Innovation factor allocation patterns are crucial in promoting technological innovation within the electric vehicle (EV) sector. This study constructed EV collaborative innovation networks and leveraged fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to unravel the innovation factor allocation patterns for high-level innovation performance. Moreover, this paper adopted exponential random graph models (ERGMs) to analyze the driving forces of these collaborative relationships to realize high-level innovation performance. Our findings reveal several insights: first, while the EV sector witnesses a burgeoning involvement of innovation actors, the cohesiveness of EV collaborative innovation networks gradually diminishes. Second, three innovation factor allocation patterns (i.e., Adaptation-Breakthrough, Agglomeration-Coordination, and Integration-Efficiency patterns) for high-level innovation performance have been identified. Third, geographical proximity and organizational proximity facilitate the formation and evolution of EV collaborative innovation networks, whereas institutional proximity impedes them. This research pioneers a novel methodological paradigm for future studies and presents practical implications tailored for innovation actors to propel innovation performance and engage in EV collaborative innovation networks.

Climate warming and eutrophication are reshaping greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shallow lakes, yet how different warming regimes interact with phosphorus enrichment remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a year-long experiment using shallow-lake mesocosms planted with aquatic macrophytes to compare constant warming (a sustained 4°C increase) with variable warming (the same mean warming combined with short-term temperature fluctuations), together with phosphorus enrichment. Responses differed markedly among gases. Warming reduced annual CO2 emissions, primarily through indirect changes in macrophyte communities and water chemistry. In contrast, warming increased CH4 emissions mainly through direct thermal effects, although the increase was smaller under variable than under constant warming, reflecting distinct shifts in macrophyte functional composition under the two warming regimes. N2O fluxes were largely insensitive to warming but responded primarily to phosphorus enrichment, which shifted the system from a net annual source to a sink. These findings demonstrate that greenhouse-gas responses to global change cannot be generalized across gases and highlight the need to account for warming regime, nutrient status, and macrophyte functional composition when predicting climate feedbacks from shallow lakes.

Land finance plays a pivotal role and occupies an irreplaceable position in facilitating the rapid regional integration of China. This study introduced an explanatory framework that integrates both time-nonlinear and spatial factors to comprehensively investigate the impact of land finance dependency on regional integration. Furthermore, this paper employed the data between 2003 and 2017 from 108 cities within the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and utilized a spatial Durbin model to assess these effects. In terms of temporal dimension, this research uncovered an inverted U-shaped relationship between land finance dependency and regional integration. In 2017, 51 out of the 108 cities analyzed had not yet reached the optimal threshold of land finance dependency for peak regional integration. Additionally, inverted U-shaped patterns in the effects of two modes of land finance dependency on regional integration can be observed. The land transfer-centered mode demonstrated a significant impact, whereas the land investment-centered mode did not. Moreover, regional heterogeneity was evident in our analysis. The spatial effects of land finance dependency on regional integration were most pronounced in the lower reaches area, while they remained insignificant in the middle reaches area. In contrast, the influence of land finance dependency on regional integration remained positive but exhibited a marginal decline in the upper reaches area. This study delves deeply into land finance dependency from the perspective of regional integration, offering valuable insights for urban governance in the future.

Urban land green use efficiency (ULGUE) is a vital component of urban sustainability and resilience. However, imbalanced ULGUE can undermine these goals. Collaborative innovation has emerged as a promising approach to address this pressing challenge, yet its impact on the inter-city ULGUE gap remains largely underexplored. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a theoretical framework of collaborative innovation affecting the ULGUE gap. To validate this framework, we devised a comprehensive evaluation index of the ULGUE gap based on the core-periphery theory and employed a system generalized method of moments model (Sys-GMM) and a threshold model to analyze a sample of 19 urban agglomerations in China. Our study uncovers several vital insights. Collaborative innovation significantly diminishes the ULGUE gap within urban agglomerations, exhibiting a double-threshold effect in this relationship. The threshold values are 1.5821 and 2.0246, respectively, allowing us to categorize urban agglomerations into three stages based on their collaborative innovation levels. Besides, government intervention can mitigate the effects of collaborative innovation on the inter-city ULGUE gap, potentially delaying the trend of the narrowing ULGUE gap. These findings imply that the phased characteristics of collaborative innovation should be considered when designing policies for urban development and sustainability.

