Fly ash (FA) is rich in SiO2 and Al2O3, exhibiting potential as a catalyst support for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactions. However, its practical application is restricted due to inert oxygen species and insufficient acidic sites. Herein, a series of fly ash-based catalysts were prepared via a sequential method combining acid pretreatment and wet impregnation. The synthesized Mn-Ce/AFA catalyst exhibited outstanding low-temperature denitration performance, reaching a NOx conversion rate of 100

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in redox catalysis over spinel oxides, contributing to both thermal and electrochemical oxidation processes, especially in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Species such as lattice oxygen (Olatt) and adsorbed oxygen (Oads) govern catalytic performance through structure-dependent activation and regeneration pathways. This review critically evaluates three major strategies for tuning ROS behavior: surface defect engineering, lattice doping and interface construction. This study delves into the activation and migration mechanisms of diverse oxygen species at the surface and bulk phases of metal oxides from an electronic perspective. Using spinel oxides renowned for their complex and abundant surface-active oxygen species as research object, we systematically synthesized the molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reported in existing literature to elucidate the intrinsic correlations between oxygen species and the reaction rates of the catalytic oxidation processes of various VOCs. Based on existing research, this work proposes rational design principles for spinel-based catalysts in oxidation reactions, aiming to advance the rational development of next-generation VOCs oxidation catalysts.

Lattice oxygen turnover dictates both activity and stability for spinel-catalyzed VOCs oxidation, yet its stepresolved correlation with specific metal-oxygen ensembles is still obscure, hampering performance optimization and even causing deactivation. Here, non-redox-active Mg2 + /Al3+ probes are employed to selectively reorganize Co-O configuration, offering a clean platform controlling lattice oxygen behavior. The optimized CoAl spinel with a well-balanced Co-O distribution delivers a state-of-the-art toluene oxidation rate of 0.35 x 10-8 mol.m-2.s-1 at 180 degrees C and excellent stability even in 8 H2O, outperforming reported spinel oxides. Conversely, tetrahedral (unoptimized Co-Al spinel) and octahedral bias (Mg-Co spinel) reduce oxidation rates by 2.6- and 3.9fold, respectively, with the octahedral bias leading to a 39.8 % conversion decline over 50 h. A quantitative correlation between Co dual-site synergy and lattice oxygen turnover dynamics is established, revealing that the oxidation rate scales linearly with the descriptor of octahedral-tetrahedral pair (1:1) content. The intrinsic origin lies in that octahedral Co-O provides electron-deficient lattice oxygen that can be readily extracted, while tetrahedral Co-O accelerates oxygen vacancy backfilling, and catalytic oxidation depends on the equilibrium between the two. Our findings forge the site-electron-oxygen-performance connection, offering a roadmap for translating site-level insights into spinel catalysts with durable and efficient VOCs oxidation performance.

Red mud (RM)-derived catalysts show promise for volatile organic compound (VOCs) catalytic oxidation, yet enhancing their sulfur resistance is essential for practical longevity. This study developed a Cu-V bimetallic catalyst supported on acid-treated red mud (Cu-V/ARM). Compared to the monometallic Cu/ARM counterpart, Cu-V/ARM demonstrated superior toluene oxidation activity and significantly enhanced SO2 resistance. Under exposure to 200 ppm SO2, Cu-V/ARM achieved 90% toluene conversion (T90) at 264 degrees C, representing a remarkable 33 degrees C reduction in T90 compared to the original Cu/ARM catalyst (T90 = 297 degrees C). Comprehensive characterization revealed that V doping fostered synergistic interactions between Cu and V species, enriching the catalyst surface with diverse oxygen species. Active chemisorbed oxygen species facilitated toluene adsorption and methyl group activation, while enhanced lattice oxygen mobility promoted deep oxidation via aromatic ring cleavage. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SO2 + O2 temperature-programmed desorption (SO2 + O2-TPD), and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in-situ DRIFTs) studies indicated preferential reaction of SO2 with surface V sites, protecting critical Cu sites essential for the redox cycle during toluene oxidation. Furthermore, vanadium incorporation lowered the thermal decomposition temperatures of the formed sulfates and sulfites. This work provides a novel strategy for designing robust, sulfur-resistant RMbased catalysts and delivers fundamental insights for the efficient purification of sulfur-laden industrial off-gases.

Aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., acetone) usually exist in typical industrial environments. Although catalytic oxidation is promising for their simultaneous removal, competitive adsorption and the selective reactivity of oxygen species limit its synergistic efficiency. Herein, Lanthanum (La) was introduced to modulate the electron localization at tetrahedral (Td) and octahedral (Oh) sites in CoMn2O4, thereby governing the distribution and reactivity of oxygen species, accompanied by an overall shift in surface acid-base properties. The large ionic radius and low electronegativity of La3+ induce pronounced lattice distortion and charge redistribution, particularly in tetrahedral sites of La0.1Co catalyst, activating otherwise inert CoTd-O units for efficient O2 activation and rapid replenishment of oxygen vacancies under high temperature conditions. Simultaneously, La doping weakens MnOh-O bonds at octahedral sites and stabilizes Mn4+ to enhance lattice oxygen mobility and reactivity. This dual activation enhances electrophilic attack on aromatic rings and promotes C-H bond activation, governing the oxidation of toluene and acetone. The overall optimization of surface acid-base properties mitigates competitive adsorption and facilitates the degradation of reaction intermediates. Notably, for mixed VOCs removal, La0.1Co lowers the T90 for toluene by 45 °C and increases the specific reaction rate of toluene oxidation compared to pristine CoMn2O4. This work provides insights and modification strategies for designing efficient catalysts tailored to both single- and mixed-component VOCs.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts face the challenge of K+-Pb2+-PO43- (multi-poisons) co-poisoning in industrial applications (e.g., waste incinerator). Typically, K+/Pb2+ act as acidic poisons, deactivating basic sites like hydroxyl species, while PO43- acts as a basic poison, deactivating acidic sites such as transition metal ions. Herein, bifunctional frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) sites were constructed on Fe-Mn oxide catalysts, enabling the selective capture of poisons according to the acid-base characteristics. The designed Fe5Mn5 catalyst maintains nearly 100% NOx conversion at 150 degrees C after exposure to multi-poisons. This exceptional resistance originates from the FLP structure (Fe3+-O2- -Mn4+ units) through dual synergistic mechanisms: (I) Spatial sieving of poisons: Bimetallic Lewis acid sites (Fe3+/Mn4+) selectively bind PO43- , while the Lewis base (electron-rich bridging O2- ) preferentially adsorbs K+/Pb2+, forming a protective passivation layer. (II) Self-adaptive reconstruction of active sites: The coordination of PO4 3-with Fe3+ triggers the in situ generation of Br & Oslash;nsted acid sites (surface hydroxyl species). This facilitates the reaction between adsorbed NH4+ and bidentate nitrate via the LangmuirHinshelwood pathway, remarkably increasing the reaction rate by 3.2-fold and effectively compensating for active sites loss. This work establishes a FLP-mediated poisoning-resistant mechanism integrating spatial sieving and self-adaptive sites reconstruction, providing a novel design strategy for environmentally stable, industrially applicable catalysts.

Moxifloxacin (MOX), a recalcitrant fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is difficult to remove using conventional wastewater treatments. In this study, cathodic micro-arc plasma electrolysis (CMPE) was employed to investigate the degradation behavior of MOX. The CMPE discharge process evolved through gas film formation, gas film breakdown, and the establishment of stable micro-arc discharge. Under operating conditions of 300 V, pH 7.6, and 0.05 mol center dot L- 1 KCl, 100 mg center dot L- 1 MOX was rapidly degraded, with more than 80% removed within 2 min and complete removal achieved within 14 min. Increasing the initial MOX concentration significantly inhibited degradation efficiency, while applied voltage and solution pH primarily affected early-stage reaction kinetics with limited influence on final removal. Compared with SO42- and NO3- systems, the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) exhibited markedly higher MOX degradation and COD removal, indicating that chloride-derived reactive chlorine species (RCS) play a dominant role in the present CMPE configuration. Radical quenching experiments and OES analysis further suggest that plasma-generated center dot OH, center dot O2- , and possible h+-related oxidative pathways may also participate in MOX transformation. LC-MS analysis revealed that MOX degradation involved side-chain cleavage, defluorination, hydroxylation, and progressive ring-opening of the quinolone structure, ultimately forming low-molecular-weight products. These results support its potential as a promising treatment for highstrength, refractory antibiotic wastewater.

