Aims:The habitat selection of animals is a scale-dependent ecological process, affected by environmental factors across spatial scales.Studying key factors which influence habitat selection across both spatial and temporal scales is tantamount to a comprehensive understanding of species' resource requirements and effective habitat protection.Chinese monal (Lophophorus lhuysii), an alpine-obligate Galliformes species native to China, has received a first-class National Protected Wildlife status with a high priority for global conservation.To our knowledge, no study to date has examined habitat selection of Chinese monal across spatial and temporal scales.In this paper, we detail how Chinese monal habitat selection patterns may reveal habitat in critical need for protection to facilitate its persistence and the conservation of biodiversity at scale.Methods: During October 2019 to October 2020, we constructed 15 transect localities and established a network of infrared camera monitoring stations in Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan.In total, we sampled 303 quadrats, including both microhabitat used by Chinese monal and systematic controls and collected landscape-scale habitat usage data from 176 wildlife cameras.To examine spatial patterns in habitat selection of Chinese monal, we used principal component analysis (PCA) and logistic regression models to analyze the data at the microhabitat and landscape scales, respectively.Furthermore, our analyses separate data from breeding (March-August) and non-breeding (September-February) periods, which allowed us to examine interactions in habitat utilization at both spatial and temporal scales.Results: At the landscape scale, the Chinese monal showed similar habitat selection patterns during breeding and non-breeding periods, with significant preferences for habitats (1) at higher elevation (3,700-4,300 m), (2) intermediate slopes (27°-33°), (3) proximity to exposed slope-faces, and (4) a higher proportion of meadows and tundras (complimented by a lower proportion of forests and bushes).At the microhabitat scale, the Chinese monal displayed significant preferences for habitats with higher rock coverage during breeding period.However, during non-breeding period, habitats with higher herbage coverage and lower shrub and litter coverage were significantly preferred.Conclusions: Our research indicates that Chinese monal show habitat specificity at both landscape and microhabitat scales, as well as seasonal variation in microhabitat selection reflecting changes in resource demands at different life stages.These findings enrich our understanding of the life history, biology, and ecology of Chinese monal.Given the endangered status of this species, we believe our research can inform more effective habitat and population management in the Wolong National Nature Reserve and beyond.

NMHCs concentrations and VOCs components were sampled from 12 typical catering units in Sichuan Province. Combined with literature data, the cooking source profile containing 117 VOCs was established comprehensively, and the NMHCs emission factors were obtained. Based on the bottom-up research method, the volatile organic compounds emission inventory of cooking sources in Sichuan Province was established. The results showed that the oxygen and alkane groups were the most important components for Sichuan cuisine, barbecue, and canteen, and the total proportion of the two groups was greater than 75%. The main VOCs species were ethanol, formaldehyde, ethane, hexanal, ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, and acrolein. Oxygen-containing components contributed the most to OFP, followed by olefin. The major OFP contributors were formaldehyde, ethylene, ethanol, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, hexanal, etc. In 2019, the VOCs emissions and OFP values of cooking sources in Sichuan Province were 32kt and 141kt, respectively, accounting for approximately 5% of the anthropogenic VOCs emissions and OFP values in Sichuan Province. The VOCs emission from cooking may have an important contribution to ozone formation, which means more attention should be paid to cooking.

高海拔山区气候条件恶劣,资源匮乏,探究同域分布的近缘物种如何利用有限的资源以实现稳定共存,对于了解高山生态系统生物多样性格局的形成和维持机制具有重要意义。鸡形目鸟类飞行能力弱,属于典型的地栖物种,生态位空间相对狭窄,可能面临更高的种间竞争压力。本研究旨在比较几种同域分布的鸡形目鸟类的时空生态位,为了解高山生态系统同域物种的共存机制提供新的研究案例。2020年4–9月,研究人员在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区海拔3,300–4,200m的高山区域进行了野外调查,通过样线法和样方法对鸡形目鸟类群落优势物种绿尾虹雉（Lophophorus lhuysii）、雉鹑（Tetraophasis obscurus）和雪鹑（Lerwalerwa）繁殖期的微生境进行调查,使用红外相机对其活动节律进行监测,并运用核密度估计法从微生境利用和日活动节律两个生态维度进行了种间生态位比较。结果显示,雪鹑在微生境利用和日活动节律上均与其他两个物种存在显著差异。绿尾虹雉与雉鹑在微生境的利用上具有相似偏好;但绿尾虹雉的早活动高峰晚于雉鹑,晚活动高峰早于雉鹑,表现出显著的种间日活动节律差异;然而,整合两个维度后,绿尾虹雉和雉鹑的整体生态位仍然高度重叠,没有显著分化。本研究表明高山鸡形目物种间的生态位分化体现于多个不同的生态维度,并且不同物种之间的分化方式有所差异。在空间和时间生态位上的显著分化使雪鹑与同域物种间的竞争压力相对较小,有利于其实现稳定共存。而绿尾虹雉与雉鹑的整体生态位高度重叠,建议进一步对其食性开展研究,探讨营养生态位上的潜在种间分化。

