The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a Garmin device for estimating heart rate, energy expenditure, and step count during incremental treadmill exercise. Eighteen physically active males (n = 12; mean ± SD age = 22.8 ± 4.7 years; body mass = 83.8 ± 13.4 kg) and females (n = 6; 24.2 ± 5.6 years; 65.2 ± 9.6 kg) completed an incremental treadmill test with the Garmin Vivoactive 4 and criterion methods measuring heart rate, energy expenditure, and step count. Mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess accuracy. Acceptable accuracy was defined as MAPE < 5% for heart rate and <10% for energy expenditure and step count. MAPE (±SD) values were 13.0 (±10.1), 19.1 (±15.0), and 4.6 (±5.3)% for heart rate, energy expenditure, and step count, respectively. The Bland–Altman regression analyses illustrated proportional bias was present for heart rate (r = 0.591, p < 0.001) and step count (r = 0.516, p = 0.028), but not energy expenditure (r = 0.351, p = 0.153). These findings indicated that the Garmin Vivoactive 4 provided acceptable accuracy for step count but unacceptable accuracy for heart rate and energy expenditure during incremental treadmill exercise.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a multi-ingredient preworkout supplement (MIPS) on isometric, concentric, and eccentric peak torque and electromyographic (EMG) responses of the leg extensors during a fatiguing isokinetic protocol. Thirteen male subjects (mean age ± SD = 22.9 ± 2.2 years) were assigned in crossover fashion to ingest an MIPS or placebo before an isokinetic protocol that consisted of 30 maximal, concentric and eccentric muscle actions with EMG signals recorded from the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and vastus medialis muscles. Immediately before (PRE) and after (POST) the isokinetic fatigue protocol, subjects were assessed for isometric peak torque. The MIPS condition resulted in greater isometric (205 ± 48 vs. 185 ± 44 N·m, p = 0.04) and concentric (121 ± 34 vs. 103 ± 27 N·m, p = 0.015) torque values versus placebo (collapsed across time). For eccentric peak torque as well as EMG amplitude and frequency values, there were no significant (p > 0.05) interactions or main effects for each condition. These findings indicated that acute ingestion of the MIPS enhanced isometric and concentric peak torque of the leg extensors, which was not explained by changes in the EMG signal.

This study examined the acute effects of a multi-ingredient preworkout supplement (MIPS) on peak torque of the leg extensors during a fatiguing isokinetic protocol in-volving isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle actions. Thirteen recreational-ly-trained male subjects (mean age ± SD = 22.9 ± 2.2 years) were randomly assigned in crossover fashion to ingest a MIPS or placebo before an isokinetic protocol that con-sisted of 60 maximal, concentric and eccentric muscle actions with electromyographic signals recorded from the quadriceps. Immediately before (PRE) and after (POST) the protocol, subjects were assessed for isometric peak torque. The MIPS condition resulted in greater isometric (205 ± 48 vs. 185 ± 44 N·m, p = 0.04) and concentric (121 ± 34 vs. 103 ± 27 N·m, p = 0.015) torque values versus placebo (collapsed across time). For ec-centric peak torque, there was no significant (p > 0.05) interaction or main effect for condition. In addition, there were significant main effects for time (PRE vs. POST) for all muscle actions (p < 0.001). These findings indicated ingestion of the MIPS signifi-cantly attenuated the decline in both isometric and concentric, but not eccentric, peak torque during an isokinetic fatigue protocol of the leg extensors.

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and inter-device reliability of the OTBeat BurnTM heart rate monitor during an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Twenty males (mean ± SD age = 21.1 ± 1.9 years) volunteered to complete a test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer with OTBeat BurnTM devices placed on the forearm and upper arm, with a 12-lead electrocardiogram used as the criterion. The heart rate was recorded every 30 s and averaged across each two-minute stage. Accuracy was assessed through calculation of the mean absolute percent error (MAPE), Bland–Altman plot, and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the inter-device reliability. Statistical significance was set at α < 0.05. The MAPE (±SD), Bland–Altman regression analyses, and Lin’s CCC values were 0.9 (±0.6)% and 0.8 (±0.5)%, r = 0.107 and 0.303, and rc = 0.998 and 0.998 for the forearm and the upper arm monitors, respectively. The ICC for inter-device reliability was R = 0.999. Our findings indicated the OTBeat BurnTM monitors placed on the forearm and upper arm provided highly accurate and reliable values when compared to an electrocardiogram from low to maximal exercise intensities.

