This article focuses on the physician James Johnson to examine the role Irishness played in the process of identity formation in London during the long eighteenth century. Using biographies, medical journals, and travel literature to chart the development of Johnson’s identity, this analysis suggests that the idea of assimilation is too simplistic to capture the experiences of middle-class Irish migrants in London. Unpacking the histories of Johnson’s thoughts about himself, and of the ways other writers represented him, demonstrates that Johnson could not reject his Irish past in order to satisfy his ambitions in the metropolis. Johnson’s identity formation did not progress in a linear fashion that mirrored his physical movement from Ireland to London, but was rather a struggle that moved back and forth, depending on time, place, and circumstance. By exposing the ways that Irish identity shaped Johnson’s choices, and, in turn, how those choices shaped his identity, this study raises questions about how we approach and understand the meanings of Irish identity for middle-class migrants more generally.

(2009). Divided Kingdom: Ireland 1630–1800. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 146-147.

SummaryThe tibial wedge osteotomy (TWO), a procedure that reduces the tibial plateau slope, has become an established surgical technique for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs, yet variation from the desired postoperative tibial plateau slope of 6° has been noted. The objectives of this study were to investigate the geometric implications of this procedure and to identify factors that affect the postoperative angles. The records of 35 consecutive cases that had a TWO performed were reviewed and comparisons were made between the alignment of the cortices and level of the osteotomy using duplicated tracings of a preoperative radiograph. The existing method for calculating the size of wedge to be removed was found to result in a postoperative slope greater than the expected 6°. Our results indicate that the desired postoperative angle is more likely to be achieved if the cranial cortices are aligned and the osteotomy is performed proximally.

A novel surgical treatment for palatine arterial haemorrhage secondary to hard palate ulceration is described in three cats. The owners first noticed external haemorrhage in all cases. Determination of the exact site of haemorrhage was not always possible on visual inspection because bleeding was intermittent. Severe anaemia was present in all cats and two cases required blood transfusion. Surgery was performed to ligate the palatine arteries and cover the ulcerated regions of hard palate with sliding bipedicle mucoperiosteal flaps. The flaps remained viable and stopped ongoing haemorrhage from the erosive lesions successfully in all cases.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 85, Issue 1-2 p. 20-22 The surgical management of superficial digital flexor contracture in a Great Dane CJ Bailey, CJ Bailey North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, Crows Nest NSW 2065 cjbailey@iprimus.com.auSearch for more papers by this authorJA Culvenor, JA Culvenor North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, Crows Nest NSW 2065 cjbailey@iprimus.com.auSearch for more papers by this author CJ Bailey, CJ Bailey North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, Crows Nest NSW 2065 cjbailey@iprimus.com.auSearch for more papers by this authorJA Culvenor, JA Culvenor North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, Crows Nest NSW 2065 cjbailey@iprimus.com.auSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 February 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00078.xCitations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume85, Issue1-2January 2007Pages 20-22 RelatedInformation

A two-year-old female neutered Pyrenian Mountain Dog was presented in an emaciated condition with a history of intermittent vomiting and a variable appetite. The animal was hypoproteinaemic and anaemic. Abdominal radiographs revealed a radio-opaque intestinal foreign body that had caused marked distension of the small intestine. A stone was removed from the terminal ileum via an enterotomy. This case highlighted the extent of intestinal dilation and weight loss that may occur with a chronic distal or partial mechanical obstruction and the value of survey plain radiography in diagnosing the condition.

This article charts the vicissitudes of an economic experiment that aimed to eradicate distress in early-nineteenth-century Ireland. The London Committee for Irish Relief was formed in 1822 and was the first large-scale, charitable response in Britain to famine conditions in Ireland. The Committee believed that poverty was the cause rather than the effect of ‘the Irish problem’ and tried to initiate change by providing the poor with financial resources. Despite some initial successes, allegations over misappropriation of funds created a climate of distrust about the Committee's policies. These allegations mounted over the decade, and when Ireland once again faced extreme distress, in 1831, they caused a rift in London's charitable circles, producing two organizations: the Irish Distress Committee, which argued that poverty was the causal factor, and the Western Committee for Irish Relief, which identified Catholicism as the source of Ireland's problems. This division reflected a more general loss of confidence in plans to solve Ireland's endemic poverty through the promotion of economic activity. These events coincided with hardening attitudes towards Catholics and the poor throughout the British Isles and played an important role in the development of policies on Irish relief in the nineteenth century.

