This report consolidates scientific evidence substantiating that there is no Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) emitted during use of Philip Morris International’s (PMI) Electrically Heated Tobacco System (EHTS, also known as the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and marketed in various countries under the brand name IQOS) and that EHTS use has no adverse effect on the air quality according to threshold limits established by existing air quality guidelines and when used in a setting where regulatory norms of adequate ventilation are respected.

The wastes placed at a sanitary landfill contain biodegradable, nondegradable, and semidegradable matters. The biodegradable matters will be rapidly decomposed chemically and biologically into stabilized substances such as humus and inorganic fractions, which is referred to as aged refuse in this book. For the organic wastes, most organic carbon are converted into gases, few into leachate, and others remained as aged refuse. Higher temperature will lead to more rapid degradation and result to higher conversion of the organic carbon to biogas and lower to both solid residues and leachate. The refuse at landfill might be fully mineralized and the accumulative settlement might be over 30% of the initial height after around 22–30 years closure, and postclosure care may be stopped after 22 years, while chemical oxygen demand concentrations in leachate would be reduced naturally to 300 mg/L after over 15 years. A similarity and disparity comparison for different-scale lysimeters with a refuse weight from several hundred kilograms to 10,800 tons, is made, and find that a similarity exists from viewpoint of refuse degradation mechanism and declination tendency of leachate quality and refuse composition among these varied scale lysimeter. An enough weight of waste, such as over 200 kg, should be used at lab when the landfill stabilization process is simulated. The relationships between the refuse components and composition with refuse age are explored in detail and found that the wastes can be considered to be stabilized and become recyclable aged refuse after 8–10 years of placement in China. The air quality at the aged refuse mining point is acceptable and only total bacteria and PM10 may be over the control values. Microbial communities in aged refuse are much more complex than expected. Most of the predominant bacteria in aged refuse exhibit high identity to some extremophiles found in extreme conditions such as highly alkaline and/or saline environments, rocks of an ancient gold mine, old sediments, hypertolerant to arsenic, cold sulfur-rich spring, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost region. The predominated bacilli-like bacteria coexisted with methanogenic archaea, with a rich source of extremophiles, especially alkaliphilic and/or halophilic microbes.