Abstract Abamectin (ABA), a macrocyclic lactone of the avermectin family, is widely used in agriculture and animal husbandry for its insecticidal and anthelmintic properties. The present study investigated the therapeutic and antioxidant potential of curcumin (CUR) and resveratrol (RES) following abamectin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Fifty-eight male rats were randomly assigned to six groups: control (olive oil), CUR, RES, ABA, ABA + CUR, and ABA + RES. Treatments were administered orally for seven days, and liver tissues were collected on day eight for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. ABA exposure significantly decreased hepatic glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, while markedly increasing lipid peroxidation (LPO), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) (p < 0.001). CUR and RES supplementation effectively mitigated these alterations, restoring antioxidant parameters and reducing oxidative stress. Histopathological analysis confirmed severe hepatic injury and elevated TNF-α expression in the ABA group, whereas CUR and RES treatments improved liver architecture and reduced injury scores. These results indicate that CUR and RES effectively attenuate ABA-induced oxidative liver damage and may represent promising adjunctive candidates for managing pesticide-related hepatotoxicity.

Objective: The microenvironment of the oocyte is composed of granulosa cells (GC), which play a vital role in the process of oogenesis. During Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) treatment, the morphological characteristics of GC are evaluated. However, this evaluation does not provide definitive clarity. There is a limited amount of research on the underlying mechanisms of abnormal GC morphology, and it remains incompletely understood. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate apoptosis in GCs with varied morphologies in patients with different infertility etiologies undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-3, cytochrome c, and heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) expression levels, and evaluated their impact on assisted reproduction. Patients and Methods: The study comprised 142 patients, including 65 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 77 with male factor (MF) infertility. The granulosa-oocyte complex was analyzed under a stereomicroscope and classified into dark granulosa cells (DGC) and light granulosa cells (LGC). Fertilization rates, embryonic development, and pregnancy outcomes following ICSI were evaluated. DGC exhibited reduced fertilization and pregnancy rates. Results: Caspase-3 and cytochrome c expression levels were significantly elevated in the PCOS DGC (26, 86.6%; 25, 83.3%) and MF DGC (34, 77.2%; 32, 72.7%) groups compared to the PCOS LGC (8, 22.8%; 5, 14.2%) and MF LGC (4, 12.1%; 7, 21.2%) groups (p = 0.001; p = 0.001), respectively. In contrast, expression levels of HSP-70 were significantly lower in the PCOS DGC (6, 20%) and MF DGC (7, 15.9%) groups compared to the PCOS LGC (31, 88.5%) and MF LGC (32, 96.9%) groups (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In the PCOS group, the number of good quality embryos on day 3 exhibited a positive correlation with HSP-70 expression levels and a negative correlation with cytochrome c expression levels. Our findings suggest that DGC morphology is a reflection of apoptosis, which impacts oocyte quality and, consequently, embryonic development, with PCOS contributing to the worsening of this condition.

Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer that is responsible for most of the cancer related deaths in women. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures are insufficient to mimic the complex tumour environment, so three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures are used to provide a more accurate model. Our study explores the anticancer and antimetastatic effects of linarin on TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231 cells. We conducted experiments using both 2D and 3D cultured cells. Linarin treatment reduced cell viability (2D IC50:120.8 µM ***p < 0.001, 3D IC50: 1949 µM ****p < 0.0001 respectively) and migration (***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001), increased apoptosis, and upregulated Bax and Caspase3/7 protein levels (****p < 0.0001). It also reduced p-p65 and MMP-9 protein expression levels (****p < 0.0001), suggesting possible suppression of survival and metastatic pathways. Linarin also led to a loss of spheroid compactness suggesting interference with its cancer-promoting activities. These findings suggest that linarin could be a promising therapeutic option for TNBC.

