This study aimed to determine milk biomarkers in dairy cows for early diagnosis of subclinical metabolic disease at different stages of lactation on the basis relationships between milk and blood metabolites. Blood and milk samples were collected from 100 Holstein dairy cows during morning. The cows were allocated to four groups according to the production period, including Group 1 – cows in early lactation (n=18), Group 2 – cows in full lactation (n=26), Group 3 – cows in mid lactation (n=25), and Group 4 – cows in late lactation (n=31). Chemical composition of cows milk was analysed as well as biochemical parameters in serum. Statistically significant differences (p<0.01) were found between the experimental groups of cows in blood NEFA, BHB, TP, TG, TChol, urea, globulin, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT and LDH levels, milk fat, lactose and protein concentrations, and enzyme activities. Milk enzymes were positively correlated (p<0.05) with blood enzyme activities and blood NEFA, BHB and TBil concentrations, and negatively correlated (p<0.05) with blood glucose, TChol and TG levels. Blood and milk BHB values were markedly positively correlated (p<0.01). Milk fat was positively correlated (p<0.05) with glucose, TP and TG levels, and negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with BHB, NEFA, TBil, ALT, LDH and ALP in the blood. The results showed that milk fat, BHB and milk enzyme activity in the milk can be used to monitor metabolic status in dairy cows at the herd level, and can serve as biomarkers for early detection of subclinical metabolic disease.

The objective of this study was to describe the complex etiopathogenesis, forms, prevention and treatment of lameness in dairy cows. Since inflammation of the hoof mostly affects cows that have superior milk performance, it poses major health and economic issues. Laminitis can take different forms and courses, classified as acute and chronic, deep and superficial, aseptic and septic. Aseptic subdermatitis is of much greater concern, as it is a metabolic disease of the hoof corium with degenerative changes in the corium and horn. Its common causes are stress associated with calving, imbalanced diet, incidence of acidosis or alkalosis, high milk production, and overloading of the hooves. This results in the production of toxins, particularly histamine, in the forestomachs, leading to vasoconstriction, followed by vasodilation within the hoof corium and, consequently, oedema, hyperaemia, the destruction of blood vessels in the corium, and, at a later stage, degenerative changes in the corium and horn. Lameness develops, depending on the degree of pathological changes. Therefore, the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of aseptic and septic laminitis are of major importance in managing the health and welfare of high-producing dairy cows.

The main goal of this research is to examine the influences of extensive breeding methods and their interactions on the result of rearing lambs of Sjenica pramenka breed, more precisely the influence of body weight values of lambs reared in four different locations: Novi Pazar, Raska, Tutin, Sjenica. Lambs were tested from January 2018 to April 2020. The average birth weight of Sjenica pramenka lambs for 2018 is 2.98 kg, for 2019 it is 3.03 kg, The average birth weight of Sjenica pramenka lambs for 2020 is 3.32 kg. The highest average birth weight of lambs was measured in Sjenica and amounted to 3.55 kg, and the lowest in Tutin with 2.59 kg. In Novi Pazar 3.36 kg, and in Raska 3.41 kg. The difference in birth weight between lambs can be explained by breeding conditions, sheep selection and nutrition.

Milk production in dairy cows has increased significantly in the last few decades and continues to increase. The beginning of lactation requires extremely great effort from cows to overcome metabolic stress, so the frequency of cows' illness is the most intense in this period. Significant variations in the adaptive responses to lack of energy and nutrients in this period occur in the body of cows, with numerous endocrine, hematological, immunological and other changes. Therefore, cows should be provided with adequate nutrients for a balanced meal, both in the period of drought and in all phases of lactation.