This article discusses the reliability of probate valuations as a source for studying nineteenth-century wealth-holding by examining the extent to which estates were encumbered by debt. Drawing upon the analysis of a sample of Legacy Duty Office residuary account papers, it discusses the types and sizes of debts and compares the net values of personal estates with the gross estimates made for the purposes of probate. While indebtedness was widespread, few estates were totally consumed by debt. In nearly two-thirds of cases the probate valuation was between fifty and 100 per cent of the net value of an estate. These findings suggest that historians can place more faith in the accuracy of probate valuations as a true measure of worth.

This study examines how social networks helped to overcome problems of physical distance in the British Empire during the eighteenth century. In particular, it explores the relationships between ethnicity, patronage and place by focusing on a group of Irish professionals. By piecing together connections between lawyers, merchants and medical doctors in various places including Ireland, London, Jamaica and Senegambia, this essay suggests that Irish networks were flexible enough to allow for dialogue, disagreement and change, but were also durable enough to transcend time and space. These qualities were crucial for sustaining the obligations of patronage that characterised the ‘Old Society’ of eighteenth-century Britain and generated the means to overcome some practical problems of imperialism.

Survey of Anesthesiology: April 2004 - Volume 48 - Issue 2 - p 71-72 doi: 10.1097/01.sa.0000119054.14209.f2

Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), between 1987 and 1996 we analyzed Salmonella enteritidis isolates from gastroenteritis cases in four Caribbean countries: Barbados, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago. We also determined the resistance of the isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents. Of the 129 isolates of S. enteritidis available for testing, DNA digested by XbaI revealed 13 distinctive PFGE patterns. The most prevalent XbaI PFGE patterns were group 1 (88 of 129 isolates, 68.2%) and group 2 (26 of 129, 20.2%). The patterns found among S. enteritidis isolates correlated with the geographical origin of the isolates. Of the 28 isolates from Barbados, 20 of them (71.4%) belonged to XbaI PFGE group 2, and of the 93 isolates from Trinidad and Tobago, 78 of them (83.9%) belonged to group 1. SpeI digestion of S. enteritidis genome was not as discriminatory as XbaI. Overall, of the 129 isolates, 67 of them (51.9%) exhibited resistance to one or more of the 12 antimicrobial agents that we tested. The prevalence of resistance was 53.8% for the S. enteritidis isolates tested from Trinidad and Tobago, 50.0% for those from Barbados, 28.6% for those from Saint Lucia, and 100.0% for one isolate from the island of Saint Kitts. Resistance was highest to triple sulfur (59 of 129 isolates, 45.7%), followed by furadantoin (10 of 129, 7.8%), ampicillin (7 of 129, 5.4%), and carbamycin (5 of 129, 3.9%).

The nature of the chemical transformations occurring during the thermal activation of chromium(III) and copper(II) doubly promoted tin(IV) oxide catalysts of three stoichiometries (Sn:Cr:Cu atom ratios 1:0.30:0.34, 1:0.30:0.13, and 1:0.13:0.27) have been investigated by a combination of FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure and near edge structure, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The freshly prepared gel catalyst materials comprise small (ca. 1-2 nm) particles. Calcination results in a progressive increase in the size of the tin(IV) oxide particles, only slowly initially (ca. x2 by 673 K, ca. x10 by 873 K), but sintering to very large particles occurs at higher temperatures. No incorporation of chromium or copper into the tin(IV) oxide lattice occurs even at high temperature. Interaction of the two promoter metals at calcination temperatures of 573 K leads to the formation of copper(II) chromate(VI), CuCrO4. At temperatures greater than or equal to 873 K the material with a Cu:Cr ratio of 1 comprises crystalline tin(IV) oxide and copper(II) chromite(III), CuCr2O4, only. CuCr2O4 is also formed in both the copper-rich and the chromium-rich materials, but in addition in these materials crystalline CuO and Cr2O3, respectively, are formed. Calcination of the copper-rich material at 1273 K results in a further tranformation to copper(I) chromite(III), Cu2Cr2O4.