Osteoarthritis is characterized by persistent pain and dysfunction in the joints due to joint deformity and degradation. This study intended to develop a new microemulsion formulation of hyaluronic acid incorporating cetyl myristoleate for intra-articular administration and pain control related to arthritis. A titration method was utilized to formulate the microemulsions. The formulations were assessed for clarity, pH, droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and in vitro release analysis. Additionally, CHON-001 healthy human cartilage fibroblast cells were assessed for cytocompatibility. The chosen formulation was examined in vivo in rats. The characterisation investigations revealed that the droplet diameters of the blank, hyaluronic acid loaded and both hyaluronic acid and cetyl myristoleate added as an excepient to the formulation used in in vivo studies were found 25.23 f 3.14 nm, 36.35 f 2.10 nm and 78.8 f 0.4 nm, respectively. PDI values of the mentioned formulations were 0.298 f 0.035, 0.232 f 0.006 and 0.250 f 0.032. The drug concentration in the formulations varied from 9.7 f 0.2 to 9.9 f 0.2 mg/mL. Cell culture tests demonstrated that the formulations had cytocompatible profiles. In vivo studies, Mankin scoring was performed to both show the occurrence of osteoarthritis and to demonstrate improvement. At the end of the study, it was observed that the hyaluronic acid-loaded cetyl myristoleate added formulation statistically significantly increased the improvement compared to the control group and the market product. MMP3 and caspase-3 positive cells were examined by immunohistochemical method. In the results obtained, the addition of cetyl myristoleate as an excipient to the formulation loaded with hyaluronic acid showed a synergistic effect and decreased MMP3 expression in a statistically significant way. However, the number of Caspase-3 positive cells was also significantly reduced in the group to which the formulation was applied. Transmission electron microscope images revealed that in the osteoarthritis animal group, cell integrity were disrupted, microvilli structures degenerated and vacuolization was detected in the cytoplasm of the chondrocytes. The cells showed normal morphology when compared with the patient in the animal groups.In conclusion, the created microemulsion technology may provide a more effective and prolonged therapy of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis compared to conventional medications.

Purpose: Varicoceles can be a source of elevated seminal oxidative stress (OS) and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). However, it remains unclear whether varicocele repair (VR) could reduce these parameters. This systematic review and meta analysis (SRMA) aims to investigate the impact of VR on SDF and seminal malondialdehyde (MDA).Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, Ovid, Embase, and Cochrane databases. This SRMA included randomized controlled trials and observational studies reporting the pre-and postoperative levels of SDF and seminal OS in infertile men with clinical varicocele that underwent VR. Subgroup analyses included techniques of VR and SDF testing. The effect size was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD).Results: Out of 1,632 abstracts assessed for eligibility, 29 studies with 1,491 infertile men were included. The analysis showed a significant reduction in SDF after VR, compared to preoperative values (SMD -1.125, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.410, -0.840; p<0.0001) with high inter-study heterogeneity (I-2=90.965%). Reduction in SDF was evident with microsurgical technique and non-microsurgical inguinal approaches (SMD -1.014, 95% CI -1.263, -0.765; p<0.0001, and SMD -1.495, 95% CI -2.116, -0.873; p<0.0001), respectively. Reduction in SDF was significant irrespective of testing was done by sperm chromatin dispersion (SMD -2.197, 95% CI -3.187, -1.207; p<0.0001), sperm chromatin structure assay (SMD -0.857, 95% CI -1.156, -0.559; p<0.0001) or TUNEL (SMD -1.599, 95% CI -2.478, -0.719; p<0.0001). A significant decrease in seminal MDA levels was observed following VR (SMD -2.450, 95% CI -3.903 to -0.997, p=0.001) with high inter-study heterogeneity (I-2=93.7%).Conclusions: Using pre-and post-intervention data, this SRMA indicates a significant reduction in SDF and seminal MDA levels in infertile men with clinical varicocele treated with VR. These findings may have important implications for the future management of this selected group of infertile patients.