The objective of this study was to determine blood and milk metabolites and their interrelationships to evaluate the metabolic status in dairy cows for early diagnosis of subclinical metabolic disease at different stages of lactation. For this study, blood and milk samples were taken from 36 Holstein dairy cows during morning milking The cows were divided into three groups according to the production period.Group 1 consisted of cows in late pregnancy (n = 12)Group 2 comprised early lactation cows (n=12)Group 3 included mid-lactation cows (n=12).From late pregnant (Group 1) cows' milk samples were collected after calving. The concentrations of glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TChol), total protein (TP), albumin, urea, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and inorganic phosphorus (iP), and activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the blood and the contents of fat, protein, urea, Ca, iP, Mg, and activities of AST, ALT and ALP in milk were determined. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in blood TG, TChol, urea, AST, ALT, and ALP levels and milk fat and urea concentrations among experimental groups of cows. Significantly negative correlations (P < 0.05) were found between TG in blood and fat (r=-0.525) and urea (r=-0.711) in milk; and between TP in blood and urea in milk (r=-0.366). Significantly positive correlations (P < 0.05) were observed among TG in blood and Ca (r=0.403), Mg (r=0.430), iP (r=0.353), protein (r=0.381) and ALT (r=0.508) in milk; TChol in blood and fat (r=-0.362) in milk; albumin in blood and ALT (r=0.390) in milk; activity of AST in blood and fat ( r=0.429) and urea (r=0.455) in milk Based on changes in blood and milk metabolites at different stages of lactation, the present results suggested that early lactation cows showed a mild degree of hepatic lesions, probably due to fat infiltration. The results showed that changes in blood and milk metabolite levels and their interrelationships can be helpful in the herd monitoring of metabolic status in dairy cows and for the early diagnosis of subclinical metabolic disease.

Background: Major changes in the metabolic functions in high-yielding dairy cows occur during the transitional period and during lactation. Parturition and lactogenesis are accompanied by many physiological changes that facilitate the maintenance of homeostasis Consequently, physiological situations leading to a negative energy balance are coupled to an increased uncontrolled rate of body fat mobilisation and the increased fatty acids accumulation in hepatocytes and blood ketone bodies, resulting in disturbances of the morphological and physiological liver integrity. The objective of the present study was to estimate metabolic status in late pregnant, early lactation and full lactation Holstein dairy cows on the basis changes of blood concentrations of selected biochemical markers.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment included 36 Holstein cows. Three groups of clinically healthy cows were chosen from the herd. Group 1 consisted of late pregnant cows (n = 12) from 30 to 1 day (20 ± 15) to partus; Group 2 comprised early lactation cows (n = 12) in the first month of lactation (15 ± 12 days), and Group 3 included full lactation cows (n = 12) between 60 to 90 days of lactation (81 ± 30 days). Blood samples were collected from all cows, by punction of the jugular vein. Biochemical testing for markers in the blood serum showed significantly lower values (P < 0.05) of glucose, TG, Tchol. and urea in early cows than in full lactation and late-pregnant cows. The blood concentration of NEFA and BHB was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the group of cows in early lactation compared to the other groups of cows. The mean tBIL. concentration and the serum AST, GGT and ALT activities were markedly increased (P < 0.01) in the lactation cows compared to the late pregnant cows. Furthermore, the intensity of lipomobilisation (NEFA or BHB concentrations) correlated positively (P < 0.05) with the markers of cell damage or liver function impairment (tBIL., serum AST, ALT and GGT activities), but negatively (P < 0.05) with the circulating concentrations of compounds synthesised in liver (glucose, TG and urea).Discussion: In dairy cows, it was observed that up to 50 % of females exhibited some lipid accumulation in liver in the first 3 weeks after calving and that fatty liver occurs primarily in this period. Liver can be categorized into mild, moderate and severe fatty liver as dependent on the degree of pathology and a mild fatty infiltration of liver in dairy cows during lactation is considered to be almost physiological. The blood BHB and NEFA concentrations are markers of lipomobilisation and positively associated with the ketosis and liver steatosis intensity. The simultaneous and parallel variations observed between the extent of the fat infiltration in liver and the serum BHB and NEFA concentrations in puerperal cows clearly indicated that the intense lipomobilisation in the post-partum period has induced lipid overloading and ketogenesis in the liver. On the other hand, it was observed significant decreases in the serum biochemical markers, at least partially synthesised in the liver, such as glucose, TG, Tchol., urea, albumin and TP during the postpartum period. However, the liver steatosis has induced some cellular lesions as evidenced by significant increases in the serum tBIL. concentrations and in the AST, ALT, GGT and LDH enzyme activities in puerperal cows. All these biochemical metabolites may be used as important biochemical markers in the determination of the metabolic status in high-yielding dairy cows during the transition period and during lactation.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different feed formulations, fattening period and sex of broiler chickens on absolute carcass conformation measurements (metatarsus length, keel length, breast depth, breast angle and thigh girth) and conformation indices of medium-growing Master Gris chickens. The results showed that, as induced by intensive fattening, body weights were greater and carcass quality, expressed through conformation measurements, was better than the values characteristic of this hybrid (as the hybrid is designed for extensive farming). Regardless of the time of slaughter (at 49 or 63 days of the fattening trial), male chickens had better carcass conformation values (P<0.05), compared to females, and the 14-day extension of the fattening period led to better values for both absolute and relative carcass conformation measurements in both males and females (P<0.05).