The ceramic coatings on the 22 vol.% Al18B4O33w/AZ91 Mg metal matrix composite (MMC) were fabricated by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique in silicate electrolyte. The optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in the plasma discharge process was collected to evaluate the evolution of plasma parameters with oxidation time. The microstructure, compositions and phase constituents of the PEO coatings were characterized. The electrochemical corrosion behavior of the PEO coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl was evaluated. In addition, the fabrication and properties of PEO coatings on AZ91 Mg alloy were also compared. It is found that the electron temperature for both AZ91 alloy and Al18B4O33w/AZ91 composite is about 3500 K in the plasma discharge channels. The Al18B4O33 whisker reinforcement is firstly molten and then react with MgO to form MgAl2O4 spinel phase under the local high temperature, meanwhile, some Al18B4O33 whiskers as well as Mg matrix are also dissolved into the electrolyte solution. The B spectral line in OES, high concentration of B in solution and the formation of MgAl2O4 spinel phase provide direct evidences that the reinforcement takes part in the chemical reactions in PEO process. PEO treatment significantly improves the corrosion resistance of AZ91 alloy and Al18B4O33w/AZ91 MMC, and their pitting corrosion sensitivity is also greatly suppressed. The corrosion current density of PEO-coated AZ91 alloy and PEO-coated Al18B4O33w/AZ91 MMC are -4.48×10-9 A·cm-2 and -3.73×10-7 A·cm-2 respectively, which is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of uncoated substrate. Meanwhile, the low-frequency impedance (|Z|0.01Hz) of AZ91 alloy and Al18B4O33w/AZ91 MMC also increases two orders of magnitude after PEO treatment.

Adsorption and activation are essential in heterogeneous reactions, particularly for toluene catalytic oxidation. Synergistically enhancing both processes to boost toluene oxidation activity remains a significant challenge. A facile MOFs sacrificial combined with an alkaline solution post-treatment modification strategy was implemented to prepare hierarchically structured MnOx nanosheets (MnOx-S) catalysts. Compared with the Mn2O3-H and MnO2-P catalysts, obtained by the direct pyrolysis of Mn-MOFs and Mn(NO3)2 precursors, the MnOx-S catalyst exhibits a noticeable improvement in catalytic activity for toluene oxidation. The T90 was reduced 26 degrees C and 64 degrees C, respectively. The reason is closely related to the porous nanosheet structure, possessing a highly accessible surface and high density of exposed active sites, thus facilitating the adsorption/activation of reactant molecules. Meanwhile, the strong redox ability in the MnOx-S catalyst boosted oxygen mobility and reactivity, resulting in a 12.4-fold catalytic reaction rate compared with MnO2-P. The accumulation and conversion of benzoates is the rate-limiting step in the toluene oxidation reaction occurring on three distinct catalyst surfaces. This critical step is notably expedited by especially hierarchical structures in MnOx-S catalysts. This work advances the investigation of MOF-related catalytic materials and provides a dual approach that simultaneously enhances both adsorption and reaction processes, facilitating the design of high-performance catalysts for VOCs degradation.

Zeolites derived from fly ash present a sustainable solution for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal, but often suffer from slow molecular diffusion and underutilized pores. Herein, we present a strategy to tailor the zeolite framework by exploiting the inherent iron in fly ash, which effectively overcome the rate-limiting steps of pore diffusion and weak adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. Fe-doped zeolites reduce acetone diffusion time from 92.5 min to 44 min at ambient conditions, extend breakthrough time to 46 min, and achieve a normalized adsorption capacity (QBET) of 0.38 mg/m2. The enhanced adsorption performance can be attributed to the substitution of aluminum by Fe in the zeolitic framework, which significantly increases surface polarity and strengthens hydroxyl group interactions. In situ DRIFTS and DFT calculations provide molecular-level insights into enhanced molecular diffusion mechanism: Fe-doped zeolites exhibit accelerated hydroxyl consumption (20 min vs. 60 min for Fe-free) and stronger acetone adsorption energy (-2.02 eV vs. -0.89 eV). The presence of Fe facilitates rapid acetone adsorption, enabling preferential uptake over acetone and improved moisture resistance. Moreover, Fe-doped zeolites demonstrates exceptional stability. This work establishes a strategy of utilizing intrinsic iron in waste-derived zeolites for high-performance removal of polar VOCs.

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 in biomass combustion flue gas confronts highconcentration alkali metal (K) poisoning. Herein, we propose a recyclable extraction-insertion strategy using acid-treated birnessite-based catalysts to achieve high alkali resistance. Compared to commercial MnO2 catalyst, which suffered severe deactivation after 1 wt% K+ poisoning, the OL-1(H) catalyst showed a surprising enhancement in SCR activity by 1 wt% K+ and only a modest 15.5 % decrease in NOx conversion at 225 degrees C with 7 wt% K+. Physicochemical characterizations and density functional theory calculations revealed that K+ deposition form K2O on the surface of commercial MnO2, disrupting Mn-O active sites. In contrast, K+ tended to migrate from the outer surface into the interlayer, spontaneously exchanging with H+ in the OL-1(H) catalyst. The inserted K+ coordinated with six O2-, attracting surrounding electron clouds and facilitating electron loss from Mn species with unsaturated outer coordination. This resulted in an enrichment of Mn5c enhancing NH3 adsorption and activation, thereby improving NOx removal via the Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism. Equally important, the extraction-insertion process between H+ and K+ further regenerated the K-poisoned catalyst efficiently, restoring the NOx conversion by 23.3 % at 150 degrees C. The recyclable extraction-insertion strategy provides a new paradigm for designing catalysts with ultrahigh alkali resistance and regeneration capacity, applicable across various environmental fields.

Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in flue gases from the coking chemical industry or motor vehicles is often suppressed by co-existing high-concentration CO. The suppression effect can be attributed to the competition of reactive oxygen species. Herein, we present a CuMnOx spinel-based catalyst featuring a heterostructure of Mn2O3 and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 via F- introduction, and CO acts a promoter for toluene oxidation during the simultaneous toluene and CO oxidation process. Compared to the separate toluene oxidation process, T90 decreased by up to 36 degrees C, and the reaction rate increased 34.58-fold at 220 degrees C. The combination of various characterization and density functional theory calculations reveals that the heterostructure promotes Mn-O-Cu charge transfer, leading to high activity of lattice oxygen. The in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra indicate that CO oxidation, which followed Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism, accelerates the in-situ generation of oxygen vacancies (Ov). The in-situ generated Ov further participate in the toluene catalytic oxidation reactions following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism. The extra generated adsorption oxygen species (Oads) accelerates the formation and decomposition of key intermediates like benzoic acid, thereby advancing the rate-determining step of toluene oxidation. The heterostructure activates the surface lattice oxygen, and CO favors replenishing depleted oxygen species, thereby co-accelerating the active oxygen cycling. This study provides deep insights into the catalytic removal mechanisms of VOCs under CO-rich conditions and offers a general strategy for designing multi-pollutant removal catalysts.

The plasma electrolytic polishing (PEP) process on Q235 low-carbon steel anode in [Formula: see text]SO 4 electrolyte was investigated, and its surface properties under different PEP conditions were evaluated. The surface roughness of PEP samples under different electrolyte concentrations, initial roughness, voltages and treating times were measured. The surface morphologies and compositions of typical PEP samples were analyzed, and their wettability and surface free energy under different polishing times were evaluated. It was found that the near-surface temperature of the steel sample raised quickly with increasing the voltage, and then remained at about 100°C after 200[Formula: see text]V, which is beneficial to keep the microstructure and mechanical properties of Q235 low-carbon steel. Under the parameters of 3.0[Formula: see text]wt.% [Formula: see text]SO 4 aqueous solution and applied voltage of 200[Formula: see text]V, the 8[Formula: see text]min PEP treatment could reduce the surface roughness of Q235 low-carbon steel from 2.100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m to 0.437[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. In addition, the polishing efficiency was the highest in the initial PEP stage, meanwhile, it also increased with the increase of initial roughness of the sample. After the PEP treatment, the contact angle of water on low-carbon steel decreased, and its surface free energy was slightly reduced. Moreover, the thickness of natural oxide film on Q235 low-carbon steel was reduced by about 30% after 8 min polishing treatment.