都江堰地区位于生物多样性热点地区,具有丰富的鸟类多样性,但迄今仍缺乏全面的鸟类物种名录.本研究于2016年5月至2019年8月,在都江堰地区采用固定样线法开展了鸟类多样性调查,结合历史文献共记录该地区鸟类17目61科311种.其中留鸟184种(59.2％),夏候鸟68种(21.9％),冬候鸟35种(11.3％),旅鸟24种(7.7％);繁殖鸟类252种(81.0％);雀形目鸟类212种(68.2％);国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类9种(2.9％),国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类50种(16.1％),中国特有鸟类15种(4.8％).研究发现,常绿-落叶阔叶混交林及灌丛中的鸟类物种最多,而常绿针叶林和竹林中的鸟类物种最少.都江堰地区鸟类群落丰富度的峰值出现在1,580-1,890 m海拔段,在1,890-2,200 m海拔段最低,呈现出单峰分布格局.作为生物多样性热点地区和旅游热点地区,都江堰今后应避免发展大规模单一的人工经济林,以更好地维系该地区丰富的鸟类多样性,并加强对该地区生物多样性的监测、研究和保护.

Pheasants (order Galliformes) are typical ground‐dwelling birds, having a large body size and weak flight abilities. Sympatric pheasants are expected to share narrower niche space and face more extensive interspecific competition. However, little work has been undertaken simultaneously to investigate niche partitioning among sympatric pheasant species across multiple ecological dimensions. We compared microhabitat use, activity pattern and foraging strategy of sympatric Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus , Buff‐throated Partridge Tetraophasis szechenyii and White Eared‐pheasant Crossoptilon crossoptilon on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China, to identify potential interspecific niche partitioning along different ecological dimensions in the breeding season. We found that the Buff‐throated Partridge differed significantly from the other two species in microhabitat use, and the three species showed different foraging strategies. It is likely that niche partitioning reduced potential interspecific competition, thus facilitating the species’ stable coexistence. Our study provides practical evidence of multidimensional niche theory within sympatric ground‐dwelling pheasant species, emphasizing that species interactions and coexistence within a guild are often not uni‐dimensional. Given global conservation concern for maintaining bird diversity, we recommend further restriction of yak grazing in these species’ habitat.

通过野外调查并结合相关文献,共记录四川察青松多白唇鹿国家级自然保护区鸟类17目52科232种,其中,留鸟136种(58.62％),夏候鸟62种(26.72％),旅鸟29种(12.50％),冬候鸟5种(2.16％);古北界物种112种(48.28％),东洋界物种90种(38.79％),广布种30种(12.93％);世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录鸟类15种(濒危3种,易危4种,近危8种);国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类10种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类24种;中国特有鸟类14种.研究结果表明,在不同生境类型之间,Shannon-Wiener指数为灌丛最高(3.520),裸岩最低(2.548);在不同季节中,夏、秋季物种数目、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数均明显高于春、冬季,尤其在夏季,各项指数均达到最大值.鸟类群落多样性指数峰值均出现在海拔4 050～4 200 m,随着海拔升高,各项指数迅速下降,垂直分布格局呈现出明显的中峰模式.保护区具备多样的生境类型和丰富的鸟类物种多样性,其中还包括了相当数量的珍稀濒危物种和特有种,应加强调查研究和保护.研究保护区内鸟类多样性与区系,有助于了解其多样性分布现状和格局,为保护区管理提供科学参考.

四川梅花鹿Cervus nippon sichuanicus为国家I级重点保护动物,四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区分布有我国现存最大的梅花鹿野生种群.2011年6-9月,采用样方法对保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择进行了调查,共布设109个样方(利用样方61个,对照样方48个),测量并比较了海拔、坡度等20个生境因子.结果显示,梅花鹿偏好利用的植被类型为灌丛、草甸、针叶林,同时选择隐蔽度较高的生境;此外,距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木盖度、灌木密度、草本高度和草本盖度6个连续变量在利用样方和对照样方之间差异有统计学意义(F＜0.05或U＜0.05).回归模型分析结果表明,梅花鹿夏季偏好选择草本盖度大、靠近水源和林缘的生境,回避远离水源和林缘的生境.

