Hundreds of published studies have advanced understanding of the hypothesized general factor of psychological problems, but confusion still surrounds the hypothesis. This partly results from critics conflating our hypotheses with those of other authors, but we have created confusion ourselves by stating two different general factor hypotheses, which we differentiate here. In the psychometric general factor hypothesis, the general factor is the term in bifactor models that quantifies the variance shared by all measured psychological problems, whereas two or more specific factors are defined by orthogonal pools of variance shared only by items loading on each specific factor. Although the psychometric bifactor model is sometimes viewed as an alternative to taxonomic models based on correlated factor models, it is not. Correlated factors models properly describe the overlapping dimensions of psychological problems experienced in everyday life. The separate hierarchical causal hypothesis is that correlations among the problems that define the general factor result from some of their causes and mechanisms being directly or indirectly shared, whereas the specific factors are the result of other orthogonal causes being shared by subsets of problems. There is growing evidence that some genetic and environmental causes-and their attendant psychobiological mechanisms-are shared to varying degrees with essentially all psychological problems. Other independent causes and mechanisms influence only subgroups of psychological problems (e.g., internalizing problems). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Background:Recent developmental models posited that general tendencies to exhibit psychological problems are relatively stable, but specific problems change frequently. We need comprehensive descriptions of persistence and change in psychological problems before advancing such theories, however. Methods:Data from four annual assessments of 9806 children (ages 9-10 years at baseline) in the Adolescent Behavior Cognitive Development Study™ were used to quantify persistence and change in each of 10 parent-rated specific psychological problems. Results:Novel pairwise analyses revealed that the persistence of psychological problems over 1-3 years was common, but behavior change in the sense that problem x 1 at baseline desisted and was replaced by a new problem y 2 at follow-up was uncommon. The only relatively common changes in behavior over time involved adding a new problem (i.e., x 1 at baseline followed by x 2 + y 2 at follow-up) or subtracting a problem (i.e., x 1 + y 1 at baseline followed by only y 2 at follow-up). Conclusions:If confirmed across other measures and developmental epochs, these findings challenge a key postulate of current theories that the developmental course of psychological problems involves frequent replacement of one problem by another.

The effects of serial order of presentation on parent ratings of items referring to the behavior of their children were examined using two scales measuring dispositions and psychopathology that were administered to a representative sample of 1,358 4–17 year olds. Items within each scale were pseudo-randomized instead of being grouped according to the constructs they were written to measure. Each scale was presented in either forward or reverse serial order, with parents who were unaware of all hypotheses being randomly selected for forward or reverse order of administration. In both the disposition and psychopathology scales, the same items were rated significantly differently depending on the order of presentation to the raters; ratings declined in magnitude as the parents rated increasing numbers of items. Although parent ratings presumably partly reflect the behavior of their children, they are biased by robust order effects. The unbiased counter-balancing of items in scale construction and the use of randomized forward versus reverse orders of scale administrations can be used to minimize extraneous order effects.

Abstract Background The Quantra Hemostasis System (HemoSonics, LLC) is a cartridge-based viscoelastic testing system used to monitor the coagulation status of whole blood samples. The clinical performance of the System with the QPlus and QStat Cartridges was demonstrated in patients undergoing surgical procedures using venous blood samples. However, depending on the nature of the surgical procedure, arterial or venous samples may be more accessible for testing. It is currently unknown if differences exist between the two samples for the Quantra System. This study compared QPlus and QStat parameters measurements in venous and arterial blood samples collected in parallel from patients undergoing cardiac or liver transplant surgery. Methods Two studies were conducted according to CLSI EP09. The cardiac study enrolled 50 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass to evaluate QPlus parameters. Matching arterial and venous samples were obtained at two time points: during bypass and post-protamine. The liver study enrolled 25 adult patients undergoing liver transplantation to evaluate QStat parameters. Matching arterial and venous samples from were obtained at three time points: baseline, anhepatic and reperfusion phases. All arterial samples were drawn from an existing arterial catheter whereas venous samples were drawn from the venous side of the bypass circuit or from the central venous catheter (proximal port to minimize infusion contamination). Linear regression analysis and means comparison (paired t-test) were used to assess whether the two sample types provided equivalent results, Results Table 1 provides the mean values for each parameter determined for venous and arterial samples. None of the parameters showed a significant difference between sample types (P > 0.05). Additionally, the linear regression analysis show strong correlation between the results for each parameter. Conclusions Both studies demonstrated that venous and arterial whole blood samples provide equivalent results on the Quantra System with the QPlus and QStat Cartridges.