Background: Endometrial cancer remains a significant health concern, with type 1 endometrial cancer characterized by aberrant expression of estrogen-dependent and mTOR pathway proteins. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two novel hydrazone derivatives against the Ishikawa cell line, a model for endometrial cancer. Methods: Two novel hydrazone derivatives, MVB1 and MVB2, were synthesized and characterized. The anticancer activity of the compounds in both two- and three-dimensional cultured Ishikawa cells was evaluated by MTT assay. The interaction of the compounds with proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was evaluated by molecular docking studies and in vitro western blot analyses were performed. Additionally, ADME/T calculations were performed to evaluate the drug-like properties of the compounds. Results: MVB1 and MVB2 showed promising anticancer activity with IC50 values of 8.3 ± 0.5 µM and 9.0 ± 1.2 µM in 2D cultures, respectively, and 49.9 ± 2 µM and 20.6 ± 1.9 µM in 3D cultures, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed significant interactions between these compounds and key proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, with MVB1 exhibiting the highest mean binding score (−10.5 kcal/mol) among PI3K, AKT1, and mTOR proteins. In vitro studies confirmed that MVB1 effectively suppressed PI3K protein expression in both 2D and 3D cultures (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions: The findings suggest that MVB1 and MVB2, especially MVB1, are promising candidates for further development as potential therapeutics for endometrial cancer by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the calpain inhibitor N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN) on neuroapoptotic cell damage caused by Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NP) and exacerbation of damage through brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model. Male Wistar Albino rats (n=80) were divided into eight groups: Control, I/R, CuO-NP, CuO-NP+I/R, I/R+ALLN, CuO-NP+ALLN, CuO-NP+I/R+ALLN, and DMSO. Biochemical markers (MBP, S100B, NEFL, NSE, BCL-2, Cyt-C, Calpain, TNF-α, Caspase-3, MDA, and CAT) were measured in serum and brain tissue samples. Histological examinations (H&E staining), DNA fragmentation analysis (TUNEL) were performed, along with Caspase-3 assessment. The ALLN-treated groups exhibited significant improvements in biochemical markers and a remarkable reduction in apoptosis compared to the damaged groups (CuO-NP and I/R). H&E and Caspase-3 staining revealed damage-related morphological changes and reduced apoptosis in the ALLN-treated group. However, no differences were observed among the groups with TUNEL staining. The findings suggest that ALLN, as a calpain inhibitor, has potential implications for anti-apoptotic treatment, specifically in mitigating neuroapoptotic cell damage caused by CuO-NP and I/R.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of injection of conditioned medium of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC-CM) in a surgically created varicocele model in comparison with varicocelectomy. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham group, varicocele group, varicocelectomy group, and ADMSC-CM injection group. Sperm parameters were analyzed in samples taken from the epididymis after treatment. Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in blood samples were examined by biochemical analysis. The testicular tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histological examination (Johnsen’s Score). Additionally, Western Blot analyzes were performed to detect Claudin-11 levels, the functional protein of the blood-testis barrier, in testicular tissues. Results: Varicocelectomy and ADMSC-CM treatments significantly improved mean sperm parameters (concentration, progressive motility, motility, normal sperm morphology) (p≤0.05 for all). Both treatment groups had increased SOD levels along with a decrease in malondialdehyde levels (p≤0.05 for all). No significant difference was observed between the ADMSCCM group and the varicocelectomy group in preserving normal testicular histology according to Johnsen’s Score (p=0.114). Levels of Claudin-11 were significantly higher in the varicocelectomy and ADMSC-CM groups compared to the varicocele group (p≤0.05 for all). Conclusions: The therapeutic effects of ADMSC-CM in varicocele model may involve secretion of anti-inflammatory and regenerative factors from ADMSC. ADMSC-CM injection appears to be a promising new strategy in the treatment of varicocele.

Due to its high mobility, hip joint plays a crucial role in executing many movements such as standing, sitting, running, crouching. The distribution of mechanoreceptors and neural elements in anatomical structures that provide stabilization of the hip joint is important in determining the optimal surgical incision site for the hip joint stabilizers in patients with coxarthrosis. Various studies have been conducted about the mechanoreceptors and distribution of neural elements in structures such as the transvers acetabular ligament, teres (round) ligament of femur, acetabular labrum and hip joint capsule with using various staining methods. To our knowledge, there is insufficient information about the mechanoreceptor distribution within the anatomic structures that participate in stabilization of the hip joint. This study is planned to examine the distribution of mechanoreceptors in the transverse acetabular ligament, teres ligament, acetabular labrum and joint capsule in samples obtained during the surgery who are operated for hip replacement surgery due to severe coxarthrosis. Each specimen was stained with silver impregnation technique and density of mechanoreceptors were estimated by stereological method. Teres ligament has the highest number of mechanoreceptors among all other specimens. Within the joint capsule, mechanoreceptors were most abundant at its antero-inferior part, whereas its anterior part contained the lowest number of mechanoreceptors. These results suggest that, as the anterior part of hip capsule bears the lowest number of mechanoreceptors, it might be safer for incision during total hip arthroplasty surgery.