Variation in grassland vegetation structure influences the habitat selection of insectivorous birds. This variation presents a trade-off for insectivorous predators: Arthropod abundance increases with vegetation height and heterogeneity, but access to arthropod prey items decreases. In contrast, grazing by large herbivores reduces and homogenizes vegetation, decreasing total arthropod abundance and diversity. However, the presence of livestock dung may help counteract the overall reduction in invertebrates by increasing arthropods associated with dung. It is unclear, however, how the presence of arthropod prey in dung contributes to overall habitat selection for insectivorous birds or how dung-associated arthropods affect trade-offs between vegetation structure, arthropod abundance, and access to prey. To explore these relationships, we studied habitat selection of the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis), a large omnivorous bird that breeds on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We assessed the relationships between habitat selection of cranes and vegetation structure, arthropod abundance, and the presence of yak dung. We found that Black-necked Cranes disproportionately foraged in grassland patches with short sward height, low sward height heterogeneity, and high numbers of dry yak dung, despite these habitats having lower total arthropod abundance. Although total arthropod abundance is lower, these habitats are supplemented with dry yak dung, which are associated with coleopteran larvae, making dung pats an indicator of food resources for breeding Black-necked Cranes. Coleopteran adults and larvae in yak dung appear to be an important factor influencing the habitat selection of Black-necked Cranes and should be considered when assessing grassland foraging trade-offs of insectivorous birds. This research provides new insights into the role of livestock dung in defining foraging habitats and resources for insectivorous predators.

水鹿是我国二级重点保护野生动物.2016年5月到2017年5月,利用红外相机技术在四川鞍子河自然保护区的非盐井生境和盐井生境(盐场)对水鹿的群体结构、日活动节律及舔盐活动节律进行了研究.基于设置的108个红外相机,共收集到水鹿在非盐井区域的独立照片620张,盐井区域的独立照片401张.水鹿日活动节律在不同季节具有较大差异:春季日活动高峰出现在17:00～20:00;夏季无明显日活动高峰;秋季日活动高峰出现在17:00～19:00;冬季日活动高峰分别出现在08:00～10:00、17:00～19:00、23:00 ～02:00.舔盐活动高峰出现在22:00～04:00,雌雄个体舔盐活动节律大致相同(重叠指数Δ=0.738).水鹿有单独舔盐和集群舔盐两种方式,其中单独舔盐出现频率较高(占总访问频次的57.6％);舔盐的群体一般大小为2～7只,但以2只的群体居多(占总访问频次的21.5％).在非盐井区域和盐井区域独立照片中水鹿的雌、雄出现比例分别为2.05∶1和2.66∶1,表明雌鹿可能更需要补充盐分.本研究结果为保护区内水鹿的保护管理提供了基础的科学依据.

2016年4月至2017年4月,采用红外相机技术和粪便分析法(频率法和剩余物干重法)对四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区内黄喉貂不同季节的日活动节律及食物组成变化进行了研究.结果 显示:(1)黄喉貂主要在白天活动(昼间独立照片数占总独立照片数的85.64％),不同季节黄喉貂日活动节律无显著差异(x2=126.950,df=132,P=0.608),但在不同季节其日活动高峰出现时间不同,春季的活动高峰在16:00～ 19:00(31.65％),夏季活动高峰在15:00～18:00 (26.32％),秋季活动高峰在13:00～16:00 (34.31％),冬季活动高峰在11:00～14:00 (25.00％),并且冬季夜间活动与其他季节相比明显增多;(2)黄喉貂取食食物有兽类、鸟类、昆虫类和植物类等,但兽类是黄喉貂最主要的食物来源,在一年中以兽类的出现频率最高,为95.28％,兽类剩余物的总相对干重百分比达80.99％,其次是植物、鸟类和昆虫;(3)黄喉貂对食物类别的利用表现出明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋三个季节黄喉貂粪便中兽类所占比重最多,春季鸟类出现频率较高,冬季黄喉貂粪便中植物所占比重明显增多.本研究表明,黄喉貂在不同季节其日活动节律和食性均表现出一定的差异,这可能与其繁殖特性和生理代谢需求有关.本研究揭示了黄喉貂的日活动节律及食性的季节性变化,充实了黄喉貂的生物、生态学资料,也为该物种的保护管理提供了参考资料.