AbstractBackgroundStudies suggest that prosocial behavior, having high empathy and engaging in behaviors intended to benefit others, may predict mental health or vice versa; however, these findings have been mixed. The purpose of the current study was to examine the bidirectional relationships between prosocial behavior and dimensions of psychopathology in children.MethodsThe relationships between prosocial behavior and four dimensions of psychopathology (general psychopathology, internalizing symptoms, conduct problems, and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms) were examined longitudinally in children 9–12 years of age from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 9122). We used a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model to distinguish between stable, trait‐like (between‐person) and time‐dependent (within‐person) fluctuations across a 24‐month period.ResultsBetween‐person results revealed that prosocial behavior was negatively associated with general psychopathology and conduct problems while being positively associated with internalizing symptoms. Within‐person results demonstrated that, out of four possible directional paths tested, one was significant. This path showed that greater general psychopathology and conduct problems at the first‐year follow‐up predicted fewer prosocial behaviors at the second‐year follow‐up, although the effect size was small. In contrast, prosocial behavior did not predict psychopathology dimensions for any year.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that prosocial behaviors have stable associations with psychopathology across preadolescence; however, evidence of a directional association in which psychopathology predicts fewer prosocial behaviors in the future was only modest.

BACKGROUND:The literature comparing bone-anchored prosthesis (BAP) with socket prosthesis (SP) consistently reports improvement in physical health and quality of life using primarily patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).OBJECTIVE:To determine the differences in mobility and balance using performance-based outcome measures and PROMs in people with transfemoral amputations (TFAs) fitted with BAP vs. SP.STUDY DESIGN:Causal comparative.METHODS:Two groups of people with TFAs were recruited: one using a BAP (N = 11; mean age ± standard deviation, 44 ± 14.9 years; mean residual limb length as a percentage of the intact femur, 68% ± 15.9) and another group using a SP (N = 11; mean age ± standard deviation, 49.6 ± 16.0 years; mean residual limb length as a percentage of the intact femur, 81% ± 13.9), and completed the 10-meter walk test, component timed-up-and-go, Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility™ 12-item, and Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale.RESULTS:There were no statistically significant differences between the BAP and SP groups in temporal spatial gait parameters and prosthetic mobility as measured by the 10-meter walk test and component timed-up-and-go, yet large effect sizes were found for several variables. In addition, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale and Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility™ scores were not statistically different between the BAP and SP groups, yet a large effect sizes were found for both variables.CONCLUSIONS:This study found that people with TFA who use a BAP can demonstrate similar temporal spatial gait parameters and prosthetic mobility, as well as self-perceived balance confidence and prosthetic mobility as SP users. Therefore, suggesting that the osseointegration reconstruction surgical procedure provides an alternative option for a specific population with TFA who cannot wear nor have limitations with a SP. Future research with a larger sample and other performance-based outcome measures and PROMs of prosthetic mobility and balance would further determine the differences between the prosthetic options.

Abstract Study Purpose This study was undertaken to establish if the Holistic Wellness Assessment (HWA) can detect intra-individual changes following a 12-week undergraduate course in holistic wellness (N = 235). Methods A single-group pretest post-test non-experimental design was used to evaluate changes in the eight HWA factors; concurrent collection of demographic variables enabled a limited moderation analysis. Results Dependent t-tests adjusted for a false discovery rate revealed significant changes in six of the eight HWA factors indicating curriculum sensitivity in these HWA factors. Conclusions Interpretations are offered at the HWA factor level that discuss relationships between curriculum activities and student artifacts with changes in factor and item responses over time. Using the HWA as a pre/post-test instrument helps instructors and students evaluate the changes that have been made as a result of the curriculum.