Samples were prepared via three different routes, though only in the coprecipitated material were copper- and chromium-containing mixed oxides formed upon calcination. The stoichiometry of these mixed oxides varied with calcination temperature, ranging from CuCrO 4 at 300°C to CuCr 2 O 4 at 600°C. This latter phase was stable up to 1000°C in samples where Cu<Cr, but converted to CuCrO 2 where Cu≥Cr. All three mixed Cu-Cr phases showed catalytic activity towards CO oxidation.

Materials formed by the incorporation of rare earth cations (M=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) into tin(IV) oxide using coprecipitation methods show no significant enhancement of catalytic activity toward the oxidation of carbon monoxide or propane over that of tin(IV) oxide itself. For chromium-promoted tin(IV) oxide catalysts, the temperature by which complete conversion of carbon monoxide and propane occurs is dependent on both the Cr:Sn atom ratio in the catalyst and the preparative route by which the chromium is incorporated into the catalyst. As prepared all the materials are hydrous gels comprising very small (<10 nm) particles of tin(IV) oxide over which the modifying metal component appears to be dispersed uniformly. Chromium(VI) oxyanions of the types CrO42−, Cr2O72−, and Cr3O102− are sorbed on to the surface of the tin(IV) oxide particles in the freshly prepared material derived from aqueous CrO3 and tin(IV) oxide gel. Prior to calcination the materials are microporous, but significant changes in specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size occur at temperature >673 K. Powder X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy confirm the formation of Cr2O3 on calcination at 1273 K.

Cu(II)/SnO2 catalyst materials with Cu:Sn ratios in the range 0.02-0.30 have been prepared by three routes: coprecipitation from aqueous solutions containing Cu2+ and Sn4+ ions, sorption of Cu2+ ions on to tin(IV) oxide gel, and destabilization of choline-stabilized tin(IV) oxide colloidal sols by the addition of aqueous copper(II) nitrate solution, and their constitution after thermal treatment in the temperature range 333-1273 K has been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and EXAFS, Materials obtained by coprecipitation or impregnation are similar in nature irrespective of the Cu:Sn ratio with particle sizes <5 nm even after calcination at 673 K, Calcination at 873 K results in larger particles, but at temperatures greater than or equal to 1073 K sintering to give very large particles occurs. EXAFS data show that the initial Cu(II) species from the coprecipitation or impregnation routes are hexaaqua {Cu(H2O)(6)}(2+) ions sorbed onto the surface of the tin(IV) oxide particles but calcination at temperatures of 873 K and above causes the phase separation of CuO. EPR shows that only surface copper(II) is readily reduced on exposure to carbon monoxide, Copper(II)-promoted tin(IV) oxide catalysts effect the catalytic oxidation of CO for stoichiometric CO/O-2 mixtures under at 328 K, The mode of operation of the catalysts appears to be synergistic in nature with the principal role of Cu(II) being mainly in electron transfer, i.e., it abstracts the negative surface charges (formed in the oxygen vacancies following desorption of CO2) to form Cu(I) which is then oxidized back to Cu(II) by reaction with oxygen. The activity of catalysts deactivated by running under highly reducing conditions can be restored completely by heating in a flow of air at 355 K. Irreversible deactivation occurs on processing at very high temperatures due to sintering and the phase separation of copper(II) oxide.

Vanadium-promoted tin(IV) oxide catalysts have been prepared by coprecipitation from aqueous solutions containing Sn(IV) and V(IV) ions using aqueous ammonia, and the materials thermally processed in air at temperatures up to 1273 K. Characterisation of these materials was earned out using XRF, FTIR, XRD and EXAFS. The catalyst material is shown to consist of small particulate SnO(2) and VO(2) evenly distributed up to a calcination temperature of 773 K. At higher temperatures the V(IV) is oxidised to V(V) to form phase-separated V(2)O(5). Some V(V) undergoes reduction at 873 K to form a solid solution where V(IV) occupies metal sites in the tetragonal SnO(2) lattice. After calcination at 873-973 K the vanadium exists as phase-separated V(2)O(5) together with a small quantity of V(IV) occupying the Sn(IV) sites in the tetragonal SnO(2) lattice. At 1073 K the vanadium migrates out of the Sn(IV) sites and is oxidised to again form V(2)O(5). The initial vanadium concentration is 9wt%, which remains constant up to temperatures of >1173 K at which temperature most of the vanadium volatilises and 1.5wt% vanadium remains.