Dilek Günay Canpolat1, Türker Yücesoy2, Halis Ali Çolpak3, Özlem Tuğçe Çilingir-Kaya4, Bircan Kolbaşı5, Recep Saraymen6, Habip Karatürk6 Nükhet Kütük2, Mehmet Canpolat7 1 Department of Oral and Maxiloofasial Surgery, Anesthesiologist, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri 2 Department of Oral and Maxiloofasial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul 3 Department of Oral and Maxiloofasial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya 4 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul 5 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul 6 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 7 Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey Ozone therapy and Photobiomodulation on sciatic nerve injury Comparison of the effects of ozone therapy and photobiomodulation on sciatic nerve injury in rats

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent kind of joint disease, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Allium sativum L. was used as a therapeutic agent in the microemulsion system against osteoarthritis due to allicin's high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. HPLC was used to evaluate the chemical components of the Allium sativum methanol extract. Water-in-oil (w/o) type of microemulsions loaded with Allium sativum extract was produced. To create the microemulsions, a titration approach was employed. The microemulsions were prepared using isopropyl myristate (IPM) as oil, Polysorbate 60, Sorbitan monolaurate 80 as surfactants, and Polyethylene glycol 400, ethanol as cosurfactants. The pH, droplet size, viscosity, polydispersity index values were measured to characterize of microemulsions. In addition, L929 healthy mouse fibroblasts and CHON-001 healthy human cartilage fibroblast cells were tested for cytocompatibility in vitro. The therapeutic potential of Allium sativum microemulsion was investigated in rats that had osteoarthritis surgically simulated. HPLC analysis revealed a significant concentration of allicin in the extract. The titration approach was used to create an A. sativum microemulsion (AS) with a narrow droplet size and PDI range. In L929 and CHON-001 cells, cytocompatibility experiments revealed that the maximum dosages of AS microemulsion 5% (v/v) exerted 93.41 +/- 3.11% and 75.59 +/- 2.69% cell viabilities, respectively. Different concentrations of AS (1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% v/v) demonstrated cytoprotective efficacy against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. When compared to the control group, in vivo investigations revealed fewer irregularities on the articular surface and typically arranged chondrocytes in the positive control and treated groups.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently linked with problems of several organ systems, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Additionally, patients have changes in sexual functioning, such as decreased libido and fertility. Vincamine, a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, has hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. Objectives: This research assessed the impact of vincamine on testicular dysfunction in alloxan-induced male rats by measuring fasting blood glucose, oxidative stress, seminal analysis, and histological examination of the testis. Methods: Wister-albino male rats were randomized into the following groups at random: Untreated-healthy, untreated-DM, vincamine-treated (20 mg/kg) DM, vincamine-treated (40 mg/kg) DM, and clomiphene-treated DM (5 mg/kg). On day 14, rats were sacrificed, and semen/blood samples were collected. Sperm count, motility, and morphological abnormalities were noted by microscopic examination. The testis was examined histopathologically and assessed using Johnsen’s score. Results: Compared with the untreated diabetic group, a dosage of 40 mg/kg vincamine generate a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBG). Compared with the untreated diabetic group, the vincamine-treated rats produced greater plasma testosterone levels and Johnsen scores. In the vincamine 20 mg/kg group, sperm concentration was higher than in the vincamine 40 mg/kg group. Conclusions: It is possible that vincamine has a potential preventive effect against diabetes-related reproductive problems attributable to its antioxidant activity and capacity to restore testicular steroidogenesis.