Theory cannot be fully validated unless original results have been replicated, resulting in conclusion consistency. Replications are the strongest source of evidence to verify research findings and knowledge claims. In the social sciences, replication studies often fail and thus a continuing need for replication studies to confirm tentative facts, expand knowledge to gain new understanding, and verify hypotheses. Failure to replicate in the social and behavioral sciences sometimes arises due to dissimilarity between hypotheses formulated in original and replication studies. Alternatively, failure to replicate also occurs when the same hypothesis is tested; but done so in the absence of knowledge from previous investigations, as when original study effect sizes are not considered in replication studies. To increase replicability of research findings, this paper demonstrates that the application of two one-sided tests to evaluate a replication question provides a superior means for conducting replications, assuming all other methodological procedures remained as similar as possible. Furthermore, this paper sought to explore the impact of heteroscedasticity and unbalanced designs in replication studies in four paired conditions of variance and sample size. Two Monte Carlo simulations, each with two stages, were conducted to investigate conclusion consistency among different replication procedures to determine the repeatability of an observed effect. Overall, the proposed approach yielded a higher proportion of successful replications than the conventional approach (testing the original null hypothesis of no effect). Thus, findings can be confirmed by replications and in the absence of confirmation, there cannot be a final statement about any theory.

PURPOSE This was an investigation of the dimensionality of oral and written language to test the hypothesis that a two-factor model with sound/word and sentence/discourse language levels would best fit language and literacy data for a population-based sample in the school-age years. METHOD A stratified secondary data set of 1,500 participants was drawn randomly from a larger nationally representative U.S. data set (N = 1,853) gathered during standardization of the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills. A sample of 254 students with prior diagnoses of language and literacy disorders (LLD) was drawn from the full data set. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the hypothesized two-factor model with other theoretically possible models. RESULTS The hypothesized two-factor language-levels model had an acceptable-to-good fit to the full data set, as did the three-factor model, with verbal memory added. High interfactor correlation between verbal memory and sentence/discourse constructs, as well as a preference for parsimony, led to the acceptance of the two-factor model as best. This language-levels model had a good fit to the data at ages 8-11 years, and an excellent fit at ages 12-18 years, but only a poor fit for ages 6-7 years (yet still better than other two-factor or unitary models). It had a reasonable fit for students with LLD, although the three-factor model fit their data slightly better. CONCLUSIONS Oral and written language abilities during the school-age years are best explained by a two-factor model with sound/word and sentence/discourse language levels and memory as a contributing factor. Implications for identifying and treating language and literacy disorders as multidimensional rather than categorical are discussed.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most frequently cited and most influential models to explain and predict human intentions and behaviors (Ajzen, 1991, 2011; Kim & James, 2016), which include physical activity and exercise. However, the dimensionality of TPB has not been examined in the context of online fitness program (OFP) participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the TPB measurement parameters of the factorial models and determine the generalizability of the psychological constructs of the TPB model on gender groups and whether COVID-19 affected annual income groups. The participants were 18 years or older adults in U.S.A. and self-identified as OFP participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk. TPB was used to examine OFP participation behavior with four constructs: Attitudes toward a behavior (AB), subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and participation intention (PI) along with an additional construct role identity (RI). Data were collected through Qualtrics and analyzed in RStudio-1.4.1106. Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to investigate measurement invariance on gender (male or female) and COVID-19 impact (yes or no), respectively. Final data for analyses included 724 respondents (52.5% males; 47.9% reported no). The CFA results supported unidimensionality of the modified TPB scale. Invariance tests were conducted at all levels of AB, SN, PBC, PI, and RI measures for both male and female groups and COVID-19 impacted groups: Dimensional (equal number of latent factors), configural (equal factor structure), weak (equal factor loadings), strong (equal indicator intercepts), and strict (equal indicator residuals), respectively. The results showed that each of the equal indicator residual models had an overall satisfactory fit to the OFP participation data for both male and female groups as well as the two COVID-19 impacted groups. Comparing with the equal indicator intercept solution regarding the groups in both gender and COVID-19 impact, each of the equal indicator residual models for AB and SN did not result in a significant degradation in model-data fit. But PBC, PI, and RI had significant chi-square changes and the changes of their CFIs were greater than 0.01. Results showed that the adapted TPB scale is valid for measuring OFP participation intention constructs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since invariant factor loadings and indicator intercepts of TPB measures have achieved, it has confirmed that it is valid to be used in group comparison of latent scores.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between instructional pedagogy and changes in physician assistant (PA) students’ learning styles during a 2-year master’s program. Methods Two parallel curricular tracks were established in the didactic year, one using problem-based learning (PBL) and the other lecture-based learning (LBL) for 6 years. Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI) was administered to both groups at matriculation and at the end of the first and second years. Multivariate analyses, including logarithmic transformations of LSI data because of its ipsative nature, were conducted to evaluate differences and changes in students’ learning style. Results A majority of students changed learning styles during the program. Despite considerable movement within and between learning styles, the percentage distribution of LBL students’ learning styles changed little during the program, whereas there was a significant increase in PBL students having a Convergent learning style after 2 years. PBL students preferred more transformation than prehension in information processing than LBL students. About a third of LBL students, compared to a fifth of PBL students, had reverted to close to their matriculation learning style by the end of the clinical year. Discussion Primary care physicians and PAs tend to have a convergent learning style. Little movement towards this learning style was seen with LBL students, whereas a significant increase in the number of PBL students had adopted this learning style by the end of the program.