The objective of this study was to determine insulin resistance in healthy (n=8) and ketotic (n=7) dairy cows based on the difference between basal and dynamic changes in glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations, and on the determination of their mutual relationship and relationship with insulin resistance indices (RQUICKI and RQUICKI-BHB), after intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). The RQUICKI index showed a significant linear correlation (P<0.05) with basal insulin, glucose, NEFA and BHB levels. However, RQUICKI-BHB index values exhibited a negative correlation (P<0.01) with basal NEFA and BHB values and their clearance rates, as well as with glucose clearance rate, and a positive correlation (P<0.05) with basal insulin values as well as with insulin and glucose responses during IVGTT. The correlation between basal values of these parameters and the values measured or calculated during IVGTT is the result of RQUICKI-BHB values, as the exclusion of RQUICKI-BHB leads to loss of the statistical significance of the correlations between basal and dynamic values. Insulin resistance in ketotic cows is characterized by decreased insulin response to glucose and increased insulin resistance of the tissue, their correlation being the result of the RQUICKI-BHB index value. (C) 2017 PVJ. All rights reserved

This study aimed to determine blood and milk enzyme activites as indicators of liver function and their correlations in dairy cows during different stage of lactation period. Blood and milk samples were collected from 100 Holstein dairy cows during morning milking. The cows were allocated to four groups according to the production period, including cows in early (n = 18), full (n = 26), mid (n = 25) and late (n = 31) lactation. The value of serum enzyme activites of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and lactate dexydrogenase (LDH) in the blood and milk were determined. The activities of blood and milk serum AST, ALT, ALP and LDH were significantly higher (P< 0.01) in early and full lactation cows than in the other two groups of cows, suggesting mild fat infiltration of liver cells. The enzyme activities in milk were positively correlated with those in the blood (P< 0.01). In conclusion, similar changes in blood and milk serum enzyme activites during lactation and milk to blood correlations confirm that milk has great potential in predicting of blood metabolites and metabolic status of cows.

The objective of the present study was to investigate nutritional and metabolic status in Simmental cows during early and mid-lactation. Fifteen early lactation cows and 15 mid lactation cows were chosen for the analysis. Blood samples were collected to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), glucose and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST). Blood metabolites, milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI) and energy balance (EB) were recorded. Correlation analysis showed that DMI was significantly negatively correlated with NEFA, BHB and AST, and positively with glucose and TG. EB was significantly negatively correlated with NEFA, BHB and AST, and positively with glucose. Early lactation as compared to mid lactation cows were found to have significantly higher blood serum concentrations of NEFA, BHB and AST activities and lower blood serum concentrations of glucose and TG, but not significant. These metabolic changes were in correlation with DMI and EB, but not with milk yield. Suggest that they can serve as useful indicators of the nutritional and metabolic status of dairy cows during lactation.

