BACKGROUND:Chromium coatings on metal alloys can be decorative, and prevent corrosion and metal ion release. We recently showed that handling of a chromium-containing disc resulted in chromium deposition on the skin. OBJECTIVES:To examine patch test reactivity to chromium-coated discs. METHODS:We included 15 patients: 10 chromium-allergic patients, and 5 patients without chromium allergy. All were patch tested with potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, nickel sulfate, and nine different metallic discs. The chromium-allergic patients were also patch tested with serial dilutions of potassium dichromate. RESULTS:Positive/weaker reactions were observed to disc B (1 of 10), disc C (1 of 10), and disc D, disc E, and disc I (4 of 10 each). As no controls reacted to any of the discs, the weak reactions indicate allergic reactions. Positive patch test reactions to 1770 ppm chromium(VI) in the serial dilutions of potassium dichromate were observed in 7 of 10 patients. When the case group was narrowed down to include only the patients with a current positive patch test reaction to potassium dichromate, elicitation of dermatitis by both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) discs was observed in 4 of 7 of patients. CONCLUSIONS:Many of the patients reacted to both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) surfaces. Our results indicate that both chromium(VI) and chromium(III) pose a risk to chromium-allergic patients.

Contact DermatitisVolume 77, Issue 1 p. 62-63 Contact Point A contact allergic reaction to budesonide mimicking immediate-type allergy Morten S. Opstrup, Corresponding Author Morten S. Opstrup morten.schjoerring.opstrup@regionh.dk orcid.org/0000-0002-3510-477X Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkCorrespondence: Morten S. Opstrup, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Kildegårds Allé 28, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark. Tel: +45 38 67 32 08; Fax: +45 38 67 71 18. E-mail: morten.schjoerring.opstrup@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorLene H. Garvey, Lene H. Garvey Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Clinic, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorDavid K. Bregnbak, David K. Bregnbak Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author Morten S. Opstrup, Corresponding Author Morten S. Opstrup morten.schjoerring.opstrup@regionh.dk orcid.org/0000-0002-3510-477X Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkCorrespondence: Morten S. Opstrup, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Kildegårds Allé 28, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark. Tel: +45 38 67 32 08; Fax: +45 38 67 71 18. E-mail: morten.schjoerring.opstrup@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorLene H. Garvey, Lene H. Garvey Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Clinic, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorDavid K. Bregnbak, David K. Bregnbak Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 13 June 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12762Citations: 7 Conflicts of interest: All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume77, Issue1July 2017Pages 62-63 RelatedInformation

In 2013, we raised suspicion that cobalt in leather could be responsible for hitherto unrecognized cases of allergic contact dermatitis. We saw a patient sensitized only to cobalt with clear long-term exposure to cobalt from a leather sofa, and observed resolution of dermatitis following avoidance (1). In 2014, we performed a questionnaire study, which showed a positive and significant association between cobalt allergy and a history of dermatitis caused by non-occupational exposure to leather articles (2). Recently, we published an article showing high amounts of cobalt in selected leather swatches from furniture (3). Here, we report 2 additional cases of allergic cobalt dermatitis caused by consumer leather exposure, to increase awareness about this topic.

Contact DermatitisVolume 75, Issue 1 p. 50-52 Contact Point Contact dermatitis caused by panthenol used for aftercare treatment of a new tattoo David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, Kildegårdsvej 28, Opgang 15, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 3977 3755; Fax: +45 3977 7118. E-mail: david.kaspar.bregnbak@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorClaus Zachariae, Claus Zachariae Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, Kildegårdsvej 28, Opgang 15, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 3977 3755; Fax: +45 3977 7118. E-mail: david.kaspar.bregnbak@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorClaus Zachariae, Claus Zachariae Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 June 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12544Citations: 12 Disclosure forms: The authors have nothing to disclose. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interests. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume75, Issue1July 2016Pages 50-52 RelatedInformation

Background. Chromium is an important skin sensitizer. Exposure to it has been regulated in cement, and recently in leather. Studies on the deposition of chromium ions on the skin as a result of handling different chromium-containing materials are sparse, but could improve the risk assessment of contact sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis caused by chromium.Objectives. To determine whether the handling of chromium-containing samples of leather and metal results in the deposition of chromium onto the skin.Methods. Five healthy volunteers participated. For 30min, they handled samples of leather and metal known to contain and release chromium. Skin deposition of chromium was assessed with the acid wipe sampling technique.Results. Acid wipe sampling of the participants' fingers showed chromium deposition on the skin in all participants who had been exposed to leather ( range 0.01-0.20 mu g/cm(2)) and in 3 of 5 participants after they had manually handled metal discs ( range 0.02-0.04 mu g/cm(2)).Conclusions. We found that samples of leather and metal had the ability to deposit chromium on the skin at significant levels, in spite of a short duration of exposure.