OBJECTIVE:Increasing evidence shows that three dimensional cell culture models better reflect the in vivo tumor microenvironment than two dimensional cell culture models. Co-culture models are ideal cell culture models for understanding the communication between cells and the in vivo microenvironment. Changes in expression levels of E-cadherin are closely related to cancer metastasis and progression. β-catenin mediates cell adhesion of E-cadherin. Endothelial cells are stromal cell components in the tumor microenvironment. It is known that there is little or no expression of E-cadherin in endothelial cells. METHODS:In our study, both two-dimensional and three dimensional mono-culture and co-culture models were created using Huvec and Ishikawa cells (endometrial cancer cell lines) to better reflect cell interactions. Spheroids were followed for three days in the three-dimensional cell culture model. E-cadherin and β-catenin expression levels of two-dimensional and three dimensional mono-culture and co-culture models were measured by immunofluorescence staining. Spheroid images were recorded using a Z-stack. Intensity measurements in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional mono-culture and co-culture models were made using the Image J software. Study groups were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA). Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS:The size of the co-culture spheroids was recorded significantly larger than the mono-culture spheroids (p <0.0001). In two (p = 0.0175) and three dimensional models (p <0.0001), expression levels of E-cadherin in the mono-culture of Ishikawa cells were recorded significantly higher than in Huvec and co-culture cells. Likewise, while the expression levels of β-catenin were higher in the mono-culture of Ishikawa cells in two-dimensional models (p <0.05), no significant difference was observed in three dimensional models (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION:In summary, it has been noted that the expression levels of E-cadherin are significantly reduced in co-cultures of Ishikawa cells with Huvec cells in both two and three dimensions . These results support the idea that endothelial cells may cause changes in endometrial cancer progression by suppressing E-cadherin expression in Ishikawa cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly capable of self-renewal and differentiation. They can be isolated from a variety of sources such as adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord, tooth pulp and can be cultured under in vitro conditions. MSCs have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, angiogenic, immunomodulatory and many more therapeutic effects due to the effects of paracrine factors they secrete. Today, mesenchymal stem cells are used for treatment in more than twenty diseases, from spinal cord injuries to diabetes. However, there is little mention in the literature of the use of these cells in female reproductive system diseases. In this review, a limited number of clinical and experimental studies on the use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, which is very common in women, were examined and analyzed.

Research question: Does chronic stress affect the key proteins and sperm parameters of the blood-testis barrier (BTB)? Design: C57Bl/6 mice were divided into two groups: a non-treated control group and a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) applied group. The stress status of the animals was confirmed with behavioural tests. Histopathologic evaluation was conducted by haematoxylin and eosin staining and electron microscope. Malondialdehyde, corticosterone and testosterone levels were evaluated in peripheral blood. Expression levels of BTB proteins, namely zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-11 (CLDN11) and clathrin in Sertoli cells, were assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques. Sperm samples were collected from cauda epididymis, and sperm parameters analysed. Results: The stress model was confirmed by behavioural tests. Histopathological evaluation of the testes demonstrated a mild degeneration in seminiferous tubules. Malondialdehyde (P = 0.008) and corticosterone levels increased (P = 0.004) and testosterone levels decreased (P = 0.005) in the CUS group. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed the damage in BTB integrity in the CUS group. Western blot analysis showed that ZO-1 and CLDN11 levels were significantly decreased, although clathrin levels were unchanged. Although sperm concentration and total motility rate were not significantly different between the groups, progressive motility (P = 0.03), normal sperm morphology (P = 0.04), chromatin integrity (toluidine blue) (P = 0.002) and the acrosomal reaction rate (P = 0.002) were significantly decreased, and acrosomal abnormality rate was dramatically increased (P = 0.04) in the CUS group. Conclusions: In mice, CUS disrupted BTB integrity and impaired sperm parameters. A decrease in ZO-1 and CLDN11 expression levels may be proposed as the causative factor.