In this work, the norfloxacin antibiotic (NOR) in simulated wastewater solution was rapidly degraded by a novel cathodic micro-arc plasma electrolysis (CMPE) treatment within 20 min. The effects and kinetics of initial pH value of solution, supporting electrolyte, and applied voltage on this NOR degradation process were systematically investigated. The intermediate products are analyzed by a Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (LCMS), and the possible degradation pathways in the NOR degradation process were proposed. The results obtained showed that the NOR removal efficiency increased with the increase of the initial pH value of the solution. When KCl was employed as the supporting electrolyte instead of KNO3 and K2SO4, the removal efficiency of NOR is the highest. In addition, the removal efficiency is not significantly different at 340 V, 380 V, and 420 V, but it is more beneficial to the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the increase of average current efficiency (ACE) at 380 V. Furthermore, under the optimized operating parameters for the initial pH value of 9, supporting electrolyte of KCl, and applied voltage of 380 V, the 100 mg/L NOR solution can be completely removed within 10 min, and the energy yield and average current efficiency were 0.385 g (kW.h)(-1) and 0.118. Further, it is found that the degradation pathways of NOR mainly include the piperazine ring opening, hydroxylation, defluorination, and quinoline ring transformation. Overall, this study provides a high-efficiency and novel technique for the NOR degradation treatment.

The selective catalytic reduction with ammonia (NH3-SCR) has been the state-of-the-art technology for NOx pollutant control, in which the catalyst plays a key part. Along with the urgent academic pursuit of higher SCR activity at lower temperatures, manganese oxides are considered one of the most promising components to construct a strong oxidation center for the catalyst surface. However, the rough use of manganese oxides has only a limited promotion effect on lowering the temperature window of the catalyst. Their SCR performance will be largely determined by the physicochemical properties of manganese oxides of different crystal phases (& alpha;, & beta;, & gamma;, and & delta;-MnO2) and the modulation methods of acid centers, which are still controversial and lack systematic and reliable arguments. In this paper, we conducted comprehensive research on their physicochemical properties and proposed a reliable evaluation of their potential for SCR reaction via density functional theory (DFT) calculation. W and Mo were introduced as new acid centers to pair with redox centers. Among the & alpha;-, & beta;-, & gamma;-, and & delta;-MnO2, & gamma;-MnO2 showed the strongest NH3 adsorption capacity with relatively high NO capture ability. However, when Mn atoms coordinated with W or Mo atoms to form Mn-O-W or Mn-O-Mo bonds on the & alpha;-MnO2 surface, the altered electronic distribution characteristics resulted in the maximum NH3 and NO adsorption energies with the minimum dehydrogenation barrier. Mo 4d had better bonding interaction with N 2p compared with W 5d, showing a higher NH3 capture ability. The electron transfer results indicated that the high catalytic activity of MnO2 originated from the strong interaction between H and the O2c site on the surface, while the O2c site easily forms an oxygen vacancy. Additionally, W or Mo doping may change the rate-determining steps.

In this paper, oxide coatings were prepared on Ti-48Al-2Cr-2 V alloy in 50 vol% glycerin solution by cathodic plasma electrolytic oxidation (CPEO) at 300 V-340 V for 5 min. The morphologies, microstructure and phase components of CPEO coatings were analyzed. Air acoustical and sample vibrational signals during the CPEO process were collected and their frequency spectra were analyzed. The electron temperature and electron concentration in plasma discharge envelope was calculated on the basis of optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The thickness and microhardness of oxide coating on gamma-TiAl alloy at 340 V reached to 26 mu m and 765 HV. The surface energy of CPEO coatings reduced to 24-28 mJ/m2 from 32.56 mJ/m2 of bare gamma-TiAl alloy. The CPEO coatings were composed of Al2TiO5, anatase, rutile and alpha-Al2O3 phases. The average electron temperature in plasma discharge zone was about 5500 K, which greatly enhanced the growth of CPEO coating on gamma-TiAl alloy. Furthermore, the frequency spectra of air acoustic and sample vibrational signals were related to the voltagetime and current-time evolutions in the CPEO process. The sample vibration is more sensitive than the air acoustic in diagnosing the spark discharge of CPEO process on the gamma-TiAl alloy cathode.

