A. INTRODUCTION In 2017, Professor Martin Hogg published a magisterial monograph on the subject of Obligations: Law and Language. From the outset of that work, the author notes that the words used by the parties to obligational relationships―even obligational relationships which are constituted ex voluntate―do not need to, and indeed do not generally, map on to the “fundamental structural language” of the law. This “fundamental structural language” can be understood as the lexicon comprised of those basic terms which are used by “external observers” of obligational relationships―most often being lawyers, legislators and jurists―to “make sense” of the law of obligations conceptually, as well as of specific undertakings in particular. Words such as ‘promise’, ‘offer’ and ‘unqualified acceptance’, to take some basic examples not directly examined by Hogg for “constraints of space”, might be applied by the parties to a (potentially) obligational relationship. However, the subjective understanding that the parties themselves have of these terms, or their respective intentions in using them, will not necessarily correspond with the objective legal understanding of the relevant words. Within the field of ex lege obligations―that is, those obligations which are imposed by law, or arise juridically―there is less (indeed, usually no) opportunity for the parties to demonstrate their own understanding of the words habitually employed to describe the obligational nexus. It does not matter how a negligent driver who is sued for causing injury to another road user would describe their relationship to the pursuer: the institutional position is that they are delictually liable to repair the damnum [loss] that they wrongfully caused. A party to a frustrated agreement might not think or believe themselves to be ‘unjustifiably enriched’ by possessing something given to them in the expectation of their performance of

in nonresponders (0.58 [0.28– 0.71] vs. 0.25 [0.15– 0.42] ng/ml, p = 0.007). QRISK change correlated with change in plasma VLDLTG (r = 0.489, p = 0.007). There was a positive correlation between rise in HDL cholesterol and the decrease in leptin (r=0.57, p=0.001), and rise in adiponectin (r = 0.58, p = 0.001) levels. Summary: Weight loss markedly decreases cardiometabolic risk particularly when remission of diabetes is achieved. Leptin, adiponectin, GDF15 and FGF21 changes were related to weight loss not remission of diabetes. Normalisation of 10year cardiovascular risk and heart age is possible after substantial dietary weight loss and remission of diabetes. Acknowledgement: Roy Taylor

This pilot study investigated the effects of chilling and reheating a pasta-based meal on the postprandial glycaemic response. In this single-blind crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers consumed identical pasta meals (pasta, olive oil, and tomato sauce), served either freshly prepared, chilled, or chilled/reheated, on three separate randomised occasions. Capillary blood samples were taken for two hours postprandially. A significant difference in glucose Incremental Area Under the Curve was observed (p = 0.006), with the greatest difference observed between the freshly cooked and chilled/reheated meals (p = 0.041). Significant differences in incremental peak glucose were also observed (p = 0.018). These results suggest that making simple changes to domestic food processing methods can reduce the glycaemic excursion following a pasta meal, with the potential for health benefit.

Aims: It is recommended that approximately 50% of energy intake comes from carbohydrate (CHO), however many people avoid CHO because of its effects on blood glucose, with postprandial hyperglycaemia and reduced insulin sensitivity both associated with development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic responses to consumption of a mashed potato meal, prepared either freshly cooked or chilled and reheated. Methods: Eleven healthy participants attended two study days in a randomised crossover design. On each they provided a fasted venous blood sample before consuming a portion of mashed potato (203 g potato, 25 g butter; providing 36 g CHO, 20.6 g fat), freshly cooked on one occasion and chilled then reheated on the other. Further blood samples were taken for 6 h postprandially. Results: The reheated meal resulted in a 20 % reduction in the 0120 min insulin incremental area under the curve (IAUC) compared with the freshly cooked meal (p = 0.036) and a 23 % reduction in glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) 0120 min IAUC (p = 0.005). There were no differences between meals for glucose, cpeptide or glucagonlike peptide1 (GLP1). Conclusion: The reduced insulin response, with no corresponding change in glucose, suggests improved insulin sensitivity following the reheated meal, demonstrating that making simple changes to the way potato is prepared can have a beneficial effect on glucose control.

With an increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, effective dietary strategies for blood glucose control are crucial. As carbohydrates make up approximately 50% of the diet, it is neither practical nor advisable to avoid them altogether. Most of the carbohydrate in the diet is derived from starch, found in potatoes, pasta, rice and bread. These foods are often processed in some way before consumption, yet little is known about the effects processing, such as chilling and reheating, has on the glycaemic response, particularly when the food is consumed in the context of a mixed meal. This article introduces the SPUD project, a BBSRC DRINC-funded initiative. Taking the potato as the model carbohydrate, this project will investigate, via in vitro and in vivo studies, the effects of domestic food processing techniques on the glycaemic response. A final study, utilising intrinsically labelled potato and a dual stable isotope methodology, will model glucose flux data to determine the underlying mechanisms of action.