Introduction:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) impacts 50% of U.S. adults although few studies evaluate young adults' cardiovascular disease risk. Early identification of cardiovascular disease risk may mitigate increased adulthood incidence. We analyzed (CVD) risk factors and their association with cardiovascular fitness ( V ˙ o2max) to devise effective strategies to improve cardiovascular health across the lifespan. Methods:A cross-sectional study evaluated the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults aged 18 to 36 years. Glycemic control (HbA1C), cardiovascular fitness ( V ˙ o2max), percent body fat, lean body mass, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Results:Statistically significant relationships were observed between percent body fat (r = .83, P < .001) and BMI, and waist circumference (r = .83, P < .001) and BMI. Percent body fat (P < .001) and race (P = .018) predicted exercise time, with Asians exercising the longest. Percent fat (P < .001) and HbA1C (P = .039) were identified as predictors of cardiovascular fitness which was low in spite of primarily normal average HbA1C levels. Conclusions:HbA1C and body fat negatively influence cardiovascular fitness ( V ˙ o2max) in young adults increasing adulthood cardiovascular disease risk. Research investigating the effect of HbA1C on cardiovascular health especially in youth is warranted.

Physical function is regarded as the cornerstone of healthy aging, and exercise is an important determinant of healthy aging. This study examined the feasibility and physiological (heart rate, blood pressure, blood lactate, and rate of perceived exertion) and psychological (enjoyment) response resulting from an acute progressive sled-push (SLP) exercise session using the novel XPO Sled Trainer in older adults and compared that with walking (WKC) condition. The exercise session comprised six exercise bouts at 75%, 85%, 100% (2×), and 125% (2×) of normal velocity with a 2-min rest between bouts. Thirty-six older adults were randomly allocated into either the SLP or WKC conditions. No adverse events were observed during the exercise session, and all participants completed the exercise protocol as prescribed. One-third of the participants in the SLP group reported minimal body discomfort. Significantly higher responses were observed for all physiological variables as the intensity of the exercise increased in the SLP group compared with the WKC group ( p < .001). The SLP group presented a decline in enjoyment as the intensity of the exercise increased (during), but similar enjoyment level than the WKC group for the overall exercise session ( p = .711). Our findings support the viability and safety of SLP exercise using the XPO Sled Trainer in older adults. Such exercise demonstrated an intensity-driven modality that may have potential to elucidate positive adaptations in the cardiovascular system of older adults with acceptable levels of enjoyment.

Objective. - The present study aimed to conduct a literature review of the available research evidence to provide an overview of high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols as well as primary and secondary outcomes being investigated in research studies, predominantly in the middle aged and older adult population. News. - Research studies published in the last 5 years that evaluated the effects of HIIT on health-related outcomes in middle aged and older adults individuals (aged 50 years and over) were searched in two academic databases (Academic Search Complete and PubMed) in conjunction with cross referencing of the selected articles. HIIT protocols implemented by the included studies were predominantly of chronic duration, though HIIT-intervention of acute duration was also presented. In terms of outcomes, studies using HIIT among individuals aged 50 years and above have primarily investigated its effects on physical/physiological with only two studies focusing on brain-health variables.

This study examined the potential impact of BMI on physical function and lower-extremity muscle strength (leg extension and flexion peak torque) performance in active/trained older individuals. Sixty-four active/trained older individuals were enrolled, and later allocated to groups according to BMI categories (normal [≤ 24.9 kg/m2], overweight [25 to 29.9 kg/m2] and obese [≥ 30 kg/m2]). Sixty-four active/trained older individuals were enrolled, and later allocated to groups according to BMI categories (normal [≤ 24.9 kg/m2], overweight [25 to 29.9 kg/m2] and obese [≥ 30 kg/m2]). Assessments were conducted in two separate visits to the laboratory. In the first visit, participants underwent measures of height, body mass, and peak torque leg extension and flexion using an isokinetic dynamometer. On visit two, participants performed the 30-second Sit and Stand test (30SST), Timed Up and Go (TUG), and 6-minute Walk (6MW) tests. ANOVA one-way was used to analyze the data and significance was set at P < .05. One-way ANOVAs did not reveal significance differences among BMI categories for leg extension peak torque (F(2,61) = 1.11; P = 0.336), leg flexion peak torque (F(2,61) = 1.22; P = 0.303), 30SST (F(2,61) =1.28; P = 0.285), TUG (F(2,61) = 0.238; P = 0.789), and 6MW (F(2,61) = 2.52; P = 0.089)]. Our findings indicated that for older individuals who exercise regularly, physical function tests which mimic ordinary activities of daily living, are not impacted by BMI status. Thus, being physically active may counteract some of the negative effects of high BMI observed in the older adult population.