Land finance dependency has become an intriguing yet contentious tool for promoting economic prosperity. In China, the impact of regional coordinated development policies on land finance dependency is evident. However, these internal influencing mechanisms have not been unveiled. In response, this paper used the difference-in-difference model to explore the effects of urban agglomeration development on land finance dependency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) in China. The findings underscore that urban agglomeration development played a significant role in reducing land finance dependency. Specifically, this impact exhibited negative effects in the Yangtze River Delta and the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, while the Chengdu Chongqing Urban Agglomeration experienced positive effects. Furthermore, the effects were found to be more pronounced in mature urban agglomerations compared to those in growing urban agglomerations. Additionally, the moderating effects results indicate that investment incentives, rather than fiscal gaps, played a crucial role in reducing the impact of urban agglomeration development on land finance dependency. However, industrial agglomeration can strengthen the impact of urban agglomeration development on land finance dependency. Consequently, it is advisable to implement tailored top-down policies to promote urban agglomeration development, in order to effectively alleviate land finance dependency and enhance the land finance system.

Heavy metal-contaminated cultivated land treatment (HMCLT) plays an essential role in the realization of sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources and sustainable agricultural development. Evaluating this policy’s impact on agricultural development resilience (ADR) has great practical significance. This paper reveals the impact HMCLT has on ADR from the perspectives of time and space, utilizing data from Hunan province between 2007 and 2019. The synthetic control method (SCM) and spatial Durbin model (SDM) are employed for investigating the temporal and spatial effects HMCLT has on ADR. The results demonstrate that the HMCLT policy has effectively improved the pilot cities’ ADR and can enhance ADR in adjacent areas from a spatial perspective. In addition to HMCLT policy, financial support for agriculture, farmers’ per capita disposable income, and rural population density are key factors affecting ADR. However, they all have a crowding-out effect on the ADR in neighboring areas. Due to these circumstances, while the governments make efforts in promoting the policy design and improvement of HMCLT, increasing the disposable income of farmers, narrowing regional differences in government financial support and human capital, and promoting regional interactions are essential to enhance ADR. This study formulates valuable insights for policymakers and researchers in the field of sustainable agricultural development.

The continuous expansion of cities has led to prominent threats of urban housing shortage, inefficient land use, and environmental degradation. Determining an appropriate city size to promote REI is a fundamental problem in China’s new-type urbanization period. This study investigated the impact of city size on REI from the spatio-temporal perspective, and performed an empirical investigation of such effects through spatial models, using panel data for 2004–2019 for 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). The results demonstrate that city size has an inverted U-shaped effect on REI, and the effects vary across urban agglomerations in the YREB. Moreover, we calculated their growth potential from the REI perspective based on 2019 data. This study examined 108 cities and found that 30 of them had exceeded their optimal size for efficiency during the REI process, highlighting the need for spatial territorial governance, management, and planning. Of the remaining cities, 68 were near their REI efficiency-maximizing size, with no more than 20% growth potential. Only 6 cities had the potential to expand between 20% and 50%, while 4 cities had the capacity to grow by more than 50%. Therefore, governments must develop tailored land use and urban management policies for each city to enhance their REI.