Background: This study determined the differences in 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT) distances between people with lower limb amputations in clinical and research settings and described variations in test administration in various clinical settings. Study Design: Retrospective Cross-sectional design. Methods: The 2MWT for 290 patients with lower limb amputations were obtained from a medium-sized prosthetic company with locations within the central United States. Data on 12 prosthetists' 2MWT administration decisions were obtained from the results of an administrative questionnaire. Patient 2MWT distances were compared with published distances. Multiple regression was used to examine the impact of test settings on 2MWT outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to present prosthetists' variations in test administration. Results: Clinical 2MWT distances were significantly less than distances obtained in a research setting. Clinical facilities reported inconsistent path dimensions and potential obstacles in proximity to the test area. Variations in test administration by prosthetists with respect to path length, instructions, turn marker, and overage measurement may contribute to the differences. Conclusions: Prosthetists should be aware that comparisons of patients' 2MWT distance in a clinical environment may differ from published results. Although variations in clinical environments are usually nonmodifiable characteristics of the clinical facility, test administration and scoring could be modified.

A polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been found to be associated with ADHD in multiple studies, but also with many other dimensions of problems. Little is known, however, about the processes underlying these transdiagnostic associations. Using data from the baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments of 9- to 10-year-old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development™ (ABCD©) Study, associations were assessed between an ADHD PRS and both general and specific factors of psychological problems defined in bifactor modeling. Additionally, prospective mediated paths were tested from the ADHD PRS to dimensions of problems in the follow-up assessment through baseline measures of executive functioning (EF) and two facets of impulsivity: lower perseverance and greater impulsiveness in the presence of surgent positive emotions. Previous findings of modest but significant direct associations of the ADHD PRS with the general factor of psychological problems were replicated in both assessments in 4,483 children of European ancestry. In addition, significant statistical mediation was found from the ADHD PRS to the general factor, specific ADHD, and conduct problems in the follow-up assessment through each of the two facets of impulsivity. In contrast, EF did not statistically mediate associations between the ADHD PRS and psychological problems. These results suggest that polygenic risk transdiagnostically influences both psychological problems and facets of impulsivity, perhaps partly through indirect pathways via facets of impulsivity.

Substantial evidence implicates the amygdala and related structures in the processing of negative emotions. Furthermore, neuroimaging evidence suggests that variations in amygdala volumes are related to trait-like individual differences in neuroticism/negative emotionality, although many questions remain about the nature of such associations. We conducted planned tests of the directional prediction that dispositional negative emotionality measured at 10–17 years using parent and youth ratings on the Child and Adolescent Dispositions Scale (CADS) would predict larger volumes of the amygdala in adulthood and conducted exploratory tests of associations with other regions implicated in emotion processing. Participants were 433 twins strategically selected for neuroimaging during wave 2 from wave 1 of the Tennessee Twins Study (TTS) by oversampling on internalizing and/or externalizing psychopathology risk. Controlling for age, sex, race-ethnicity, handedness, scanner, and total brain volume, youth-rated negative emotionality positively predicted bilateral amygdala volumes after correction for multiple testing. Each unit difference of one standard deviation (SD) in negative emotionality was associated with a .12 SD unit difference in larger volumes of both amygdalae. Parent-rated negative emotionality predicted greater thickness of the left caudal/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (β = 0.28). Associations of brain structure with negative emotionality were not moderated by sex. These results are striking because dispositions assessed at 10–17 years of age were predictive of grey matter volumes measured 12–13 years later in adulthood. Future longitudinal studies should examine the timing of amygdala/cingulate associations with dispositional negative emotionality to determine when these associations emerge during development.