The ergogenic effects of caffeine supplementation on repeated-sprint ability (RSA) have produced equivocal results. This study aimed to examine the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during repeated-sprint running on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate (BLa) concentration, and sprint time (ST). Thirty-two individuals (males: n = 17, females: n = 15; age: 22 ± 1 years) participated in the study. The study followed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, in which each participant ingested 200 mg of caffeine or placebo on separate visits 60 minutes prior to repeated-sprinting exercise. The repeated-sprint protocol consisted of three sets of six maximal-effort 30-meter sprints with 20 seconds and 5 minutes of active recovery in between sprints and sets, respectively. During each set, HR, RPE, BLa, and ST were recorded. Caffeine supplementation did not significantly (set 1: p = 0.535; set 2: p = 0.602; set 3: p = 0.189) impact HR during exercise. Similarly, RPE was not statistically (p = 0.052) altered between conditions during any of the sprint sets. The caffeine trials elicited greater BLa values after all three sets compared to the placebo trials (p < 0.001). Moreover, the caffeine trials demonstrated significantly reduced total STs during all sets compared to the placebo trials (p < 0.001). Thus, our findings suggested that 200 mg of caffeine supplementation elicited an increase in RSA in young, healthy non-athletes. These findings are accompanied by a blunted perceived exertion relative to an increase in exercise intensity during repeated-sprint exercise.

PURPOSE To determine the relative contributions of handgrip and individual finger strength for the prediction of climbing performance in a bouldering competition. A secondary aim was to examine the influence of body size, bouldering experience, and training habits. METHODS Sixty-seven boulderers (mean [SD], age = 21.1 [4.0] y; body mass = 69.5 [9.8] kg) volunteered for this study. Data collection occurred immediately before an indoor bouldering competition and involved the assessment of handgrip and individual finger maximal force production using an electronic handheld dynamometer. The bouldering competition consisted of 70 routes graded V0 to V8, with higher point values awarded for completing more difficult routes. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relative contributions of handgrip and individual finger strengths, body mass, height, bouldering experience, and bouldering frequency to the prediction of performance scores in the competition. RESULTS Ring finger pinch strength, bouldering experience, and bouldering frequency significantly (P < .05) contributed to the model (R2 = .373), whereas body mass; height; full handgrip strength, as well as index, middle, and little finger pinch strengths did not. The β weights showed that ring finger pinch strength (β = .430) was the most significant contributor, followed by bouldering experience (β = .331) and bouldering frequency (β = .244). CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicated that trainable factors contributed to the prediction of bouldering performance. These results suggest greater bouldering frequency and experience likely contribute to greater isolated individual finger strength, thereby optimizing preparation for the diverse handholds in competitive rock climbing.

Predictive resting metabolic rate (RMR) equations are widely used to determine total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). However, it remains unclear whether these predictive RMR equations accurately predict TDEE in the athletic populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of 10 commonly used RMR prediction equations (Cunningham, De Lorenzo, Freire, Harris-Benedict, Mifflin St. Jeor, Nelson, Owen, Tinsley, Watson, Schofield) in collegiate men and women athletes. One-hundred eighty-seven National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III men (n = 97) and women (n = 90) athletes were recruited to participate in one day of metabolic testing. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and body composition was analyzed using air displacement plethysmography. A repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analyses was selected to determine mean differences between measured and predicted RMR. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the accuracy of each RMR prediction method (p<0.05). All prediction equations significantly underestimated RMR (p<0.001), although there was no difference between the De Lorenzo and Watson equations and measured RMR (p = 1.00) for women, only. In men, the Tinsley and Freire equations were the most agreeable formulas with the lowest root-mean-square prediction error value of 404 and 412 kcals, respectively. In women, the De Lorenzo and Watson equations were the most agreeable equations with the lowest root-mean-squared error value of 171 and 211 kcals, respectively. The results demonstrate that such RMR equations may underestimate actual energy requirements of athletes and thus, practitioners should interpret such values with caution.Highlights All prediction equations significantly underestimated RMR in men athletes.All prediction equations, except for the De Lorenzo and Watson equations, significantly underestimated RMR in women athletes.Although a significant underestimation of RMR in men athletes, the Freire and Tinsley equations were the most agreeable prediction equations.In women athletes, the De Lorenzo and Watson equations were the most agreeable prediction equations.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of concentric (CON) fatigue on isometric (ISO), CON, and eccentric (ECC) peak torque production of the leg extensors. METHODS: Eleven female subjects (mean age ± SD = 21.0 ± 1.4 years; body weight = 63.5 ± 7.3 kg) defined as resistance-trained (3.4 ± 1.7 training hours per week) volunteered to visit the laboratory on two occasions. The first visit was structured as an orientation session to familiarize the subjects with the testing procedures. For the second visit, subjects were assessed for ISO, CON, and ECC peak torque of the leg extensors on a calibrated isokinetic dynamometer before and immediately after completing a fatigue protocol that consisted of 30 repeated, maximal CON muscle actions. All ISO muscle actions were sustained for 3 seconds at a joint angle of 120° between the thigh and leg, whereas the isokinetic CON and ECC muscle actions were assessed at 30°·s-1. A two-way (time: PRE and POST; muscle action: ISO, CON, ECC) repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the peak torque values. Follow-up analyses included one-way repeated measures ANOVAs and paired-samples t-tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated there was no significant interaction (F(20,2) = 0.694, p = 0.511, partial ɳ2 = 0.065) for muscle action across time, but there were significant main effects for muscle action (F(20,2) = 4.115, p = 0.032, partial ɳ2 = 0.292) and time (F(10,1) = 40.670, p < 0.001, partial ɳ2 = 0.803). Estimated marginal means for muscle action (collapsed across time) showed CON peak torque (154.5 ± 19.9 N·m) was significantly (p = 0.016) less than ISO peak torque (174.9 ± 35.0 N·m). There were no differences, however, between CON and ECC (177.0 ± 42.6 N·m) or ISO and ECC peak torque. In addition, the estimated marginal means for time (collapsed across muscle action) showed significant (p < 0.001) decreases in peak torque from PRE (183.6 ± 32.6 N·m) to POST (154.0 ± 28.2 N·m). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that fatigue induced by repetitive, maximal, CON isokinetic contractions of the leg extensors is not muscle action specific. Thus, the underlying mechanisms of fatigue associated with CON muscle actions influence the ability to produce peak torque across static, shortening, and lengthening contractions in a similar manner.

