costs of projects were 0.91, 1.17 and 0.88 yuan per ton of water respectively. The index of effluent all met the 1st grade of Guangdong Province wastewater discharge standard. Results showed that the biological fluidized bed had characteristics of shorter retention time, greater oxygen utilization rate, faster conversion rate of organic pollutants and less sludge production, which made it overcome the shortcomings of traditional methods in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. Considering the development of technology and the combination of ecological security and recycling resources, a low-carbon wastewater treatment process was proposed.

Wastewater from yeast plant is a typical refractory one with deep color and high concentration of organic matter and sulfate.The biodegradation characteristics of organic compounds and the treatment processes of yeast wastewater are presented.The technical characteristics of biological treatment processes are analyzed,and the importance of efficient biological reactor is indicated.A self-designed three-phase biological fluidized bed was used to treat wastewater from two yeast plants separately.When the influent COD loadings were 9.00—9.53 kg/(m3·d) and 7.84—8.67 kg/(m3·d) respectively and the total hydraulic retention time(HRT)was less than 54 h,the average removal rates of COD for both samples were 99.6%.The average removal rates of NH3-N were 98.4% and 98.3% respectively,while the average removal rates of color were 98.0% and 98.5% respectively.Each effluent met the first grade of Guangdong Province wastewater discharge standard(DB44/26—2001).The results indicated that the selected process with a short hydraulic retention time,high organic loading and low running costs is efficient and appropriate for yeast wastewater treatment.

A full-scale jet biogas internal loop anaerobic fluidized bed (JBILAFB) reactor, which requires low energy input and allows enhanced mass transfer, was constructed for the treatment of food processing wastewater. This reactor has an active volume of 798 m3 and can treat 33.3 m3 wastewater per hour. After pre-treating the raw wastewater by settling, oil separating and coagulation-air floating processes, the reactor was operated with a relatively shorter start-up time (55 days). Samples for the influent and effluent of the JBILAFB reactor were taken and analyzed daily for the whole process including both the start-up and stable running periods. When the volumetric COD loading fluctuated in the range of 1.6–5.6 kg COD m−3 day−1, the COD removal efficiency, the volatile fatty acid(VFA)/alkalinity ratio, the maximum biogas production and the content of CH4 in total biogas of the reactor were found to be 80.1 ± 5%, 0.2–0.5, 348.5 m3 day−1 and 94.5 ± 2.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that anaerobic granular sludge and microorganism particles with biofilm coexisted in the reactor, and that the bacteria mainly in bacilli and cocci were observed as predominant species. All the data demonstrated that the enhanced mass transfer for gas, liquid and solid phases was achieved, and that the formation of microorganism granules and the removal of inhibitors increased the stability of the system.

Toxic pollutants from coking wastewater have negative impacts on nitrifying bacteria and can undermine the stability of nitrification process.This study investigated a wastewater treatment technique of A/O1/H/O2 based on the water monitoring data,several major pollutants were found to have inhibitory effect on nitrification in the second aerobic fluidized bed.The result indicated that phenol,SCN-and quinoline could inhibit the nitrification process,EC50 values of the pollutant were 34.26,278.5 and 73.24 mg/L,respectively.In order to reach the optimum operating condition of the secondary aeration process,C/N ratio should be 4.3/1,pH 8～8.5 and DO 4～5 mg/L,under this condition ammonia level in the effluent was less than 5 mg/L.It showed that the coking wastewater biological treatment adopting A/O1/H/O2 could hold strong anti-inhibitory effect of toxic pollutants and also achieved low-power high-performance nitrification.

Considering the existence of the organic chlorides with low concentration and solubility in water environment or industrial wastewater,the simulation of a biomimetic adsorption principle to separate the low-dose component from water was studied.Pomelo peel was selected as the biomass and the carbonaceous adsorbents were prepared at 600℃ to investigate the pCNB's adsorption efficiency.The adsorption mechanism was proposed by studying the effect of substrate concentration on the adsorption effects,adsorption isotherm model and adsorption kinetic equation.It was found that pCNB removal efficiency was 85.88% and the first adsorption stage was physical adsorption,the second was chemical adsorption when its initial concentration was 35 mg/L at 25±1℃ and pCNB adsorption reached a balance after 8 h.The adsorption reaction was consistent with second-order kinetic equation(R2 =0.999),kinetic parameter(k) was 1.450 g/(mg·h),equilibrium adsorption capacity(qe) was 30.06 mg/g.Adsorption isotherm results showed that pCNB adsorption by biological carbon could be described well with Langmuir model,and surface absorption played a leading role in the process of pCNB adsorption into biological carbon.The largest amount of pCNB adsorption by pomelo peel prepared biological carbon was up to 64.52 mg/g,suggesting that the biological carbon could remove pCNB with low concentration in wastewater as a cheap and effective adsorbent.