研究目的:基于组态视角探究压力、状态和响应条件对城市新增建设用地扩张(NUCLE)影响的协同和替代效应,为推动城市空间有序治理和完善高质量发展格局下土地调控政策提供参考.研究方法:PSR机理分析和fsQCA法.研究结果:(1)单个压力、状态和响应要素并不构成影响NUCLE的必要条件,不同地区高水平NUCLE的实现是不同PSR条件因素共同作用导致的结果.其中,土地错配、人口规模和经济增长是最具有普遍性的影响因素.(2)压力、状态及响应条件"并发协同",形成影响NUCLE的多样化组态,具体包括压力主导下多要素平衡型、压力和状态双重赋能型和压力—状态—响应互动型3种差异性模式.(3)在特定的客观禀赋条件下,财政激励和城市化可以通过等效替代的方式影响NUCLE.研究结论:地方政府应根据自身发展特点和资源禀赋,依据压力、状态和响应多重条件的联动匹配效应,"因地制宜"地制定城市新增建设用地规模调控和管理政策.

Collaborative innovation is crucial to the improvement of urban land green use efficiency under innovation-driven strategies. Theoretically, an integrated framework of collaborative innovation affecting urban land green use efficiency was constructed from the di?mensions of environment, input, output, and interaction. Empirically, taking 284 Chinese cities as cases, a fuzzy set qualitative compara?tive analysis (fsQCA) was used to explore the paths of improving urban land green use efficiency driven by collaborative innovation. The results found that: ① The consistency level of any single collaborative innovation condition ranged from 0.492 8 to 0.838 8, showing that none of the single conditions were necessary for the improvement of urban land green use efficiency.②The sufficiency analysis of condition combination showed that the ‘multiple concurrencies' of innovation environment, innovation input, innovation output, and collaborative interaction conditions formed four paths of improving urban land green efficiency driven by collaborative innovation . These paths were summarized into three modes, including 'input-leading mode ' , 'input-interactive mode ' , and 'environment-input in?teractive mode'.③The substitution analysis of conditions showed that economic environment, human capital investment, and material capital investment were the most universal factors affecting high-level urban land use efficiency. Additionally, there was a substitution relationship between achievement marketization and regional interaction.④Due to the level of regional economic development and re?source endowment, the paths of improving urban land green use efficiency driven by collaborative innovation varied significantly in the eastern, central, and western regions of China. Therefore, local governments should focus on the multiple conditions of collaborative in?novation from the perspective of configuration according to their development characteristics and resource endowment, so as to formu?late relevant policies to enhance urban land green use efficiency. The research enriches the theory of collaborative innovation and urban land use and provides an important reference for optimizing the paths of improving urban land green use efficiency in different regions of China from the perspective of configuration.

Rapid urban sprawl in China has caused serious eco-environmental changes, and thus attracted significant attention of the international academic circles. However, the mechanism of influence of urban sprawl on eco-environmental quality has not been addressed adequately. The main objective of this study was to fill this gap by theoretically and empirically studying how urban sprawl influences eco-environmental quality, based on the Spatial Durbin model and on a panel data covering 30 provinces of mainland China during the period 2003–2018. The results show that China’s urban sprawl has significantly decreased the eco-environmental quality under both geographical and economic weight matrices. Moreover, the spillover effect played an essential role in investigating the influence of urban sprawl on eco-environmental quality. From the perspective of regional differences, the direct accumulation effect and the spatial spillover effect involved in the impact of urban sprawl on eco-environmental quality varied across the central, western, and northeast regions. The results of decomposition of urban sprawl into its component parts indicate that population sprawl, socio-economic sprawl, transportation sprawl, and land use sprawl can explain the change of eco-environmental quality in China to varying degrees. During the study period, land use sprawl exhibited the greatest effect on eco-environmental quality, followed by socio-economic sprawl, population sprawl, and transportation sprawl. The government should actively coordinate the development of different types of urban sprawl, thus increasing eco-environmental quality across different regions.