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Aim. -Metformin is the most widely used oral hypoglycaemic drug, but it may lower B-12 status, which could have important clinical implications. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between metformin use and vitamin B-12 deficiency in persons with type 2 diabetes.Methods. -Electronic database searches were undertaken (1st January 1957-1st July 2013) using the Cochrane library, Scopus, CINAHL, Grey literature databases, Pub Med Central, NICE Clinical Guidelines UK, and ongoing clinical trials. Included studies were of any study design, with data from patients with type 2 diabetes of any age or gender, taking any dose or duration of metformin. Planned primary outcomes were serum vitamin B-12 levels, % prevalence or incidence of vitamin B-12 deficiency and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency.Results. -Twenty-six papers were included in the review. Ten out of 17 observational studies showed statistically significantly lower levels of vitamin B-12 in patients on metformin than not on metformin. Meta-analysis performed on four trials demonstrated a statistically significant overall mean B-12 reducing effect of metformin of 57 pmol/L [WMD (fixed) = -0.57 (95% CI: -35 to -79 pmol/L)] after 6 weeks to 3 months of use.Conclusion. -The evidence from this review demonstrates an association between metformin usage and lower levels of vitamin B-12 by 57 pmol/L, which leads to frank deficiency or borderline status in some patients with type 2 diabetes. This suggests that it is prudent to monitor B-12 levels in these patients who are at increased risk of deficiency. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUNDThis study was performed to test the effects of pre-treating cherry tomatoes with a solution containing citric acid-NaCl-CaCl2 (10:10:24 g L(-1)), followed by one of three different drying regimes (40, 60, 80 °C) on the antioxidant capacity of their aqueous extracts and the extent of phenolic compound degradation.RESULTSChlorogenic acids, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin and naringenin were all detected in the aqueous extracts. In fresh cherry tomatoes the predominant phenolic compound was rutin, followed by naringenin, which corresponded to 79% and 8% of the total phenolic compounds present, respectively. Pre-treatment was protective towards naringenin and had a modest protective effect on rutin and ferulic acid (0.1 > P > 0.05). Total phenolic content was similar in all samples, but there was a trend for the level of free polyphenols to be lower in treated tomatoes. The destruction of naringenin was confirmed by liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric data.CONCLUSIONA significant effect of temperature on the antioxidant capacity was observed. After this treatment the industry might introduce some advances in the processing of tomatoes, preserving the main nutritive characteristics and saving the products as semi-dried.

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The scientific literature contains evidence suggesting that women who have been treated for breast cancer may, as a result of their diagnosis, increase their phyto-oestrogen (PE) intake. In the present paper, we describe the creation of a dietary analysis database (based on Dietplan6) for the determination of dietary intakes of specific PE (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A, coumestrol, matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol), in a group of women previously diagnosed and treated for postmenopausal breast cancer. The design of the database, data evaluation criteria, literature data entry for 551 foods and primary analysis by LC–MS/MS of an additional thirty-four foods for which there were no published data are described. The dietary intake of 316 women previously treated for postmenopausal breast cancer informed the identification of potential food and beverage sources of PE and the bespoke dietary analysis database was created to, ultimately, quantify their PE intake. In order that PE exposure could be comprehensively described, fifty-four of the 316 subjects completed a 24 h urine collection, and their urinary excretion results allowed for the description of exposure to include those identified as ‘equol producers’.

Many plant root extracts are known for their potential medicinal uses on living systems due to one or more of their active compounds.In this study, the root's composition of a rare species of pimpinella "Pimpinella boisseiri" grown in wild in Kurdistan -Iraq was investigated after being freeze dried, ground, extracted and purified.The purified ethanolic extract was analysed by LC-MS and two chlorogenic acids were identified including 3, 4, 5, -Caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4 DicaffeolyQuinic Acid and 3, 5-Feruloyl Quinic Acid.Hydro-distillation extract of the ground roots resulted in obtaining azulene (0.5 %).This characterization of pimpinella root extracts revealed the presence of the chlorogenic acids and Azulene.On SEM analysis with built-in X-Ray analysis for the endosperm and the outer coat of the roots, the former showed to contain Mg, P, S, and K, whereas the outer coat found to contain calcium and to a lesser extend iron, beside the elements found in the endosperm.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether the glycemic index (GI) and insulinemic index (II) of dates could be altered by Arabic coffee consumption. METHODS This randomized cross-over study was conducted at the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom from November 2009 to February 2010. Healthy subjects (5 males, 5 females) were recruited to the study. They were fed Khulas dates either with water, or with Arabic coffee. Plasma glucose and insulin responses were measured using standardized methods. Responses were compared with a pure glucose solution matched for available carbohydrate. The GI and II were calculated using standardized methods, and results were presented as means and standard error of mean. Glucose and insulin responses were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS The GI of dates was 55 +/- 6, which increased to 63 +/- 5 for dates consumed with Arabic coffee (p=0.08). No significant difference was observed between the II for dates, and the II of dates consumed with Arabic coffee (p=1.00). CONCLUSION Arabic coffee consumption modestly increased the plasma glucose response of dates compared to that of dates consumed with water. Insulin levels were not significantly affected. The modestly higher glycemic response to dates in the presence of Arabic coffee indicates that this custom may be considered detrimental to health.

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