Purpose Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, various tumors and invasive surgery can result in ejaculatory dysfunction and testicular insufficiency. Sperm cryopreservation is the only method which can provide a baby for couples. Cryopreservation freezes tissues and cells, allowing them to be stored for future use by stopping all biological activities. Cryopreservation can cause some harmful changes in the structure and function of the sperm. Leptin molecule plays many roles in most biological processes including the satiety and cell renewal, proliferation, angiogenesis, modulation of energy expenditure and regulation of the neuroendocrine system. Leptin was also reported to be associated with spermatogenesis in several studies. Methods This study aims to use leptin molecule as a parameter for sperm motility and DNA fragmentation before and after the cryopreservation. In this study, semen samples were taken from 30 normospermic male volunteers. Each semen sample was examined for the same parameters before and after the cryopreservation. Samples were analyzed before and after cryopreservation in terms of sperm motility by morphological sperm analysis with spermac stain dye, DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay, ultrastructural analysis with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), seminal leptin levels by ELISA method and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by colorimetric method. Results Decreased sperm motility, distribution of sperm morphology and increased DNA fragmentation were determined after cryopreservation. Similarly, seminal ROS and leptin levels were also increased significantly. There was a negative correlation between seminal leptin and sperm motility. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between seminal leptin and DNA fragmentation. Conclusion According to these results, leptin molecule can be used as a marker for sperm motility and DNA fragmentation before and after cryopreservation. We think that the results of this study can contribute to further studies in the clinical aspect.

We investigated the wound healing efficacy of the Foeniculum vulgare compounds, fenchone and limonene, using an excisional cutaneous wound model in rats. An excision wound was made on the back of the rat and fenchone and limonene were applied topically to the wounds once daily, separately or together, for 10 days. Tissue sections from the wounds were evaluated for histopathology. The healing potential was assessed by comparison to an untreated control group and an olive oil treated sham group. We scored wound healing based on epidermal regeneration, granulation tissue thickness and angiogenesis. After day 6, wound contraction with limonene was significantly better than for the control group. Ten days after treatment, a significant increase was observed in wound contraction and re-epithelialization in both fenchone and limonene oil treated groups compared to the sham group. Groups treated with fenchone and with fenchone + limonene scored significantly higher than the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant compared to the olive oil treated group. Our findings support the beneficial effects of fenchone and limonene for augmenting wound healing. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of fenchone and limonene oil increased collagen synthesis and decreased the number of inflammatory cells during wound healing and may be useful for treating skin wounds.

Elastofibroma dorsi (EFD) is a rare, benign, soft tissue tumor with an unclear pathogenesis, typically localized to the subscapular region. It occurs within the periscapular area between the ribs and dorsal chest wall muscles. Repetitive microtrauma by friction between the lower part of the scapula and the thoracic wall may cause reactive hyperproliferation of the fibroblastic tissue. This view has been supported by the higher prevalence of EFD, particularly among individuals who perform hard manual labor. EFD can, however, also be observed in those who have never performed hard manual labor and particularly in women over the age of 50. In this report, we present a case of bilateral EFD in a 52-year old woman with bilateral hypermastia, and examine the possible correlation between hypermastia and EFD.

Regeneration is defined as tissue renewal and functional restoration process of the damaged parts of the body after an injury. Ambystoma mexicanum, commonly named the Axolotl, is one of the unique vertebrates, which has a remarkable ability to regenerate their extremities following the amputation. Although the process of regeneration includes several periods, it can be divided into two main phases; blastema formation and dedifferentiation. In the couple of hours following the amputation, wound closure occurs by migration of epithelial cells around the amputation site followed by macrophage infiltration and dedifferentiation of cells to turn into stem cells. Accumulated stem cells form a very authentic tissue type called blastema, which is crucial for successful regeneration. In order to evaluate this exceptional tissue and acquire high quality images, it is crucial to employ specific procedures to prepare the tissue for imaging. Here, in this study, we aimed to investigate success of various fixative solutions (Carnoy's, Bouin's, % 10 NBF, Clarke's, Alcoholic Formaline and AFA) to monitor the fixed blastema. Our data reveals that integrity of the blastema tissue differs among used fixatives and a significant difference is observed between the samples in terms of staining quality.