The Yaroslavl region is a highly developed agricultural region of the Russian Federation.The level of milk production and the duration of the economic use of animals are the basics of success of leading dairy cattle breeding.These are indicators of biological and economical.Create of highly productive herds and increasing the span of the economic use of animals and lifetime productivity are the necessary goals of the intensification of dairy farming of the region.Therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the influence of milk yield during the first lactation on the controlled productivity signs and duration of the economic use of Yaroslavl breed of cows and its hybrids with Holstein.For statistical data have used the procedure generalized linear models (GLM) while in determining the strength of the influencing factor MATLAB 2000.Likewise, the assessment of phenotypic variability was performed using the multivariate analysis of variance.Our study has revealed that occur dependence between controlled signs and the factor milk yield during the first lactation.

The objective of this study was to determine blood levels of cortisol, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol in dairy Holstein cows (n = 40) during the transition period. The test cows were classified into four groups: Group A (n = 10), clinically healthy late-pregnant cows from day 20 to day 10 before calving. Group B (n = 10), clinically healthy late-pregnant cows from day 10 to day 1 before calving. Group C (n = 10), clinically healthy puerperal cows. Group D (n = 10), puerperal ketotic cows. The blood serum of ketotic cows was found to have lower levels of T3 (p < 0.01), T4 (p < 0.05), insulin (p > 0.05), cortisol (p > 0.05), glucose (p < 0.01), TG (p <0.01) and total cholesterol (p < 0.05), and higher (p < 0.01) levels of NEFA and BHB, as compared to the blood levels in healthy pregnant and healthy puerperal cows. Results suggest that ketotic cows undergo homeorhetic adaptation of the regulation of organic nutrient metabolism being manifested through a decrease in the blood levels of the test hormones, resulting in increased lipomobilization, hypoglycemia, and intensive ketogenesis and lipogenesis in liver cells.

The studies were conducted on the farm of Simmental cows where five groups of 12 cows were formed in which concentrations of beta-carotene and vitamin A in blood serum were tested.In the first group were highly pregnant cows, and in the other four groups were cows from the first to the fifth months of lactation.The composition of a meal of high pregnant and lactating cows in terms of the types and amounts of certain nutrients were different.In the obtained average values of beta -carotene in the blood serum of cows between the groups there was not statistically significant different.The lowest value of beta -carotene in relation to the other groups, was in the serum of the cows in the first month of lactation (x = 3,39 ± 0,27 mmol/l).The average concentration of vitamin A was statistically significantly lower in cows in the first month of lactation (x = 76,67 ± 6,39 IU) compared to cows that were in the fourth (x = 112,03 ± 8,76 IU) and the fifth month of lactation (x = 118,90 ± 8,29 IU), (p<0.01), as well as in high-pregnant cows (x = 81,33 ± 3,59 IU) compared to cows in the fifth month of lactation (p<0.01).Our research has not confirmed the connection between the concentration of beta-carotene and vitamin A in the blood serum of tested cows.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the metabolic status of late pregnant and early lactation dairy cows based on changes in characteristic blood metabolites. Blood samples were collected from 15 late pregnant cows and 15 early lactation cows to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterifi ed fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, total bilirubin, urea and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Cows in early lactation had signifi cantly higher (P 0.4 mmol/L) was detected in 6 (40%) of early lactation cows but in none of the late pregnant cows, while subclinical ketosis (BHB>1.2 mmol/L) was detected in 14 (94.4%) of the early lactation cows and 4 (26.6%) of the late pregnant cows. AST activities above 100 U/L were detected in 2 early lactation cows and in none of the late pregnant cows. TG levels below 0.12 mmol/L and glucose below 2.5 mmol/L were found in 7 (44%) and 10 (66.6%) of the early lactation cows, respectively, and in none of the late pregnant cows. Early lactation cows were found to have lower blood serum levels of TG (P 0.05) activities and higher concentrations of total bilirubin (P>0.05) TP (P>0.05) and AST activities (P<0.05) compared to the late pregnant cows. The results of blood serum levels of glucose, TG, BHB, NEFA and AST in early lactation cows suggest metabolic disorders associated with ketosis, and some degree of hepatic lesions, probably due to fat infi ltration. These serum parameters may have a key role in evaluating metabolic status in late pregnant and early lactation dairy cows.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the metabolic status of late pregnant and early lactation dairy cows based on changes in characteristic blood metabolites. Blood samples were collected from 15 late pregnant cows and 15 early lactation cows to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BNB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, total bilirubin, urea and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GUT). Cows in early lactation had significantly higher (P<0.05) levels of serum BHB and NEFA, and lower (P<0.05) glycaemia compared to the late pregnant cows. High lipomobilization (NEFA>0.4 mmol/L) was detected in 6 (40%) of early lactation cows but in none of the late pregnant cows, while subclinical ketosis (BHB>1.2 mmol/L) was detected in 14 (94.4%) of the early lactation cows and 4 (26.6%) of the late pregnant cows. AST activities above 100 U/L were detected in 2 early lactation cows and in none of the late pregnant cows. TG levels below 0.12 mmol/L and glucose below 2.5 mmol/L were found in 7 (44%) and 10 (66.6%) of the early lactation cows, respectively, and in none of the late pregnant cows. Early lactation cows were found to have lower blood serum levels of TG (P<0.05), albumin (P<0.05) urea (P<0.05) and GTT (P>0.05) activities and higher concentrations of total bilirubin (P>0.05) TP (P>0.05) and AST activities (P<0.05) compared to the late pregnant cows. The results of blood serum levels of glucose, TG, BHB, NEFA and AST in early lactation cows suggest metabolic disorders associated with ketosis, and some degree of hepatic lesions, probably due to fat infiltration. These serum parameters may have a key role in evaluating metabolic status in late pregnant and early lactation dairy cows.

