Abstract Study question Does the freeze all strategy improve cumulative live birth rates in infertile women affected with adenomyosis? Summary answer The freeze all strategy in adenomyosis-affected women is associated with significantly higher cumulative live birth rates. What is known already Controlled ovarian stimulation enhances the efficacy of assisted reproductive technology (ART) by permitting multiple-oocyte yields, but also may alter endometrial receptivity by an earlier endometrial development which could in turn contribute to diminished pregnancy chances. Technical improvements in vitrification made deferred frozen-thawed embryo transfer (freeze –all strategy) a feasible alternative to fresh embryo transfer (ET). In adenomyosis, the eutopic endometrium is abnormal and its functional alterations are seen as likely to alter the quality of endometrial receptivity. One question in the adenomyosis ART-management is to know whether a freeze all strategy could lead to an increase in reproductive outcomes. Study design, size, duration This cohort study conducted in a tertiary care university hospital included adenomyosis-affected women undergoing blastocyst embryo transfer following in vitro fertilization / intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) between 01/01/2018 to 31/11/2021. The diagnosis of adenomyosis was based on imaging criteria (e.g. transvaginal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging). Participants/materials, setting, methods Women who underwent a freeze all strategy were compared to those who underwent a fresh ET strategy. Statistical analyses were conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. The primary outcome was the cumulative live birth rate (LBR). Main results and the role of chance A total of 306 women were included in the analysis: 111 in the fresh ET group and 195 in the freeze all group. The phenotype of adenomyosis (internal diffuse adenomyosis, external focal adenomyosis and adenomyomas) was not significantly different between the two groups. The cumulative live birth rate was significantly increased in the freeze all group compared to the fresh ET group [86 (44.1%) vs. 34 (30.6%), p = 0.020]. The cumulative OPR [89 (45.6%) versus 37 (33.3%), p = 0.035] and the cumulative CPR [122 (62.6%) vs. 53 (47.7%), p = 0.011] were significantly higher in freeze all group compared to the fresh group, whereas the early miscarriage rate was not significantly different between the two groups. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the freeze all strategy in women with adenomyosis was associated with a significant increase in the live birth rate as compared to fresh ET (OR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.06 – 3.24; p = 0.031). Limitations, reasons for caution This analysis consists in a retrospective cohort study. The inclusion of patients from a referral center specialized in the management of adenomyosis and endometriosis could constitute a selection bias, as these women may have had particularly severe forms of adenomyosis. Wider implications of the findings The freeze all strategy could be an attractive option to increase ART success rates, in adenomyosis-affected womenundergoing IVF/ICSI. Trial registration number NA

STUDY QUESTION:What is the impact of adenomyosis on the live birth rate (LBR) in women affected by endometriosis women undergoing ART?SUMMARY ANSWER:For women undergoing ART, the presence of adenomyosis at MRI, especially T2 high-signal intensity spots within the myometrium, has a negative impact on the LBR.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:Adenomyosis is a common gynecological disease. The development of imaging techniques for the diagnosis has led to several adenomyosis phenotypes being described, and fertility issues appear to vary according to the characteristics of the lesions. What makes assessment of the impact of adenomyosis on fertility issues even more difficult is its frequent association with endometriosis, which is another known risk factor of infertility. Although data suggest that adenomyosis may worsen the ART prognosis, there is no clear consensus regarding the impact of adenomyosis on ART outcomes in women affected by endometriosis.STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION:This was an observational study that included phenotyped patients with endometriosis, aged between 18 and 42 years, who underwent IVF/ICSI treatment in a tertiary care center between June 2015 and July 2018. Only women who had undergone a pelvic MRI during the pre-therapeutic ART workup were retained for this study. The MRI data were interpreted by radiologists who had expertise in gynecological MRI.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS:A continuous series of 202 women affected by endometriosis was included. The women were monitored until four ART cycles had been completed, until delivery, or until discontinuation of treatment before the completion of four cycles. The primary outcome was the delivery of at least one live infant after up to four IVF/ICSI cycles. The patient and the MRI characteristics were compared between the women who achieved a live birth versus those who did not.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE:The patients' mean age was 32.5 ± 3.7 years. Deep infiltrating endometriosis was present in 90.1% (182/202) of the included population. Adenomyosis (lesions of the internal and/or the external myometrium) was found in 71.8% (145/202) of the included women. The cumulative LBR was 57.4% (116/202). The women who gave birth were significantly younger (32.0 ± 3.3 versus 33.3 ± 4.1, P = 0.026) and had significantly better ovarian reserve parameters (anti-Müllerian hormone levels, antral follicle count) than those who did not. The presence of adenomyosis, irrespective of the phenotype (76/116 (65.5%) versus 69/86 (80.2%), respectively, P = 0.022) and the presence of T2 high-signal intensity myometrial spots (27/116 (23.3%) and 37/86 (43.0%), respectively, P = 0.003) was significantly less frequent in the group of women who gave birth versus those who did not. After multivariate analysis, the presence of adenomyosis (odds ratio (OR): 0.48, 95% CI (0.29-0.99), P = 0.048) and the presence of T2 high-signal intensity myometrial spots (OR: 0.43, 95% CI (0.22-0.86), P = 0.018) were independently found to be associated with a decrease in the cumulative chance of live birth.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION:The inclusion of patients from a referral center specialized in the management of women affected by endometriosis could constitute a selection bias, as these women may have had particularly severe forms of adenomyosis and/or endometriosis. A sensitive issue is that there is no consensual classification of adenomyosis and several lesions of adenomyosis can co-exist. Therefore, a comparison of fertility outcomes between women with and without adenomyosis is difficult to perform in practice.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS:In women exhibiting endometriosis, the practitioner should perform an appropriate imaging workup to search for adenomyosis, identify prognostic factors, and personalize the patient management strategy in the setting of ART.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S):No funding was obtained and there were no conflicts of interest.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:N/A.