Considering the existence of the variety organic pollutants and the safty risks in biological treated coking wastewater,the advanced process of oxidation/adsorption/coagulation was builded,based on the physical and chemical characteristics of organic matter.Under the reaction conditions of PFS concentration 300 mg/L,NaClO concentration 40 mg/L,AC concentration 500 mg/L,reaction time 0.5 h and pH 7.0,the COD and chroma moval rates were above 75% and 80%,separately,besides the COD and chroma droped to 60 mg/L and 20 below separately after the treatment of oxidation first and then absorption and coagulation to the coking wastewater.In addition,GC/MS was used to carry out the qualitative analysis of organic compositions in wastewater,the majority of wastewater monocyclic aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic compounds,some heterocyclic chemicals,organic chlorides and bromides were removed,but part of long-chain alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons was almost non-functional.The results showed that the effect of the process of oxidation/adsorption/coagulation had the structure-activity relationship with the structures and the forms of the organic compounds,the synergy of oxidiation and catalytic was the key to efficient removal.

针对焦化废水中的有毒污染物会对敏感易受干扰的硝化细菌产生不利影响从而破坏硝化过程稳定性的现象,采用A/O1/H/O2工艺处理焦化废水的实际工程为研究对象,根据工程运行的水质监测数据分析,发现几种主要污染物的浓度变化会对二级好氧段的硝化过程产生抑制影响。序批式毒性抑制实验结果表明,苯酚、硫氰化物和喹啉对硝化过程具有毒性抑制作用,半抑制浓度EC50分别为34.26、278.5和73.24 mg/L。当二级好氧工艺段运行正常时（C/N约4.3/1,pH8～8.5,DO 4～4.5 mg/L）,出水氨氮浓度可低于5 mg/L,是由于焦化废水经厌氧/好氧/水解工艺后毒物浓度大幅下降,毒性得到削减,表明焦化废水生物处理A/O1/H/O2组合流化床工艺具有较强抵抗毒物抑制并实现高效的硝化作用。

The foaming wastewater from coking wastewater station was studied.It was treated by Fenton oxidation technology.The effects of H2O2 dosage,Fe2+ concentration,pH and reaction time on the process were reviewed.The biodegradability was compared through biodegradation experiment and organic compounds in the foaming wastewater analyzed by GC/MS method.The results indicated that COD removal rate of the foaming wastewater could reach 68% when =100 mmol/L,=100 mg/L,pH=3 and the reaction time 30 min.The B/C value was increased from 0.12 to 0.38 after Fenton oxidation.The foaming wastewater contained kinds of organic pollutants,such as phenols,anilines,nitriles,esters,quinoline,pyridine and so on.Most of the pollutants belonged to non-biodegradable compounds and presented high toxicity.Fenton reagent had strong ability for oxidizing the hard-biodegradable compounds and could turn them into low-toxic or nontoxic products with small molecular structure.Therefore,Fenton oxidation process could create a better environment for the post-treatment of foaming wastewater.

The self-designed new A/O biological fluidized bed was used to treat food processing wastewater.The designed capacity is 800 m3/d.When the influent concentrations of COD,NH_3-N,SS and oil are 957.6 mg/L to 6 841.4 mg/L,11.5 mg/L to 42.3 mg/L,50.3 mg/L to 982.5 mg/L and 6.2 mg/L to 22.7 mg/L respectively,the obtained effluent quality can meet the classⅠcriteria of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB 8978-1996).Biogas and wastewater are co-recycled in the new jet aeration internal-loop anaerobic fluidized bed,the wastewater and anaerobic sludge are mixed enough in it.When the recycle ratio,HRT and average volume loading are 1.2,24 h and 2.06 kg/(m3·d)to 3.96 kg/(m3·d)respectively,the COD removal rate and the largest biogas production can reach about 80% and 180.5 m3/d respectively.In the new horizontal aerobic three-phase fluidized bed,the ratio of height to length and width is only designed at 0.47 and 0.64,but there is good fluidization effect in this reactor.Otherwise,the three-phase separator is designed successfully so that the high biomass concentration is kept in the two new reactors,which ensures high efficiency and low energy consumption of industrial organic wastewater treatment.