The delivery of green buildings, as a good approach for reducing energy consumption, has yielded lots of innovative outcomes. The need to spark effective innovations has become crucial. Yet, there has been no systematic examination of the green buildings field. This study provides a novel network-based and longitudinal perspective for examining the innovative collaboration of different types of organizations. Secondary data were collected from 223 projects receiving Green Building Innovation Awards (GBIA) in China. By using the social network analysis (SNA) method, the following results were obtained. First, collaborative networks of green-building innovation exhibit a salient feature of being scale-free, indicating a trend of path dependence in partner selections. Second, compared with the degree and closeness centrality, the betweenness centrality of those core organizations is growing faster over time. Unexpectedly, consulting enterprises, rather than design institutes or universities, are inclined to act as “bridges” during the innovative collaboration process. Thirdly, the average number of collaborations per GBIA organization is similar to that of theoretical disciplines (e.g., mathematics) but lower than that of experimental disciplines (e.g., medicine). With decreases in transitivity over time, the heterogeneity of networks has increased and the connections among different organizations are relying more on a few key enterprises or institutions. On this basis, a policy framework is presented that incorporates four governance strategies: “deactivation,” “framing,” “mobilizing,” and “synthesizing.” The findings shed new light on the development of innovation networks and the alignment of strategic decision-makings to facilitate the transformation of energy consumption in the built environment.

Global climate change scenarios predict that lake water temperatures will increase up to 4 °C and extreme weather events, such as heat waves and large temperature fluctuations, will occur more frequently. Such changes may result in the increase of aquatic litter decomposition and on shifts in diversity and structure of bacteria communities in this period. We designed a two-month mesocosm experiment to explore how constant (+4 °C than ambient temperature) and variable (randomly +0~8 °C than ambient temperature) warming treatment will affect the submerged macrophyte litter decomposition process. Our data suggests that warming treatments may accelerate the decomposition of submerged macrophyte litter in shallow lake ecosystems, and increase the diversity of decomposition-related bacteria with community composition changed the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, especially members of Alphaproteobacteria increased while that of Firmicutes (mainly Bacillus) decreased.

为了促进公私合作模式的运用,相关政策不断出台,治理机构间的合作关系显著增强.如何系统揭示治理机构的合作关系和演化进程,是推动公共服务供给机制高质量发展的重要议题.本文将公私合作政策文献划分为初步探索、战略调整、稳步提升和全面发展四个阶段,运用社会网络分析方法,揭示政策合作网络的整体特征和节点特征,考察其演化进程和机理.研究发现合作网络密度呈螺旋式上升,中心势下降,聚类系数逐渐提升,节点间平均距离先降后升,其演化历经"中心-边缘型、松散型、分散-耦合型"三个过程,呈现多元化、均衡化的发展趋势.在全面发展阶段,相邻子阶段治理机构的度数中心度和接近中心度显著正相关,相关系数先升后降,公私合作政策步入渐进式的变迁过程.

研究通过构建中尺度控温围隔模拟系统,模拟21世纪末气候变化与富营养化趋势,探讨未来气候变暖与富营养化趋势下浅水湖泊水-气界面N2O交换过程的响应特征及机制.结果表明:(1)恒定与波动升温引起的代谢过程及生物间相互作用的改变显著促进了水-气界面间N2O的排放及年累积释放量,而磷的添加可能因为影响了水体中反硝化代谢的效率而削弱了水-气界面N2O排放及年累积释放量;(2)实验期间随季节转换,控制系统内优势的初级生产者由水生植物转变为浮游植物,水体中有机质含量亦不断积累,研究结果表明季节变化及初级生产者转换均对水-气界面N2O排放量的增加起到了显著促进作用.在气候变化与富营养化趋势下浅水湖泊水-气界面的N2O交换过程主要受到水体中氮磷含量及其比例的变化、水生植物与浮游植物的转换及有机质的积累过程的影响.因此,气候变暖(恒定和波动升温)能够促进湖泊N2O排放量的上升,而变暖和营养盐的交互作用会使水-气界面N2O交换更加复杂.

Contemporary evidence suggests that submerged macrophytes are experiencing a global decline due to the multiple compounding anthropogenic stressors impacting shallow lake ecosystems. Eutrophication and climate change are two main widespread, often co-occurring stressors, yet evidence concerning their interactive effects on aquatic plants remains partial and fragmented. Predicting the response of submerged aquatic vegetation to the combined effects of nutrient pollution and compound climate warming (mean + variability) is therefore crucial for the conservation and management of these valuable and vulnerable ecosystems. Here, we present the results of an outdoor mesocosm experiment examining the combined effects of nutrient enrichment (phosphorus addition) and warming (a 4 degrees C increase in mean temperature above present ambient conditions applied as either a constant increase or a variable increase ranging between 0 and 8 degrees C to mimic the effect of extreme events but keeping an equivalent total amount of warming) on Potamogeton crispus L. Warming accelerated the growth and senescence of P. crispus suggesting a more important role in maintaining the clear water state in winter-early spring but concomitant to possible earlier turbid states in summer. Warming also consistently advanced the flowering phenology but had no significant effect on flowering duration. There were no significant differences in the life cycle between the two warming treatments, while phosphorus addition also had little effect. However, under phosphorus enrichment, P. crispus increased sexual reproduction investment producing higher seed setting rate per infructescence. In contrast, warming, especially variable warming, may decrease sexual reproduction investment by reducing the number of infructescences. Seed and turion stoichiometry were altered by the combination of warming and phosphorus addition, but the changes were complex and difficult to interpret.

The effects of climate change on shallow lakes were studied via control experiments, such as a mesocosm study. Accurate control, monitoring and recording of temperature difference are crucial for the ongoing simulation of warming mesocosm. In this article, we provide a method that can adjust automatically and allow real-time monitoring and recording of water temperature. This system is composed of three main parts: the temperature sensor DS18B20, which measures and outputs the digital temperature value; a C8051F320 microcontroller, which acquires, analyses and stores the temperature data and performs control upon start and shutdown of external heating elements; and external heating devices perform heating until the target temperature difference is achieved. • This system can maintain a certain temperature difference under gradually changing external environmental conditions. • This system can achieve real-time online monitoring of water temperature. • This system has an excellent ability to resist disturbance.

母代环境的影响在水生植物生活史以及子代生长特征方面扮演十分重要的作用.因此,了解母代环境的影响将有助于预测水生植物生活史特征对未来气候变暖的响应机制.研究以菹草(Potamogeton crispus)为研究对象,采用实验生态学手段,通过设置了3种不同升温模式,研究母代不同升温模式环境下产生的菹草石芽在形态、化学计量学特征及萌发等方面的变化特征.研究结果表明:不同的升温模式对菹草产生的石芽湿重无显著影响,但是较高幅度的升温显著促进了石芽长度和宽度的增加;石芽的化学计量学特征表明,母代高幅度的升温会导致菹草石芽总N含量显著升高,同时C/N比显著下降;母代升温环境对菹草石芽的萌发速率及幼苗生长有一定程度的促进作用.综上所述,菹草母代环境温度的升高显著影响了石芽的形态、化学计量学特征及萌发情况.

Controlling the invasion of non-native fish species necessitates a complete understanding of the distribution of these species and the key factors that influence such distribution. In order to research the situation of non-native fish and the relevant influencing factors in the Liao River Basin, we investigated and analyzed the characteristics of the distribution and the trophic levels of non-native fish species, as well their response to different types of factors in the basin. Nine non-native fish species were found during the investigation, and the trophic levels of these species ranged between 2.00 and 3.84. The results of generalized linear models indicate that the distribution of non-native fish species in the basin is mainly related to anthropogenic activities, socioeconomic development, and climate. The southeastern part of the Liao River Basin is conducive to the distribution of non-native fish species. Furthermore, on a spatial scale, we also found that the mean trophic level of non-native fish species was not correlated with anthropogenic activities and socioeconomic development in the Liao River Basin. By providing evidence for the links between non-native fishes and different types of factors, our study contributes to increasing the relevant references for and experiences in the early detection and management of non-native fishes on a basin scale.