This study evaluated the quality of rose flowers, based on the length of the floral stem, according to the cutting system, as a plant maintenance work. The researches were organized during 2017 -2018 at the Teaching and Research Base of the University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara. Six rose varieties were studied: Acapella (Aca), Barkarole (Bar), Double Delight (D De), Golden Elegance (G El), Lady in Purple (L Pu), and Pascali (Pas). Three cutting systems were performed, at two buds, at five buds, and at seven buds. The varieties Acapella, Barkarole and Golden Elegance provided flowers with a longer stem, and the varieties Double Delight, Lady in Purple and Pascali provided flowers with a shorter stem, in all three cutting systems. The system of cutting at two buds facilitated obtaining the longest flower stems (eg 118.00 cm for the Barkarole variety). On the basis of PCA (correlation), a diagram was resulted that contained the distribution of the experimental variants (represented by rose varieties) in relation to the cutting system (2; 5; 7 buds -as biplot). According to PCA, PC1 explained 93.597% of variance and PC2 explained 5.635% of variance. Cluster analysis generated a dendrogram of the variants association, based on the Euclidean distances, according to each cutting system (Coph.corr.=0.828 for cutting to 2 buds; Coph.corr=0.884 for cutting to 5 buds; Coph.corr=0.732 for cutting to 7 buds).

The study evaluated the vegetative propagation of geraniums, Pelargonium peltatum, under the influence of some bioactive substances. 10 products with biostimulatory effect were tested, along with a control variant: V1 (control, water treatment), V2 (Radifarm, 0.2%), V3 (Radistim, powder -cuttings treatment at planting), V4 (Ecopan-1, 1.5%), V5 (Legume extract 1, 1.5%), V6 (Aromatic plant extract, 1.5%), V7 (Legume extract 2, 1.5%), V8 (Ecopan-2, 1.5%), V9 (Bionat Plus, 1.5%), V10 (Dill Essential oil, 1/50), V11 (GMO Essential oil, 1/100). The uniform geranium cuttings, 10 cm long, and with a pair of leaves at the top, were placed on a peat-based rooting substrate. The rooting process was evaluated in terms of the roots number (RN) and the roots length (RL). The planting took place on February 20, and the determinations were made on March 6 (T1), March 13 (T2), March 20 (T3) and April 2 (T4). The variants V2 and V3 were highlighted, as roots number (RNV2=18.5 +/- 1.21, respectively RNV3= 11.5 +/- 1.21), and variants V10 and V6 as root length (RLV10=17.20 +/- 0.20 cm, respectively RLV6=16.10 +/- 0.20 cm). Strong, positive correlations were identified between RN-T3 and RN-T2 (r=0.795**), between RL-T3 and RL-T2 (r=0.801**), and between RN-T4 and RN-T3 (r=0.756**), in statistical safety conditions (** p<0.01). Based on PCA, PC1 confirmed 42.128% of variance, and PC2 confirmed 33.487% of variance. The values of the parameters RN and RL at the T4 moment (considered the end of the rooting process) were evaluated in relation to intermediate values (T2, T3) by regression analysis and equations were obtained in statistical safety conditions (R2 = 0.992 for RN, respectively R2 = 0.981 for RL, p <0.001 in both cases).

The present study analyzed the influence of some bioactive substances on vegetative propagation based on stem cuttings of Crassula ovata (Miller) Druce (jade tree). Stem cuttings were taken from the source plants for vegetation propagation. The cuttings were 5 cm long, 0.6 cm in diameter and had two pairs of leaves, with a high degree of uniformity. Three biostimulant products were used, Raiza, Rhyzo and Sangral, along with a control variant (Ct). A peat substrate, Klasmann TS3, was used for rooting. The cuttings treated with the biostimulating products and those from the control variant were placed on the rooting substrate on June 16, 2022. The number of roots (RN) and the length of roots (RL) were evaluated at three times during the study period; June 30 (t1), July 7 (t2) and July 14 (t3). The variation of RN and RL in relation to time (days) during the study period was described by polynomial equations of the 2nd degree, under statistical safety conditions (p<0.01). According to PCA, PC1 explained 60.665% of variance, and PC2 explained 26.216% of variance. Associated with the Sangral product were RN-t2 and RN-t3 parameters, and associated with the Raiza and Rhyzo products were RN-t1 parameters and especially root length, RL-t1, RL-t2 and RL-t3. Under the aspect of the increase in the formation of the number of roots, based on the recorded values, it was found that the Sangral product generated a stronger rooting (RN-t2-I = 4.92; RN-t3-I = 3.25), and with regard to the length of the roots (RL), the Rhyzo product generated the largest increases (RL-t2-I = 1.03 cm, respectively RN-t3-I = 1.49 cm).