The purpose of this study was to indicate the effect of the presence of the carbon and nitrogen diffusion zone below the boride layers of Q235 low-carbon steel. The boride layers were produced by cathodic plasma elec-trolysis treatment (PET). Based on the results, the boride layer thickness on the treated samples at 260 V and 300 V varied from 10 mu m to 22 mu m. The XRD and GDOES analysis demonstrate that the boride layer on the treated samples mainly consists of single Fe2B phase, and the top loose layer mainly contain Fe2O3, Fe3C, Fe4N, and BN phases. The boride layers exhibited excellent scratch resistance compared to the bare Q235 steel. In addition, the plasma electron temperature was around 3000-4500 K, and the frequency spectra of acoustic signals were related to the voltage-time and current-time curves. At the high temperature and strong electric field, the decomposition reaction of electrolyte and the growth mechanism of the boride layers were discussed.

Ternary surface hardening layers were prepared on the Q235 low-carbon steel by plasma electrolytic borocarbonitriding(PEB/C/N) under constant voltage of 260-300 V for 30 min. The microstructure, phase components and hardness depth profiles of the B + C + N ternary hardening layers were examined. The ternary hardening layers were composed of a boride layer with single Fe2B phase and a transition layer. The thickness of modified boride layers on the PEB/C/N samples was about 10 um, 15 um and 22 um at 260 V, 280 V and 300 V, respectively. The maximum hardness of boride layer was 2400 HV for the 300 V PEB/C/N sample. The surface free energy of bare Q235 steel and PEB/C/N samples at 260, 280 and 300 V were 41.084, 32.039, 26.906 and 25.726 mJ/m(2), which were calculated on the basis of their contact angles for water and n-hexadecane. Furthermore, the hardening layers exhibited excellent corrosion behavior due to the improved hydrophobicity for the dense boride layer. The lowest wear rate of PEB/C/N sample at 300 V is about 2.0375 x 10(-6) mm(3)/N center dot m, which is only 1/15 of the bare Q235 steel, the ternary hardening treatment shows a better wear resistance than the bare Q235 steel.

金属表面液相等离子体电解渗技术包括等离子体电解渗碳、渗氮、渗硼等.它具有渗透效率高、工作电压低、处理工艺简单、成本低等优点.主要介绍了钢铁、钛等金属表面等离子体电解渗硼技术的最新进展,分析了它的放电过程和基本原理,研究了渗硼过程的光发射谱,并评估了等离子体放电区的电子温度、电子浓度特征参数.分析了渗硼层的生长过程和形成机理,探讨了金属基体成分、工作电压、处理温度和电解液的组成等关键参数,对渗硼层的显微组织和相成分的影响.最后简要探讨了等离子体电解渗硼技术目前存在的问题和后续的发展方向.

采用差热分析法测定KCl-NaCl-NaF-(TiO2)体系的初晶温度,根据测定的数据得出了KCl-NaCl-NaF-(TiO2)熔盐体系初晶温度,分析了组元NaF对KCl-NaCl-NaF-(TiO2)体系初晶温度的影响.通过HSC热力学计算出该体系在高温下的反应,并通过XRD物相分析出在KCl-NaCl-NaF体系下TiO2的溶解机理.结果 表明:KCl-NaCl-NaF-(TiO2)体系初晶温度随着组元NaF摩尔含量的增加而增大,同时通过对熔盐的X射线衍射分析及各物质间反应的热力学分析,表明TiO2对KCl-NaCl-NaF体系初晶温度影响很小,TiO2在KCl-NaCl-NaF体系的溶解行为为化学溶解.