The paper presents results of the investigation concerning the eff ect of a minazel-based preparation on fattening lambs production results. The experiment was performed on two groups of lambs (control – K and experimental – O), 20 animals per group, and for a duration of 90 days. The diet consisted of sheep milk, a compound mix for fattenng lambs, and meadow hay. Lambs of the experimental group, contrary to those of the control group, got a minazel-based preparation. The preparation Min-a-Zel S (in the form of 25% suspension) was administered, to lambs from birth until the 14th days of life, directly into the mouth, once daily (before the morning meal), 10 mL each. Min-a-Zel Plus was administered starting from the 15the day bay adding it to the fodder mix (0.25%). Feeding was ad libidum. The average starting lamb body mass was 4.10 kg. The average body mass of lambs at the end of the experiment was 24.50 ws 28.10 kg, K ws O respectively (P<0.01). The daily grow of the lambs, during the course of the experiment, was 226:266 g, and was 40 g or 11.76% higher in the experimental group (P<0.01). The experimental group had better utilization of dry matter, proteins and energy, with a lower incidence of diarrhoea.

A large number of sheep, especially the ones that spend the majority of time on pastures, is being fed with the meals which do not contain all the neccessary mineral substances. The level of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium on natural pastures is too low considering the neccessities of sheep. So, the irregularities in sheep feeding occur because of the absence of other food sources. These irregularities range from the acute mineral deficite or illness, to the mild temporary forms which can hardly be diagnosed, but they affect the level of production. The contents of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in sheep blood serum are given in this paper, as some of the indicators of the need for supplementation of these substances. The average calcium level in the blood serum of the control group was 2.61 mmol/l, phosphorus level was 1.04 mmol/l and magnesium level was 1.31 mmol/l. The average calcium level in the blood serum of the tested group was 2.33 mmol/l, phosphorus level was 0.92 mmol/l and magnesium level was 1.37 mmol/l.

Alfalfa and orchard grass should have, in terms of suitability for ensilaging, the appropriate content of soluble sugars, the corresponding dry matter content and low buffer capacity. When using plants that are less suitable for silage, it is necessary to increase dry matter content in the biomass by adding sugar components and enzymes to direct the fermentation process in order to provide quality and stable silage.