Contact DermatitisVolume 75, Issue 2 p. 115-117 Contact Point Assessment of chromium(VI) release from 848 jewellery items by use of a diphenylcarbazide spot test David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, Kildegårdsvej 28, Opgang 15, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39773755; Fax: +45 39 777 118. E-mail: david.kaspar.bregnbak@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorDathan Hamann, Dathan Hamann Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43221, OH, USASearch for more papers by this authorCarsten R. Hamann, Carsten R. Hamann Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda 92350, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorCurtis Hamann, Curtis Hamann Contact Dermatitis Institute, Phoenix 85008, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this authorRadoslaw Spiewak, Radoslaw Spiewak Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow 31-008, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorTorkil Menné, Torkil Menné Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorClaus Zachariae, Claus Zachariae Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorMorten S. Jellesen, Morten S. Jellesen Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Surface Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, Department of Dermatology, Gentofte Hospital, Kildegårdsvej 28, Opgang 15, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39773755; Fax: +45 39 777 118. E-mail: david.kaspar.bregnbak@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorDathan Hamann, Dathan Hamann Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43221, OH, USASearch for more papers by this authorCarsten R. Hamann, Carsten R. Hamann Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda 92350, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorCurtis Hamann, Curtis Hamann Contact Dermatitis Institute, Phoenix 85008, AZ, USASearch for more papers by this authorRadoslaw Spiewak, Radoslaw Spiewak Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow 31-008, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorTorkil Menné, Torkil Menné Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorClaus Zachariae, Claus Zachariae Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorMorten S. Jellesen, Morten S. Jellesen Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Surface Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12577Citations: 7 Conflicts of interest: D. Hamann and C. R. Hamann are the sons of C. Hamann, owner and CEO of SmartPractice, which manufactures and sells patch test products and spot tests. The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume75, Issue2August 2016Pages 115-117 RelatedInformation

The history of chromium as an allergen goes back more than a century, and includes an interventional success with national legislation that led to significant changes in the epidemiology of chromium allergy in construction workers. The 2015 EU Leather Regulation once again put a focus on chromium allergy, emphasizing that the investigation of chromium allergy is still far from complete. Our review article on chromium focuses on the allergen's chemical properties, its potential exposure sources, and the allergen's interaction with the skin, and also provides an overview of the regulations, and analyses the epidemiological pattern between nations and across continents. We provide an update on the allergen from a dermatological point of view, and conclude that much still remains to be discovered about the allergen, and that continued surveillance of exposure sources and prevalence rates is necessary.

Numerous studies have focused on emerging allergens causing contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis in eczema populations and the general population, whereas only a few European multicenter studies systematically manage to detect prevalence rates of various contact allergies over time in eczema populations. Contact allergy is a life-time condition, which may lead to allergic contact dermatitis in individuals who do not manage to avoid exposure to the ascertained allergen in question. It is therefore of utmost importance that clinicians and dermatologists have sufficient knowledge on common allergens causing contact allergies in the general and working population. This review aimed to highlight the newest knowledge of frequent allergens of clinical importance. Literature was sought from the Pubmed™ database, Google™ scholar and textbooks. On the basis of the literature within the last 5 years, a comprehensive review of methylisothiazolinone, chromium, cobalt, rubber accelerators and fragrance ingredients were conducted. Of each allergen we discuss in detail the temporal trend of prevalence, source of exposure, clinical manifestation of allergic contact dermatitis and legislative measurements on how to regulate the exposure.

SummaryBackgroundCobalt is a strong skin sensitizer and a prevalent contact allergen. Recent studies have recognized exposure to leather articles as a potential cause of cobalt allergy.ObjectivesTo examine the association between contact allergy to cobalt and a history of dermatitis resulting from exposure to leather.MethodsA questionnaire case–control study was performed: the case group consisted of 183 dermatitis patients with a positive patch test reaction to cobalt chloride and a negative patch test reaction to potassium dichromate; the control group consisted of 621 dermatitis patients who did not react to either cobalt or chromium in patch testing. Comparisons were made by use of a χ2‐test, Fisher's exact, and the Mann–Whitney test. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations while taking confounding factors into consideration.ResultsLeather was observed as the most frequent exposure source causing dermatitis in the case group. Although the case group significantly more often reported non‐occupational dermatitis caused by leather exposure (p < 0.001), no association was found between cobalt allergy and dermatitis caused by work‐related exposure to leather.ConclusionsOur study suggests a positive association between cobalt allergy and a history of dermatitis caused by non‐occupational exposure to leather articles.

Contact DermatitisVolume 73, Issue 2 p. 129-130 Contact Points Allergic nickel dermatitis following an occupational accident involving a mechanical rodeo bull David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900 DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, Kildegårdsvej 28, Opgang 20A, 1. sal, DK – 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39773755; Fax: +45 39 777 118. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorTorkil Menné, Torkil Menné Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900 DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900 DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900 DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, Kildegårdsvej 28, Opgang 20A, 1. sal, DK – 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39773755; Fax: +45 39 777 118. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorTorkil Menné, Torkil Menné Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900 DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 2900 DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 April 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12407Citations: 2 Conflict of interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1Wilkinson D S, Fregert S, Magnusson B et al. Terminology of contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1970: 50: 287–292. 2Thyssen J P, Linneberg A, Menné T, Johansen J D. The epidemiology of contact allergy in the general population – prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis 2007: 57: 287–299. 3Schalock P C, Thyssen J P. Metal hypersensitivity reactions to implants: opinions and practices of patch testing dermatologists. Dermatitis 2013: 24: 313–320. 4Pinson M L, Coop C A, Webb C N. Metal hypersensitivity in total joint arthroplasty. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014: 113: 131–136. Citing Literature Volume73, Issue2August 2015Pages 129-130 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Contact DermatitisVolume 72, Issue 4 p. 243-244 Contact Points Airborne contact dermatitis caused by common ivy (Hedera helix L. ssp. helix) David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DK – 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39 773 755; Fax: +45 39 777 118. E-mail: David.Kaspar.Bregnbak@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorTorkil Menné, Torkil Menné Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DK – 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39 773 755; Fax: +45 39 777 118. E-mail: David.Kaspar.Bregnbak@regionh.dkSearch for more papers by this authorTorkil Menné, Torkil Menné Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJeanne D. Johansen, Jeanne D. Johansen Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Hellerup 2900, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 January 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12337Citations: 11 Conflict of interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume72, Issue4April 2015Pages 243-244 RelatedInformation

Contact DermatitisVolume 72, Issue 2 p. 118-119 Contact Points Occupational exposure to metallic cobalt in a baker David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, Hud-og Allergiafdeling, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39 77 32 11. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorClaus Zachariae, Claus Zachariae Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author David Bregnbak, Corresponding Author David Bregnbak National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DenmarkCorrespondence: David Bregnbak, Hud-og Allergiafdeling, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 39 77 32 11. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorClaus Zachariae, Claus Zachariae Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. Thyssen Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 November 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12321Citations: 6 Funding/support: None. Conflict of interests: Jacob Thyssen was financed by an unrestricted grant from the Lundbeck Foundation. Jacob P. Thyssen sold the cobalt spot test to SmartHealth (Phoenix, AZ, USA) after its development, and will receive royalty fees for annual net sales of the spot test. Financial disclosure: None. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Reference 1Midander K, Julander A, Skare L, Lidén C. Cobalt skin dose resulting from short and repetitive contact with hard metals. Contact Dermatitis 2014: 70: 361–368. 2Thyssen J P, Menné T, Johansen J D et al. A spot test for detection of cobalt release – early experience and findings. Contact Dermatitis 2010: 63: 63–69. 3Thyssen J P, Johansen J D, Jellesen M S, Menné T. Cobalt spot test used for diagnosis of occupationally related exposure to cobalt-containing powder. Contact Dermatitis 2012: 66: 228–229. 4Thyssen J P, Menné T, Møller P, Jellesen M S, Johansen J D. A cobalt spot test was useful in the diagnostic work-up of a cobalt allergic patient suffering from oral hypersensitivity to cobalt. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011: 65: 659–660. 5Thyssen J P, Johansen J D, Jellesen M S et al. Consumer leather exposure: an unrecognized cause of cobalt sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2013: 69: 276–279. 6Wilkinson D S, Fregert S, Magnusson B et al. Terminology of contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1970: 50: 287–292. 7Bregnbak D, Thyssen J P, Zachariae C, Menné T, Johansen J D. Association between cobalt allergy and dermatitis caused by leather articles – a questionnaire study. Contact Dermatitis 2014: 72: 106–114. Citing Literature Volume72, Issue2February 2015Pages 118-119 ReferencesRelatedInformation

BackgroundAlong with chromium, nickel and cobalt are the clinically most important metal allergens. However, unlike for nickel and cobalt, there is no validated colorimetric spot test that detects chromium. Such a test could help both clinicians and their patients with chromium dermatitis to identify culprit exposures.ObjectivesTo evaluate the use of diphenylcarbazide (DPC) as a spot test reagent for the identification of chromium(VI) release.MethodsA colorimetric chromium(VI) spot test based on DPC was prepared and used on different items from small market surveys.ResultsThe DPC spot test was able to identify chromium(VI) release at 0.5ppm without interference from other pure metals, alloys, or leather. A market survey using the test showed no chromium(VI) release from work tools (0/100). However, chromium(VI) release from metal screws (7/60), one earring (1/50), leather shoes (4/100) and leather gloves (6/11) was observed. We found no false-positive test reactions. Confirmatory testing was performed with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and spectrophotometrically on extraction fluids.ConclusionsThe use of DPC as a colorimetric spot test reagent appears to be a good and valid test method for detecting the release of chromium(VI) ions from leather and metal articles. The spot test has the potential to become a valuable screening tool.

SummaryBackgroundChromium‐tanned leather articles currently constitute the most important cause of contact allergy to chromium in Denmark. A regulation on the content of hexavalent chromium in leather was adopted in November 2013 by the EU member states.ObjectivesTo characterize patients with chromium allergy and their disease, to serve as a baseline for future studies on the potential effect of the new regulation on chromium in leather.MethodsA questionnaire case–control study was performed on 155 dermatitis patients with positive patch test reactions to potassium dichromate and a matched control group of 621 dermatitis patients. Comparisons were made by use of a χ2‐test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations.ResultsSixty‐six per cent of chromium‐allergic patients had a positive history of contact dermatitis caused by leather exposure. They had a significantly lower quality of life (p < 0.001), a higher prevalence of dermatitis during the last year (p = 0.008), a higher use of medication during the past 12 months (p = 0.001) and a higher prevalence of sick leave (p = 0.007) than patients in the control group.ConclusionsChromium‐allergic patients have more severe and more chronic contact dermatitis. Their primary chromium exposure comes from leather articles.

BackgroundThe pathogenesis of total joint replacement failure is multifactorial. One hypothesis suggests that corrosion and wear of alloys result in metal ion release, which may then cause sensitization and even implant failure, owing to the acquired immune reactivity.ObjectivesTo assess cobalt, nickel and chromium(VI) release from, and the metal composition of, failed metal-on-ethylene total hip replacements.Materials/methodsImplant components from 52 revision cases were evaluated with spot tests for free nickel, cobalt, and chromium (VI) ions. Implant composition was determined with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and information on the reason for revision and complications in relation to surgery was collected from the medical charts when possible (72%). For 10 implants, corrosion was further characterized with scanning electron microscopy.ResultsWe detected cobalt release from three of 38 removed femoral heads and from one of 24 femoral stems. Nickel release was detected from one of 24 femoral stems. No chromium(VI) release was detected.ConclusionsWe found that cobalt and nickel were released from some failed total hip arthroplasties, and corrosion was frequently observed. Metal ions and particles corroded from metal-on-polyethylene may play a role in the complex aetiopathology of implant failure.