Role models are critical for broadening participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); however, little is known about STEM role model characteristics most likely to promote identification. This study focused on adolescents’ preferences and identification with diverse STEM role models featured in online videos. Findings from a quantitative analysis of adolescents from a suburban community in the Midwest of the USA showed that same-sex and same-race STEM role models did not affect preference. Post hoc analysis indicated that students rated STEM role models who were established or early in their careers and fictitious STEM role model characters higher than portrayals of famous STEM professionals. Students rated role models who were female, non-white higher than female, white and male, non-white, but students did not rate them differently than male, white characters. Students rated female, white characters equivalently to male, non-white characters but lower than male, white characters. Lastly, male, white characters were rated higher than male, non-white characters. Findings from the qualitative analysis of adolescents’ written reflections found identification with STEM role models who challenged gender and racial/ethnic STEM stereotypes, pursued interesting hobbies, and worked in STEM fields perceived as interesting. Implications for educators and media practitioners are discussed.

Objective. The modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (mCTSIB) is used to clinically assess vestibular sensory integration (VSI), the process by which the central nervous system integrates vestibular afference to maintain balance. The rate and effects of impaired VSI (IVSI) on prosthetic mobility in people with lower limb amputation (LLA) is unknown. The objective of this study was to use the mCTSIB to classify VSI in active community ambulators with LLA and to examine the relationship between IVSI and prosthetic mobility, as measured by the Component Timed Up and Go (cTUG) test. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 130 community ambulators with unilateral LLA. Classification of VSI was determined based on a time-based pass/fail mCTSIB performance. Participants were classified as having normal sensory integration (NSI) if they could balance for 30 seconds in every mCTSIB condition. Participants who failed condition 4 exclusively were classified as IVSI. Prosthetic mobility, as measured by the cTUG, was compared between NSI and IVSI groups. Results. Of the 130 participants, 29 (22%) were classified as IVSI and 95 (73%) were classified as having NSI. Prosthetic mobility significantly differed between IVSI and NSI groups, with IVSI participants performing all components of the cTUG significantly slower. Medium to large effect sizes were found between groups during cTUG. Conclusions. These results suggest that 1 in 5 community ambulators with LLA have IVSI, with associated limitations in balance confidence and prosthetic mobility. Impact. The ability to integrate vestibular information was found to have a strong relationship with prosthetic mobility in active community ambulators with LLA, especially with performing a 180-degree step turn. Physical therapists can use the mCTSIB to classify sensory integration during prosthetic rehabilitation and develop an appropriate balance intervention. Lay Summary. Active adults with LLA can use information from their senses to maintain their standing balance. Adults with LLA who have difficulty balancing on foam with closed eyes were slower to get in and out of a chair, walk, and perform a 180-degree step turn.

ABSTRACT Psychopathology can be viewed as a hierarchy of correlated dimensions. Many studies have supported this conceptualization, but they have used alternative statistical models with differing interpretations. In bifactor models, every symptom loads on both the general factor and one specific factor (e.g., internalizing), which partitions the total explained variance in each symptom between these orthogonal factors. In second-order models, symptoms load on one of several correlated lower-order factors. These lower-order factors load on a second-order general factor, which is defined by the variance shared by the lower-order factors. Thus, the factors in second-order models are not orthogonal. Choosing between these valid statistical models depends on the hypothesis being tested. Because bifactor models define orthogonal phenotypes with distinct sources of variance, they are optimal for studies of shared and unique associations of the dimensions of psychopathology with external variables putatively relevant to etiology and mechanisms. Concerns have been raised, however, about the reliability of the orthogonal specific factors in bifactor models. We evaluated this concern using parent symptom ratings of 9-10 year olds in the ABCD Study. Psychometric indices indicated that all factors in both bifactor and second-order models exhibited at least adequate construct reliability and estimated replicability. The factors defined in bifactor and second-order models were highly to moderately correlated across models, but have different interpretations. All factors in both models demonstrated significant associations with external criterion variables of theoretical and clinical importance, but the interpretation of such associations in second-order models was ambiguous due to shared variance among factors. General Scientific Summary Some investigators have proposed that viewing the correlated symptoms of psychopathology as a hierarchy in which all symptoms are related to both a general (p) factor of psychopathology and a more specific factor will make it easier to distinguish potential risk factors and mechanisms that are nonspecifically related to all forms of psychopathology versus those that are associated with specific dimensions of psychopathology. Parent ratings of child psychopathology items from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were analyzed using two alternative statistical models of the proposed hierarchy. All factors of psychopathology defined in both bifactor and second-order models demonstrated adequate psychometric properties and criterion validity, but associations of psychopathology factors with external variables were more easily interpreted in bifactor than in second-order models.