Niche theory predicts that, to avoid interspecific competitive exclusion, ecologically similar bird species in sympatry should reduce habitat use overlap, especially when shared resources are limiting in an environment. Dust-bathing sites represent a distinctive behavior-specific habitat, differing from other habitats as they are used for short durations and infrequently. However, we have little understanding of selection, potential interspecific overlap, and partitioning of dust-bathing sites among sympatric species. In this study, we examined overlap and selection of dust-bathing sites of 3 sympatric montane galliform species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Blood Pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus), Szechenyi's Partridge (Tetraophasis szechenyii), and White Eared-Pheasant (Crossoptilon crossoptilon). We identified dust-bathing scrapes and measured habitat characteristics of dust-bathing sites along 10 transects established in Gexigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China, from April to August in 2015. In total, we identified 105 dust-bathing scrapes and established 58 dust-bathing site quadrats. More than one-third of dust-bathing scrapes and similar to 20% of dust-bathing sites were used by multiple species. The 3 species showed no significant differences in the dimensions or soil particle size distributions of their dust-bathing scrapes, nor did we find that habitat features of dust-bathing sites differed significantly among the 3 species (all pairwise overlap indices >0.6). All 3 species preferred surrounding fir forests with dense tree and shrub strata, good concealment that could provide sufficient protection from predators and precipitation, and sparse grass cover with suitable substrates containing finer soil particles for better dust-bathing. Our results suggest that the 3 sympatric galliform species had similar habitat requirements that led to overlap in selection for dust-bathing sites. We recommend further monitoring of temporal use of dust-bathing sites by the 3 galliform species to test potential temporal partitioning mechanisms that may minimize competition between heterospecific and conspecific individuals.

珍稀物种的分布特征是物种濒危等级评定和保护策略制订的基础资料.本文利用MaxEnt模型对分布于凉山山系的珙桐Davidia involucrata(包括光叶珙桐Davidia involucrata var.vilmoriniana)种群的生境分布及其影响因素进行了模拟分析,结果表明:在垂直方向上珙桐主要分布在海拔1500～2300m的中山地带;在水平方向上珙桐基本分布在凉山山系东坡的小凉山地区.珙桐总分布面积为1832.446 km2,其中最适宜生境面积为958.448km2,次适宜生境面积为873.998km2.刀切法检验结果及限制因子分析表明影响珙桐分布特征的主要环境因子有温度季节性变异系数、海拔、最冷月最低温、最冷季降水量、降水季节性变异系数、到居民点距离.本文建议应加强对凉山山系保护区外的大面积珙桐生境的保护及关键连接区域的恢复,以促进山系内珙桐资源的增长和生境的连接.

Understanding the habitat selection by sympatric species can provide insights into species coexistence,competition and niche partitioning,and also has important practical value for developing well-integrated species conservation policies.We studied habitat selection by three sympatric rare high-mountain Galliformes,buff-throated partridges (Tetraophasis szechenyii),white eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon crossoptilon),and blood pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus) in Gexigou National Nature Reserve,Yajiang county,western China from April 2014 to January 2015.Along 17 established line-transects,we detected 65,61 and 66 species occurrence evidences in spring,autumn and winter,respectively.Jacobs's index analysis with the Bonferroni simultaneous-conffidence-interval approach revealed that:(1) in spring,buff-throated partridges preferred fir-larch forests with an obvious avoidance of oak thickets,while white eared-pheasants avoided rhododendron or other miscellaneous shrubs and grasslands.Blood pheasants used all 5 habitat types in proportion to availability;(2) in autumn,blood pheasants avoided rhododendron or other miscellaneous shrubs and grasslands,while buff-throated partridges and white eared-pheasants did not show positive selection or obvious avoidance for any habitat types;(3) in winter,all the three species showed an active avoidance of rhododendron or other miscellaneous shrubs and grasslands.Additionally,white earedpheasants showed a preference for oak thickets.The results indicate interspecific and seasonal differences in habitat selection by the three species.For conservation management of the three species and potentially high-mountain Galliformes throughout western China,we suggest managers to maintain a mosaic of habitats.

A survey was conducted on Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) and their breeding success from April-September, 2013 at Ruoergai National Nature Reserve. There were 893 Black-necked Cranes in September, including 174 breeding pairs (348 birds), 275 chicks, and 270 non-breeding individuals. The cranes mainly were recorded at Huahu, Cuolajian, Haqiu, and Cuoqiu Lakes and the surrounding marshes, as well as riverine marshes at Lalianqiao, Heiqinqiao, and Nanenqiekai valleys. All of them, 70% were breeding pairs, 30% were non-breeding individual, with a largest flock of 106 birds was recorded. Of all breeding pairs, 90.2% had their eggs laid and hatched, mostly in June with 151 chicks (54.5%). Number of chicks accounted for 30.8% of the total number of Black-necked Cranes in September. Effective measures should be taken to protect lakes and other wetlands that are used by Black-necked Cranes for breeding at Ruoergai.