This research evaluated the different products as growth media influence on some Mammillaria species propagation, in order to ornamental plants obtained. Some Mammillaria species were tested: Mammillaria elongata - Hel; Mammillaria mazatlanensis - Alma; Mammillaria neomystax - M.ne; Mammillaria obconella - Hob; Mammillaria prolifera - M.pr; Mammillaria spinigemmatus - M.sp; Mammillaria blanckii - HU Different substances, as growth media,were used: sand - San; garden soil - GS; perlite - Per; peat - Pea; hydroculture HydC; agar-based medium - InVitro. Based on these, resulted the experimental variants: San+GS - V1; Per+GS V2; Pea - V3; San+Pea - V4; HydC - V5; InVifro - V6. In Vifro method (V6) provided the best spread rate for most Mammillaria species tested, but Mammillaria neomystax recorded the best result in the V5 variant. Some Mammillaria species had good propagation rate in more growth media (eg. Mammillaria neomystax in V1 - San+GS; V4 - San+Pea; V5 - HydC), and others only in a growth media (eg. Mammillaria spinigemmatus in V6 In Vifro). Based on Principal Component Analysis, 56.171% of variance was explained by PC], and 25.00% of variance was explained by PC2. Cluster analysis, based on Euclidean distances, facilitated the grouping of the studied Mammillaria species, in conditions of statistical safety (Coph.corr. = 0.857). Mammillaria mazatlanensis (M.ma) and Mammillaria prolifera (M.pr) species, showed the highest degree of similarity, SDI = 2.027.

In this research study there have been used two rooting substances, four substrats, three different periods of making the stem cuttings and following the influence over the succes rate of the Lonicera japonica stem cuttings using the rhizogene substances Atonik and Radistim.Acording to the research it is noticed that the three studies factors have had real significantly distinct influence over the rooting of the Lonicera japonica stem cuttings, considering the omogenity of enviriomental factor on the experimental device and a growing influence of the study factors by 88,70 %. The substrats had significantly higher effect (54,64 %) over the variabilty of this feture, compared to the effect of growth stimulater (17,74 %) and of the period (4,21 %). Also the simple and double combine effects of these factors have had statisticly significant influence over the variability of the stem cuttings rooting of this species, higher in the case of combining growth stimulater and period (5,42 %), and growth stimulater and substrats (2,95 %).When it comes to the effect of growth stimulators over the rooting of the stem cuttings on the same substrats it is noticed that on the sand substrate, pearlite and pearlite+peat, applying Radistim favoured a significant growth of the rooting percentage (10,67 - 21,33 %), compared to the result of Atonik. In the case of peat substrats, the two treatments had similar effects over the rooting of the stem cuttings.The medium values of the rooting percentage on the four substrats considering the condition for the fourth periods have been between 26 % in the case of peat and 72 % in case of pearl stone, considering an intermediate variability of the other periods. The pearl stone substrats had a significantly higher effect over the appearance of roots on Lonicera japonica favoring results between 20 % compared to the sand substrats and 46 % compared to the peat substrats. In this period adding pearl stone on the peat substrats allowed an increased formation of roots.The real an distinct influences have become obvious when it came to the Radistim stimulator which had a hire effect over the rooting of the stem cuttings, associated with a very significant difference compared to the same result of Atonik.

The research was conducted in the in greenhouses resort of the Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry Timisoara on Campsis radicans using cuttings in sand, peat, perlite, perlite + peat substrates, that had been treated with the rhyzogene substances of Atonik and Radistim. Throughout the experience it was studied the rate at which the cuttings were successful and aimed primarily at influencing the three experimental factors (substrate, stimulating and planting period). Based on the analysis of variance it can be observed that both the stimulus and the substrate or the experimentation period had a real strong influence on Campsis radicans rooting cuttings, amid a wide inter-individual homogeneity on the experimental device level. The substrates had significantly higher contributions (69.55 %) than the stimulatory (7.66 %) and the periods (2.65) to total variability recorded in the experience. Statistical influences on the formation of roots at the cuttings of this species have shown the various interactions between the three factors. In this respect, the most consistent effects were shown by the interactions between stimulating x substrate (9.61%) and stimulating x period (2.67 %). In terms of the first period, on various substrates were performed rooting cuttings limits values between 26% on sand substrate, and 72% on substrate of perlite + peat, due to a high variability between substrates. As such, the substrate based mixture of perlite and peat offered the most favorable conditions for rooting, thus registering very significant increases of 20-46% compared to other substrates. Cuttings grown in simply perlite substrate, have a significantly higher extent in environmental conditions in the period, compared to those grown on the substrate of simple peat and sand. The mean values of the percentage of rooting related to the four substrates based on conditions in the second period, respectively spring-summer season in the first year of experimentation, were between 32% when using peat and 82% for the mixture of perlite + peat based on a lower variability than the other periods. The mixture of perlite and peat showed a significantly superior effect on, forming the roots of Campsis radicans, favoring the registration of some increases ranging from 22% compared to simple perlite substrate and 50% compared to the peat. Considering the effect of different substrates on rooting cuttings Campsis radicans in the third period, it is observed that the amplitude of this process was 62%, related to a high variability. Under the effect of conditions in this period, the cuttings showed on the mixture of perlite + peat, the most intense process of rooting (92%) and a significant increase of 32% compared to the substrate of simple perlite up to 62% compared to the peat substrate.