Abstract Study question How to assess the different adenomyosis phenotype before and after pregnancy on magnetic resonance imaging according to stringent validated criteria ? Summary answer Diffuse adenomyosis increases significantly after pregnancy while the rate of focal adenomyosis and the mean volume of focal adenomyosis lesions decrease significantly after pregnancy. What is known already Adenomyosis and endometriosis are benign hormone-dependent disorders associated with pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and/or infertility. The natural course of adenomyosis and endometriosis is still unclear, particularly during pregnancy. Pregnancy is considered to have a positive impact on endometriosis. Several studies regarding the impact of adenomyosis on pregnancy are available. Adenomyosis can cause fertility disorders, miscarriage, preterm birth. However, available data evaluating the effect of pregnancy on adenomyosis are lacking. Study design, size, duration Between January 1st 2010 and September 30th 2020, 139 patients were followed in our referral care center (Gynecology department of Port-Royal Hospital, Paris) for symptomatic adenomyosis and or endometriosis. For each of them, a magnetic resonance imaging were performed before and after pregnancy. The data based on magnetic resonance imaging, pre- and post-pregnancy, were analyzed in a single retrospective study. Participants/materials, setting, methods Patients had to be over 18 years old, to be pregnant and to be followed for symptomatic adenomyosis or endometriosis without any previous surgery. Each pelvic magnetic resonance imaging were performed by a single experienced radiologist. The protocol was identical on a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging machine based on validated criteria. The rate of diffuse and focal adenomyosis, the volume of focal adenomyosis lesions and the thickness of maximal junctional zone were reported. Main results and the role of chance The mean age of patients was 34.6 ± 3.4 years old, 83 (59.7%) of patients underwent assisted reproductive technology to be pregnant. The mean time interval between the MRI and the delivery was 55.2 months and the mean time interval between the delivery and the MRI was 32.2 months. Before pregnancy, there was 96 (69.1%) patients with adenomyosis, all phenotype combined versus 111 (79.9%) after pregnancy (p = 0.04) on magnetic resonance imaging. The rate of diffuse adenomyosis increased significantly on magnetic resonance imaging after pregnancy compared to before pregnancy (n = 22 (15.8%) vs n = 41 (29.5%), p = 0.01). The thickness of junctional zone maximal was significantly higher after pregnancy (8.0 mm ± 5.1 vs 12.0 mm ± 4.8, p < 0.01). The rate of focal adenomyosis (n = 55 (39.6) vs n = 34 (24.5), p = 0.01) as well as the volume of focal adenomyosis lesions (6.7 mm3 2.5± vs 6.4 mm3 ± 2.3, p < 0.01) decreased significantly after pregnancy on magnetic resonance imaging. Limitations, reasons for caution This single-center study was conducted in a referral center whom patients presented more severe forms of adenomyosis, which could have affected the external validity of this study. The mean time interval between delivery and MRI was 32.2 month which implies a short follow up period to observe long term outcomes. Wider implications of the findings The hypothesis that a specific hormonal environment during pregnancy may imply a positively impact of the evolution of focal adenomyosis is raised by this study. The evolution of focal adenomyosis after pregnancy is similar to the evolution of endometriosis lesions volume that support shared etiopathogenic mechanisms between the two entities. Trial registration number ‘not applicable’

Abstract Study question What is the impact of adenomyosis and its magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics on live birth rate (LBR) in endometriosis-affected women undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment? Summary answer Among women undergoing IVF, the presence of adenomyosis at MRI, and especially T2 high signal-intensity spots within the myometrium have a negative impact on LBR. What is known already: Adenomyosis is a frequent gynecologic disease. With the development of imaging technics for the diagnosis (notably MRI), several adenomyosis phenotypes have been described and fertility issues seem variable according to the lesions characteristics. Moreover, on IVF outcomes, controversial results have been found in studies assessing the impact of adenomyosis. What make the impact-assessment of adenomyosis on fertility issues even more difficult is the frequent association with endometriosis, another known risk factor of infertility. Some data suggested that adenomyosis could worsen IVF prognostics, however there is no clear consensus about the impact of the adenomyosis on IVF outcomes in endometriosis affected-women. Study design, size, duration This was an observational study including phenotyped endometriosis patients, aged between 18 to 42 years, who underwent IVF/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment in a tertiary care center, from June 2015 through July 2018.Only women who had performed a pelvic MRI during the pre-therapeutic ART work-up, were retained for this study. The MRI data were interpreted by radiologists who had expertise in gynaecological MRI. Participants/materials, setting, methods A continuous series of 202 endometriosis affected women was included. The women were followed until four ART cycles had been completed, until delivery or until discontinuation of treatment before the completion of four cycles. The primary outcome was the delivery of one or more live infant(s) after up to four IVF/ICSI cycles. Patients and MRI characteristics were compared between women who gave a live birth and those without live birth. Main results and the role of chance The mean age of the included population was 32.5 ±3.7 years. 90.1% (182/202) had deep infiltrating endometriosis whereas only 5.4% (11/202) and 4.5% (9/202) had respectively isolated ovarian endometriosis (OMA) and superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SUP). The presence of adenomyosis (internal and/or external lesions) was found in 71.8% (145/202) of included women. The cumulative live birth rate was 57.4% (116/202). Women that gave birth (‘live birth +’) were significantly younger, (33.3±4.1 vs 32.0±3.3 p = 0.026) and had significant better ovarian reserve parameters (AMH, AFC). The presence of adenomyosis (internal and/or external lesions) (76/116 (65.5%) versus 69/86 (80.2%), p = 0.022) and the presence of T2 high-signal intensity myometrial spots (27/116 (23.3%) and 37/86 (43.0%), p = 0.003) were significantly less frequently found in the group of women ‘Live birth +’. After multivariate analysis, the presence of adenomyosis (OR: 0.48 95% CI (0.29–0.99) p = 0.048) and the presence of T2 high-signal intensity myometrial spots (OR: 0.43 95% CI (0.22–0.86) p = 0.018) were independently found to be associated with a decrease in cumulative chances of live birth. Limitations, reasons for caution The inclusion of patients from our referral center could constitute a possible selection bias, as those women may have suffered from particularly severe forms of adenomyosis ± endometriosis. Wider implications of the findings: In women presenting endometriosis, the practitioner should perform an appropriate imaging work-up searching for adenomyosis, to identify prognostic factors and to plan the strategy of patient management in the setting of ART. Trial registration number NA

STUDY QUESTION: Do adenomyosis phenotypes such as external or internal adenomyosis, as diagnosed by MRI, have the same clinical characteristics? SUMMARY ANSWER: External adenomyosis was found more often in young and nulliparous women and was associated with deep infiltrating endometriosis, whereas, in contrast, internal adenomyosis was more often associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) but no differences were noted in terms of pain symptoms. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Adenomyosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma deep within the myometrium, giving rise to dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain and menorrhagia. Various forms have been described, including adenomyosis of the outer myometrium (external adenomyosis), which corresponds to lesions separated from the junctional zone (JZ), and adenomyosis of the inner myometrium (internal adenomyosis), which is mostly characterized by endometrial implants scattered throughout the myometrium and enlargement of the JZ. Although the pathogenesis of adenomyosis is not clearly understood, several lines of evidence suggest that these two phenotypes could have distinct origins. The clinical presentation of different forms of adenomyosis in patients warrants further investigation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This was an observational study that used data collected prospectively in non-pregnant patients aged between 18 and 42 years who had undergone surgical exploration for benign gynecological conditions at our institution between May 2005 and May 2018. Only women with a pelvic MRI performed by a senior radiologist during the preoperative work-up were retained for this study. For each patient, a standardized questionnaire was completed during a face-to-face interview conducted by the surgeon in the month preceding the surgery. The women's histories (notably their age, gravidity, history of surgery and associated endometriosis), as well as clinical symptoms such as the pain intensity, presence of menorrhagia and infertility, were noted. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A pelvic MRI was performed in 496 women operated at our center for a benign gynecological disease who had provided signed informed consent. Of these, 248 women had a radiological diagnosis of adenomyosis. Based on the MRI findings, the women were diagnosed as having external and/or internal adenomyosis. The women were allocated to two groups according to the adenomyosis phenotype (only external adenomyosis vs only internal adenomyosis). Women exhibiting an association of both adenomyosis forms were analyzed separately. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In all, following the MRI findings, 109 women (44.0%) exhibited only external adenomyosis, while 78 (31.5%) had only internal adenomyosis. The women with external adenomyosis were significantly younger (mean +/- SD; 31.9 +/- 4.6 vs 33.8 +/- 5.2 years; P = 0.006), more often nulligravid (P <= 0.001) and more likely to exhibit an associated endometriosis (P< 0.001) compared to the women in the internal adenomyosis group. Moreover, the women exhibiting internal adenomyosis significantly more often had a history of previous uterine surgery (P = 0.002) and HMB (62 (80%) vs 58 (53.2%), P < 0.001) compared to the women with external adenomyosis. No differences in the pain scores (i.e. dysmenorrhea, non-cyclic pelvic pain and dyspareunia) were observed between the two groups. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The exclusive inclusion of surgical patients could constitute a possible selection bias, as the women referred to our center may have suffered from particularly severe clinical symptoms. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Further studies are needed to explore the pathogenesis by which these types of adenomyosis occur. This could help with the development of new treatment strategies specific for each entity.

Purpose: The goal of this data challenge was to create a structured dynamic with the following objectives: (1) teach radiologists the new rules of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), while building a large multicentric prospective database of ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and MRI patient images; (2) build a network including radiologists, researchers, start-ups, large companies, and students from engineering schools, and; (3) provide all French stakeholders working together during 5 data challenges with a secured framework, offering a realistic picture of the benefits and concerns in October 2018. Materials and methods: Relevant clinical questions were chosen by the Societe Francaise de Radiologie. The challenge was designed to respect all French ethical and data protection constraints. Multidisciplinary teams with at least one radiologist, one engineering student, and a company and/or research lab were gathered using different networks, and clinical databases were created accordingly. Results: Five challenges were launched: detection of meniscal tears on MRI, segmentation of renal cortex on CT, detection and characterization of liver lesions on ultrasound, detection of breast lesions on MRI, and characterization of thyroid cartilage lesions on CT. A total of 5,170 images within 4 months were provided for the challenge by 46 radiology services. Twenty-six multidisciplinary teams with 181 contestants worked for one month on the challenges. Three challenges, meniscal tears, renal cortex, and liver lesions, resulted in an accuracy > 90%. The fourth challenge (breast) reached 82% and the lastone (thyroid) 70%. Conclusion: Theses five challenges were able to gather a large community of radiologists, engineers, researchers, and companies in a very short period of time. The accurate results of three of the five modalities suggest that artificial intelligence is a promising tool in these radiology modalities. (C) 2019 Societe francaise de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

La présence d’une FSH freinée, chez une femme ménopausée, doit faire rechercher une tumeur sécrétante. Le fibrothécome ovarien (OFT) est une tumeur, potentiellement sécrétante, habituellement bénigne, du stroma ovarien, composée de cellules fibreuses et thécales. Nous rapportons le 1er cas de fibrothécome ovarien sécrétant de l’inhibine A (INHA) et de l’inhibine B (INHB) chez une femme ménopausée, révélé par un taux de FSH anormalement bas pour son âge. Les taux de LH, d’hCG et d’estradiol étaient par contre dans les normes. Cette dissociation suggérait une sécrétion d’inhibiteurs de la FSH. Les taux d’INHA et d’INHB étaient nettement élevés pour l’âge, respectivement 475 pg/mL et 100 pg/mL alors que l’hormone anti-mullérienne était indétectable. L’imagerie a mis en évidence une masse pelvienne de nature indéterminée. La chirurgie a révélé une masse ovarienne gauche de 10 cm dont l’analyse histologique a permis de faire le diagnostic d’OFT. Les taux d’INHA et d’INHB se sont normalisés en post-opératoire immédiat. Dans la littérature, seul trois cas d’OFT sécrétant de l’INHB ont été rapportés. Une sécrétion d’INHA n’a jamais été associée à l’OFT. Ce cas souligne l’importance de l’analyse du ratio FSL/LH dans une démarche diagnostique. Une dissociation FSH/LH chez une femme ménopausée doit conduire à des investigations complémentaires, à la recherche d’une tumeur sécrétant des facteurs inhibiteurs, dont les inhibines notamment quand l’estradiolémie est basse.

The purpose of this article is to familiarize radiologists with the different aspects of severe drug resistant epilepsy. These result in three levels of disability: the disease itself (seizures and their impact, underlying cause), social impact (restrictions, safety and precautions, education, activities of daily life) and issues related to the medical treatment (long term medication intake, side effects, complications). First, clinical and EEG diagnosis will be reviewed to move on to MRI with attention to technical and protocol considerations followed by the imaging features of specific entities causing severe drug resistant epilepsy: migration and gyration disorders, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Sturge Weber disease and post-ischemic sequelae. Finally, current data and the imaging features of hemispherotomy, a radical treatment for epilepsy, will be presented.

The purpose of this article is to familiarize radiologists with the different aspects of severe drug resistant epilepsy. These result in three levels of disability: the disease itself (seizures and their impact, underlying cause), social impact (restrictions, safety and precautions, education, activities of daily life) and issues related to the medical treatment (long term medication intake, side effects, complications). First, clinical and EEG diagnosis will be reviewed to move on to MRI with attention to technical and protocol considerations followed by the imaging features of specific entities causing severe drug resistant epilepsy: migration and gyration disorders, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Sturge Weber disease and post-ischemic sequelae. Finally, current data and the imaging features of hemispherotomy, a radical treatment for epilepsy, will be presented.

Purpose. - The aim of the study was to define the usual and pathological modifications arising in the brain following hemispherotomy for intractable epilepsy in children.Methods. - Preoperative MRI and postoperative imaging scans (CT in the first week, MRI at 3 months and 1 year after surgery) were reviewed in a series of 52 patients, average age 8 years and 7 months, with intractable epilepsy due to dysplasia, Rasmussen's encephalitis, ischemic lesions and/or Sturge-Weber disease. The posterior fossa, brain parenchyma, ventricles and subdural space were also analyzed.Results. - Hemispheric scarring was a typical finding on CT and MRI as a consequence of the surgical procedure. Also frequently seen were small subdural effusions, Needing along the surgical scar on early CT, and chronic subdural effusions with no mass effect on mid-term and late MRI scans. Other features - such as large subdural effusions that required external shunts and hydrocephalus - were rare, but severe, and considered to be postoperative complications. In contrast to the complications associated with other surgical techniques such as hemispherectomy, infection, extensive edema or hemosiderosis were never found in our series.Conclusion. - Hemispherotomy is a surgical technique performed to treat intractable epilepsy. Our findings will help to identify the typical morphology of postsurgical scars, and to differentiate the usual features and complications seen in the postoperative period on CT and MRI brain scans. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Décrire les anomalies ovariennes en échographie dans l’hyperthécose. Etude échographique rétrospective chez 10 patientes présentant une hyperthécose ovarienne prouvée. Les données cliniques et les taux de testostérones ont été rapportés pour toutes les patientes. Les ovaires ont été étudiés en échographie conventionnelle chez toutes les patientes et en doppler couleur chez 6 patientes. Toutes les patientes présentaient une hyperthécose ovarienne bilatérale confirmée en anatomopathologie. Les données cliniques étaient polymorphes, avec la présence de signes de virilisation chez 4 patientes et un diabète de type 2 chez 4 patientes. Les taux de testostérone étaient supérieurs à 2 ng/ml pour 4 patientes. En échographie, les ovaires étaient normaux pour 2 patientes mais présentaient des anomalies bilatérales pour 8 patientes. Les deux ovaires étaient augmentés de taille pour 6 patientes, de forme arrondie pour une patiente et augmentés de taille avec une forme arrondie pour une patiente. Le stroma ovarien avait un aspect pseudo-nodulaire chez 2 patientes, alors qu’il était homogène chez les 8 autres. En doppler couleur, aucune zone hypervasculaire n’a été retrouvée pour les 6 patientes explorées. Les données échographiques et de doppler couleur, associées aux données cliniques et biologiques, sont très utiles au diagnostic d’hyperthécose ovarienne et permettent d’éliminer le diagnostic différentiel de tumeur androgéno-sécrétante.