The winter form of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, readily oviposited on pear budsticks and leaves; the summer form had a strong preference for leaves and was reluctant to oviposit on budsticks.

‘Chantenay Red Core’ carrots grown for seed in Shano silt loam (XerolIic Camborthids) soil near Hermiston, OR, were sidedressed with Temik at the time of bolting. The granules were injected 3 inches into the soil 5 inches from the plant row on May 16. The plots were rill irrigated within one week of the application. Each of the 4 replications in the randomized complete block design consisted of a plot 12 rows wide by 50 ft long. The rows were 22- and the plants 6 inches apart. Efficacy was determined by counting the number of lygus in 10-sweep samples/plot taken each week from Jun 6 through Jul 30. Phytotoxicity was determined by counting the number of plants in 8, 5-ft row sections in each plot at harvest on Jut 30. The weight and percentage germination of 100-seed subsamples from these same sections was recorded also. The seeds were germinated on moist filter paper in petri dishes in a controlled environment.

A two-choice type bioassay has been used to screen extracts from a number of plants of the sagebrush community for their antifeeding properties against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. The extracts of Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata and Chrysothamnus nauseosus have been fractionated for their antifeeding constituents. Known constituents of these plants (deacetalmatricarin, coumarins, cucurbitacins, polyphenols, polyacetylenes, and essential oils) were also screened. The results indicate that several chemical classes of compounds are responsible for antifeeding activity in each plant. Water soluble substances present in the waste marc after steam distillation of peppermint oil were highly active, too.

George and B. Impact of PerUlus Bioculatus on the Colorado Potato Beetle 1978 The potential impact of Perilills bioculatus, a pentatomid predator, on the Colo!:ado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, was evaluated by studying the biology, constructing life tables, and determining the feeding potential of different life stages of the prE.1dator on the eggs and larval stages of the de­ foliator. At average temperatures of 24° C, the developmental time of the egg of P. bioclllatlls was about 8 days and for the nymphal stage, about 17 days. Predator nymphs consumed up to 39 eggs or 0.6 of a large larva of L. decem­ lineata per day. The potential replacement rate was 46 daughters per genera­ tion. The population of P. bl:oculatus is able to double its size in 8Vz days, and the generation time is 47 days. In laboratory studies, L. decemlineata on potato foliage ,consumed 2,710 mm 2 of potato leaf area during its larval development at 24° ± 7° C. The fourth stage of the beetle consumed an average of 538 mm 2 and the adults, 687 mm 2 of foilage per day. Field census of all stages of the beetle on potatoes and the total leaf areas of potato plants were measured at different times of the year. For instance, the field population of an average of 26.4 larvae and adult beetles per plant on July 14 consumed 14,037 mm 2 of leaf area per plant and can com­ pletely defoliate a medium-size pl.ant in 11 days. Given the number and life stages of the predators and defoliators, we pre­ dicted the amount of predation and defoliation. Knowing the size of the potato plants, we predicted the percentage of defoliation resulting from the predator­ prey-plant interaction. Moreover, knowing the percentage of defoliation of a plant, we estimated the yield loss.

Seed pieces were planted 4 inches apart in marl soil November 15, 1976. The plots were single rows, 30 ft long, planted on 3-f t centers. Treatments were applied January 6 and replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Applications were made by hand with a CO2-charged, 2½-gallon sprayer with a single nozzle. Apterous aphid counts were made 1 and 6 days posttreatment by randomly selecting 10 lower leaves per plot. The aphid population was smaller than usual when the treatments were made. Means were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

‘U&I Hybrid 8’ sugarbeets were planted May 6, 1977, in Ritzville silt loam at Yakima, Washington, in plots 6 rows wide and 50 ft long. Each treatment was applied to 4 plots. The plants were irrigated with line sprinklers that provided 1/2 inch of water/h. Granules of the test materials were applied at planting time 4-6 inches deep and 2 inches to one side of the seeds. On June 13 the number of sugarbeet plants in 10 ft and the number of leafminers in 20 plants were determined in each of the 4 replicates of each treatment.

'U&l Hybrid 8' sugarbeers were planted May 12, 1976, in Ritzville silt loam at Yakima, WA, in plots 6 rows wide and 50 ft long. The plants were irrigated with sprinklers that provided 1/2 in of water/hr. Four plots were treated on June 11 and July 9 with each material applied at a rate of 40 gpa (60 psi) through D2-13 TEEJET hollowcone nozzles mounted 11 in apart on a rearmounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. Ortho X-77 spreader was used with all materials. The boom height was adjusted to provide optimum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. At 3 days and then each week after treatment aphids were counted on 25 leaves from each plot.

In field tests, traps baited with a combination of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate (previously proposed to be the sex pheromone ofA. californica) and (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol formate caught about 100 times as many males as (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate did alone. Highest catches of males were obtained with traps baited with 0.5 mg of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and 0.1 mg of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol formate impregnated on red rubber sleeve stoppers. The celery looper,Anagrapha falcifera, was also caught in traps baited with a combination of these two chemicals.

'U & I Hybrid 8' sugarbeers were planted March 23 at Sunnyside, WA, in Warden silt loam and on April 1 at Quincy, WA, in Timmerman sandy loam. All beets were furrow irrigated. The Quincy plots were 200 ft wide and 600 ft long, and the Sunnyside plots were 150 ft wide and 600 ft long. All treatments were applied by air. The Quincy plots were treated with 5 gal/acre on July 20 and 10 gal/acre on Aug. 24. The Sunnyside plots were treated with 10 gal/acre Aug. 6 and Aug. 30. Spider mite infestation was determined by collecting and brushing 25 leaves from each of the 16 subplots at each location. For data collection and analysis each plot was divided into 4 subplots 150 ft long. Ten samples of sugarbeets, each sample 10 ft long, were dug from each untreated and Comite treated subplot Oct. 28 and 29.

At 22°C, time required for the false celery leaftier (FCLT), Udea profundalis (Packard), to complete the 5 larval stadia is 17.58 days. During this period, a larva usually consumes 14.67 cm 2 of leaf, about 79% in the last larval stage. FCLT are abundant on sugarbeets in August and September when the leaf area of the plant is too great for the feeding to make an appreciable impact. At the observed population levels in sugarbeets in Washington, the FCLT is not an economically important pest.

Journal Article Codling Moth: Egg and First Instar Mortality on Pear with Special Reference to Varietal Susceptibility Get access P. H. Westigard, P. H. Westigard 3 Oregon State University, Southern Oregon Exp. Stn., Medford 97501 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Louis Gentner, Louis Gentner 4 Professor Emeritus, Oregon State Univ., Southern Oregon Exp. Stn., Medford 97501 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. A. Butt B. A. Butt 5 Yakima Agric. Res. Lab., Agric. Res. Serv. USDA, Yakima, WA 98902 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 5, Issue 1, 1 February 1976, Pages 51–54, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/5.1.51 Published: 01 February 1976 Article history Received: 14 July 1975 Published: 01 February 1976

‘U&l Hybrid 8’ sugarbeets were planted April 1, 1975, in Ritzville silt loam at Yakima, Washington, in plots six rows wide and 50 ft long. The plants were irrigated with sprinklers providing one-half inch of water/hr. Four plots were treated on July 22 with each material at 40 gpa (60 psi) through D2-13 “TEEJET” hollowcone nozzles mounted 11 inch apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. Ortho X-77 spreader was used with all materials. The boom height was adjusted to provide optimum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. In addition to the experimental compounds, all beets were treated with MAG 6 at 3 lb/A on July 16 to reduce a powdery mildew infection. Three days and each week after treatment aphids were counted on 25 leaves from each plot. Treatments were applied May 30, July 7, and July 22, but because of the low and uneven population on sugarbeets there was no significant difference in the aphid counts until after the last treatment. For two weeks following the last treatment all treated plots had less aphid than check plots. On August 13, 20, and 27 mites (Tetrgnychusurtica Koch) were also counted in the aphid experiments.

‘U & I Hybrid 8’ sugarbeets were planted April 1, 1975, in Ritzville silt loam at Yakima, Washington, in plots six rows wide and 50 ft long. The plants were irrigated with sprinklers providing one-half inch of waterAr. Four plots were treated on August 4 with each material at 40 gpa (60 psi) through D2-13 “TEEJET” hollowcone nozzles mounted 11 inch apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. Ortho X-77 spreader was used with all materials. The boom height was adjusted to provide optimum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. In addition to the experimental compounds, all beets were treated on July 16 with MAG 6 to reduce a powdery mildew infection. Three days and each week after treatment mites and aphids were counted on 25 leaves from each plot.

Population estimates for native Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) are based on infested fruit. Orchards (419 acres) produced an estimated 21,025 larvae during the season notwithstanding the total release of 1.8 million males and females irradiated with 30 krad of gamma irradiation and removal of infested fruit. Trapping data indicated critically low ratios of sterile: native males (<20:1) in various areas of the release orchards during at least 7 weekly trapping periods. A 3-yr comparison of the numbers of native males trapped indicated a 93% population reduction throughout the valley and 63% within the 3 major commercial orchards. The principal causative factors for this reduction are chemical sprays and removal of abandoned host trees. Although the sterile-insect-technique limited the potential growth of the codling moth population, a 1972 harvest infestation in the Northwestern-Longmire orchard of 0.129% compared to 0.002% for 1971 indicated the need for modifications of the program or alternative control measures.

An accidental release of 336 fertile Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) (168 ♂, 168 ♀) into an infestation-free orchard in the Wenas Valley near Yakima, Washington, provided valuable information concerning female dispersal and population suppression by the subsequent release of sterile males. The fertile × fertile matings occurring prior to the release of sterile males resulted in approximately 2030 entries in the orchard. About 90% of all infestation was within 1000 ft of the release area, and some infestation was observed as far away as 2000 ft. The release of 5425 sterile males within 24 hours of the fertile release and a followup release of 5000 sterile males 24 hours later, in addition to regular daily releases of about 1850 sterile moths (males and females) in the valley, are credited with limiting the fertile × fertile matings among the remaining estimated 90 unmated females to 0–4.

Journal Article Sterilized Codling Moths: Effect of Releases in a 20-Acre Apple Orchard and Comparisons of Infestation to Trap Catches Get access L. D. White, L. D. White USDA 3Agric. Res. Serv., USDA. Yakima, Wash. 98902. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. B. Hutt, R. B. Hutt USDA 3Agric. Res. Serv., USDA. Yakima, Wash. 98902. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. A. Butt, B. A. Butt USDA 3Agric. Res. Serv., USDA. Yakima, Wash. 98902. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. V. Richardson, G. V. Richardson USDA 4Diometrical Service Staff, Office of Administration, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Fort Collins, Colo. 80521. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. A. Backus D. A. Backus USDA 5Agricultural Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 2, Issue 5, 1 October 1973, Pages 873–880, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/2.5.873 Published: 01 October 1973 Article history Received: 23 April 1973 Published: 01 October 1973

The second step in a program of integrated control of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) was undertaken in approximately 32 square miles of the Wenas Valley in 1971. The first step was a program of sanitation plus insecticides in 1970 that reduced the overwintering larval population 96% from that for the previous year. The 1971 program included the release of a total of over 1½ million sterile codling moths of both sexes between April and September; concurrently, noncommercial trees in the area were sprayed 4–6 times, 10 acres of commercial orchard were sprayed twice with cover sprays, and 332 acres were sprayed once with a cover spray; the remaining 90 acres were not sprayed. Catches in sex-attractant traps indicated that the ratio of sterile to native moths exceeded 40: 1 during most of the season but was below this desired minimum ratio in the noncommercial area. However, the number of moths caught per trap in 1971 was 91 % less than the number caught in 1970. Also, despite the movement of native moths into the valley, the number of overwintering larvae was reduced 92% over that for 1970, and only 0.005% of the fruit produced mature larvae.

Journal Article Monitoring Mass Rearing of the Codling Moth Get access D. O. Hathaway, D. O. Hathaway Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Yakima, Washington 98902 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. V. Lydin, L. V. Lydin Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Yakima, Washington 98902 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. A. Butt, B. A. Butt Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Yakima, Washington 98902 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. J. Morton L. J. Morton Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Yakima, Washington 98902 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 66, Issue 2, 16 April 1973, Pages 390–393, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/66.2.390 Published: 16 April 1973 Article history Received: 23 September 1972 Published: 16 April 1973