Neoteric solvents—namely, ionic liquids (ILs), switchable solvents, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs)—have been researched extensively over the last two decades. The accumulated knowledge is starting to crystallize in the form of promising applications, yet many of them still remain at the academic level. Albeit the first generations of ILs were actually costly and environmentally unfriendly, the field has evolved to design switchable solvents and DESs, which hold many of the useful properties of the first ILs, but are more cost effective and biodegradable. Given their increasing importance, this chapter provides an overview on these solvents, with emphasis and case studies on the use of them for extractions and separation processes. In these areas, the use of neoteric solvents for biorefineries, for extraction of bioactive compounds in biological (crude) samples, as well as the separation of chemicals from complex industrial streams have started to appear. The recent trends draw a number of smart and versatile alternatives, in which applications, economics and ecological footprints seem to be properly aligned. It may be thus expected that some of those concepts will reach application and commercialization in the coming years.

Nitrogen compounds such as nitrate act as a potential inhibitor for legume nodulation. In this study, we isolated a new CLE gene, GmNIC2, from nitrate-treated roots, which shares high sequence homology with nitrate-induced CLE gene GmNIC1. Similar to GmNIC1, the expression level of GmNIC2 was not significantly altered in roots by rhizobial inoculation and was much higher in young nodules than in roots. In addition, overexpression of GmNIC2 led to similar nodulation inhibition of transgenic hairy roots to that of GmNIC1, which occurred in GmNARK-dependent manner and at the local level. By analyzing GmNARK loss-of-function mutant, SS2-2, it was found that expression levels of GmNIC1 and GmNIC2 in the SS2-2 roots were lower than in the wild type (WT) roots in response to nitrate. In contrast to GmNIC1 and GmNIC2, expressions of GmRIC1 and GmRIC2 genes that are related to the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) were strongly suppressed both of the soybeans during all periods of nitrate treatment and even were not induced by additional inoculation with rhizobia. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that GmNIC2, as an active homologous gene located in chromosome 13, acts locally to suppress nodulation, like GmNIC1, and nitrate inhibition of nodulation is led by fine-tuned regulation of both nitrate-induced CLEs and rhizobia-induced CLEs.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral for proper growth and development of plants as well as animals. In plants including cereals, calcium is deposited in seed during its development which is mediated by specialized Ca transporters. Common cereal seeds contain very low amounts of Ca while the finger millet (Eleusine coracana) contains exceptionally high amounts of Ca in seed. In order to understand the role of Ca transporters in grain Ca accumulation, developing seed transcriptome of two finger millet genotypes (GP-1, low Ca and GP-45 high Ca) differing in seed Ca content was sequenced using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology and members of Ca transporter gene family were identified. Out of 109,218 and 120,130 contigs, 86 and 81 contigs encoding Ca transporters were identified in GP-1 and GP-45, respectively. After removal of redundant sequences, a total of 19 sequences were confirmed as Ca transporter genes, which includes 11 Ca2 + ATPases, 07 Ca2 +/cation exchangers and 01 Ca2 + channel. The differential expressions of all genes were analyzed from transcriptome data and it was observed that 9 and 3 genes were highly expressed in GP-45 and GP-1 genotypes respectively. Validation of transcriptome expression data of selected Ca transporter genes was performed on different stages of developing spikes of both genotypes grown under different concentrations of exogenous Ca. In both genotypes, significant correlation was observed between the expression of these genes, especially EcCaX3, and on the amount of Ca accumulated in seed. The positive correlation of seed mass with the amount of Ca concentration was also observed. The efficient Ca transport property and responsiveness of EcCAX3 towards exogenous Ca could be utilized in future biofortification program.

Freesia has been known since the second half of the 18 th century on the hills of Cape Good Hope in South Africa. Freesia refracta Klatt was first mentioned as Gladiolus refractus Jacq. in “Icones, plantarum rariorum”, the work of the Austrian botanist N. von Jacquin, in 1970. As Freesia, it is mentioned in the description of the German botanist F. W. Klatt, in 1866, who named it so to honour the passionate amateur medical botanist F. T. Freese. The first to be cultivated was the yellow-greenish Freesia refracta Klatt. In 1878, they brought to Europe from South Africa the white variety of the Freesia hybrid. In time, more and more species have appeared of different colours, both scented and unscented [3,5]

At the order of the Lugoj Municipality City Hall, it was requested the arrangement of the land located on the left Timis River bank, from Lugoj, in the neighborhood of the open air public swimming pool Park and of Plopilor street, at 200 m from downtown, and from the Iron Bridge, aiming to continue the extensive process of modernization and arrangement of the green spaces from the municipality, represented by works of seeding of more than 100 trees on the Timis River bank, in order to consolidate the banks' resistance.