Predictive associations were estimated between socioemotional dispositions measured at 10-17 years using the Child and Adolescent Dispositions Scale (CADS) and future individual differences in white matter microstructure measured at 22-31 years of age. Participants were 410 twins (48.3% monozygotic) selected for later neuroimaging by oversampling on risk for psychopathology from a representative sample of child and adolescent twins. Controlling for demographic covariates and total intracranial volume (TICV), each CADS disposition (negative emotionality, prosociality, and daring) rated by one of the informants (parent or youth) significantly predicted global fractional anisotropy (FA) averaged across the major white matter tracts in brain in adulthood, but did so through significant interactions with sex after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. In females, each 1 SD difference in greater parent-rated prosociality was associated with 0.43 SD greater FA (p < 0.0008). In males, each 1 SD difference in greater parent-rated daring was associated with 0.24 SD lower FA (p < 0.0008), and each 1 SD difference in greater youth-rated negative emotionality was associated with 0.18 SD greater average FA (p < 0.0040). These findings suggest that CADS dispositions are associated with FA, but associations differ by sex. Exploratory analyses suggest that FA may mediate the associations between dispositions and psychopathology in some cases. These associations over 12 years could reflect enduring brain-behavior associations in spite of transactions with the environment, but could equally reflect processes in which dispositional differences in behavior influence the development of white matter. Future longitudinal studies are needed to resolve the causal nature of these sex-moderated associations.

Introduction The objective was to determine if the Mobile Device Outcomes-based Rehabilitation Program (MDORP) improved strength, mobility, and gait quality in service members (SMs) and Veterans with lower limb amputation (LLA). Methods Seven SMs and 10 Veterans with LLA enrolled and were trained to use a mobile sensor system, called Rehabilitative Lower Limb Orthopedic Analysis Device (ReLOAD). ReLOAD provided participants with real-time assessment of gait deviations, subsequent corrective audio feedback, and exercise prescription for normalizing gait at home and in the community. After baseline testing, prosthetic gait and exercise training, participants took ReLOAD home and completed an 8-week walking and home exercise program. Home visits were conducted every 2 weeks to review gait training and home exercises. Results Significant improvements in hip extensor strength, basic and high-level mobility, musculoskeletal endurance, and gait quality (P < 0.05) were found at the completion of the 8-week intervention. Conclusion Preliminary MDORP results are promising in its ability to improve basic and high-level mobility, lower limb strength, and gait quality in a group of SMs and Veterans with LLA. In addition, "booster" prosthetic training may be justified in an effort helps maintain an active lifestyle, promotes prosthetic use, and mitigates secondary health effects.

BACKGROUND:Executive functions (EFs) are important partly because they are associated with risk for psychopathology and substance use problems. Because EFs have been linked to white matter microstructure, we tested the prediction that fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in white matter tracts are associated with EFs and dimensions of psychopathology in children younger than the age of widespread psychoactive substance use.METHODS:Parent symptom ratings, EF test scores, and diffusion tensor parameters from 8588 9- to 10-year-olds in the ABCD Study (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study) were used.RESULTS:A latent factor derived from EF test scores was significantly associated with specific conduct problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder problems, with dimensions defined in a bifactor model. Furthermore, EFs were associated with FA and MD in 16 of 17 bilateral white matter tracts (range: β = .05; SE = .17; through β = -.31; SE = .06). Neither FA nor MD was directly associated with psychopathology, but there were significant indirect associations via EFs of both FA (range: β = .01; SE = .01; through β = -.09; SE = .02) and MD (range: β = .01; SE = .01; through β = .09; SE = .02) with both specific conduct problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in all tracts except the forceps minor.CONCLUSIONS:EFs in children are inversely associated with diffusion tensor imaging measures in nearly all tracts throughout the brain. Furthermore, variance in diffusion tensor measures that is shared with EFs is indirectly shared with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems.