This article provides new estimates of the return on capital employed (ROCE) for major British railway companies. It shows that ROCE was generally below the cost of capital after the mid-1870s and fell until the turn of the century. Addressing cost inefficiency issues could have restored ROCE to an adequate level in the late 1890s but not in 1910. Declines in ROCE hit share prices and investors made little or no money in real terms after 1897. Optimal portfolio analysis shows that, while railway securities were attractive to investors before this date, they would have been justified in rushing to the exits thereafter.

The National Lung Health Education Program recommends that primary care providers perform spirometry tests on cigarette smoking patients 45 years or older in order to detect airways obstruction and aid smoking cessation efforts [Ferguson GT, Enright Pl, Buist AS, et al. Office spirometry for lung health assessment in adults: a consensus statement from the national lung education program. Chest 2000; 117: 1146–61]. An abbreviated forced expiratory maneuver that requires exhalation for 6s (FEV6) has recently been proposed as a substitute for forced vital capacity (FVC) to facilitate performance of such spirometry. We set out to assess the accuracy of diagnosis of obstruction and abnormal pulmonary function using FEV6 in comparison to FVC in a community hospital population. One hundred pulmonary function tests performed at a community hospital were randomly selected and retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-three of the 100 tests had satisfactory 6-s expiration and were subject to further analysis. We compared the spirometric interpretation using Morris predictive equations for FEV1/FVC and Hankison predictive equations for FEV1/FVC and FEV1/FEV6. The Hankison set of equations is the only published reference formulas for prediction of FEV6. We found that versus our Morris gold standard, Hankison based FEV1/FVC interpretation was 100% sensitive and 67% specific for the diagnosis of obstruction and 100% sensitive and 65% specific for the diagnosis of any abnormality. The Hankison based FEV1/FEV6 interpretation was 97% sensitive and 47% specific for diagnosing obstruction and 100% sensitive and 50% specific for identifying any abnormality versus the Morris FVC based gold standard. In conclusion, in our hospital based pulmonary function laboratory, FEV6 based interpretation has excellent sensitivity for detection of spirometric abnormalities. However, its moderate specificity may hinder its utility as a screening test. Further testing is necessary to determine its reliability in different patient populations with less highly trained operators.

This paper presents New Zealand's seismic risk profile, past seismic events in the country and strategies applied to reduce seismic risk. New Zealand experiences a large number of earthquakes, the most damaging of which took place in February 1931 in Hawke's Bay. Following the 1991 Building Act, which was created to regulate building design and construction, a number of strategies were implemented to ensure compliance of all school buildings constructed from 1976 onwards with the new seismic standards. Between 1998 and 2001, a structural survey of 2 361 public schools was commissioned by the Ministry of Education, and a significant investment programme was initiated to meet the recommendations of the report in terms of specific categories of buildings.

IN 1989, the Edmonton (Alberta) Catholic School Division—a publicly funded Catholic school division—began a slow and painstaking process of implementing Policy Governance. Though all involved were aware that in principle Policy Governance is best implemented quickly and completely, this board, which had been in existence for 110 years, needed more time. Finally, in 1997, the switch was completed. Where did the board find the discipline to keep moving toward Policy Governance? Brian Mitchell, who has been on the board since 1992, explains it was part necessity, part patience, and part dedication to pursuing the board's mission. The division's ends policies appear in the sidebar on page 2.

Thirty-five male and fifty-five female subjects, 10 to 35% overweight, were placed on a 7,200- or 7,500-calorielday diet for twelve weeks. The cumu- lative weight loss for males was 20.54 +- 8.26 pounds and females 12.86 +- 6.99 pounds. A food exchange diet plan using the five basic food groups was well tolerated by all of the subjects and, in fact, the group consensus was that they felt satiated at the lower caloric level. It is concluded that at least for the moderately overweight population a general diet reduced in calories results in as good compliance as nonhazardous special very low-calorie diets, drug programs, or complex programs of behavioral modification.

The vitreous chamber decreased in depth about 0.12 mm as accommodative demand increased from 0.2 to 7 D in nine accommodative steps. The depth decreases matched movement of the posterior lens surface toward the retina. Accommodation caused no significant increases in axial length compared to cyclopleged controls. These results do not favor the active role for the vitreous in accommodation proposed by Coleman in 1970. Computer analysis of A-scan interval counts demonstrated that multiple retinal complex peaks might erroneously point to vitreous or axial lengthening. About 30% of total lens thickening during accommodation was accounted for by posterior lens surface displacement.

Journal of ZoologyVolume 164, Issue 2 p. 250-254 The weights of new-born to oneday-old Red deer calves in Scottish moorland habitats Brian Mitchell, The Nature Conservancy, 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh, EH9 2ASSearch for more papers by this author Brian Mitchell, The Nature Conservancy, 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh, EH9 2ASSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1971 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1971.tb01311.xCitations: 13AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume164, Issue2June 1971Pages 250-254 RelatedInformation