Background: Energy drinks are one of the most popular packaged beverage products consumed within the United States (US). Energy drinks are considered a functional beverage, a category that also includes sports drinks and nutraceutical beverages. Purpose: The focus of the current study was to examine the nutrition fact panels of the top selling commercially available energy drink and energy shot products within the US to characterize common ingredient profiles to help establish a standard definition and ingredient profile of energy drinks and energy shots for consumers, health care practitioners, and researchers. Methods: The top 75 commercially available energy drinks and shots were identified and compiled from multiple commercial retail websites as of September 2021. For the purpose of this study, an energy drink must have met the following criteria: (A) marketed as an energy drink; (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness; (C) not sold as a dietary supplement (no supplement fact panels); (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged and ready-to-drink beverage; and (E) contains at least three of (1) caffeine, (2) B-vitamins, (3) sugar, (4) taurine, (5) creatine, (6) quercetin, (7) guarana, (8) ginseng, (9) coenzyme Q10, or (10) branched chain amino acids. Energy shots must have met similar criteria to be included: (A) marketed as an energy shot; (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness; (C) sold as a dietary supplement; (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged beverage with a small volume (<3.5 mL); and (E) contains at least three of the ingredients stated above. Results: Twenty energy shots and fifty-five energy drinks were included in this analysis. The number of ingredients per product (mean ± SD) was 18.2 ± 5.7, with 15 products containing proprietary blends with undisclosed ingredient amounts. The relative prevalence and average amounts of the top ingredients were as follows: caffeine (100%; 174.4 ± 81.1 mg), vitamin B6 (72%; 366.9 ± 648.1 percent daily value (%DV)), vitamin B3 (67%; 121.44 ± 69.9% DV), vitamin B12 (67%; 5244.5 ± 10,474.6% DV), vitamin B5 (37.3%; 113.6 ± 76.6% DV), and taurine (37.3%; amounts undisclosed). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a high prevalence of caffeine and B-vitamins in these energy products, with many of the formulations containing well above the recommended daily value of B-vitamins.

PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the Coronavirus disease 2019 on male and female anthropometric variables and physical performance.METHODS:This study utilized a mixed (time [PRE vs POST], gender [male vs female]) methods design to examine changes in the body mass index and physical fitness performance measures prior to and following closures. Data were collected from 264 third through eighth graders. This sample consisted of 131 males and 133 females. The data was collected through anthropometric (body mass index) and physical performance measures and was analyzed with separate 2 × 2 mixed-factorial analyses of variance (time [PRE, POST] × gender [male, female]).RESULTS:The findings indicated both males and females exhibited mean increases in the body mass index (+10.6%; 18.8-20.8 kg·m-2, P < .001, partial η2 = .627) and decreases in push-ups (-35.6%; 7.3-4.7 repetitions, P < .001, partial η2 = .371), sit-ups (-19.4%; 22.7-18.3 repetitions, P < .001, partial η2 = .420), and the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test (-26.7%; 31.4-22.4 laps, P < .001, partial η2 = .644) scores from PRE to POST.CONCLUSION:The results of this study demonstrate that both males and females exhibited significant anthropometric and physical performance losses during the Coronavirus disease 2019 shutdown.

Body composition quantification in football athletics is an important tool for developing training programs and monitoring athlete progress for optimal performance. Fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are common assessed body composition parameters that have been associated with optimal performance and increased risk for injury. However, most research has only investigated the body composition changes in collegiate football players during the off-season. PURPOSE: To investigate changes in body composition variables in Division I collegiate football players throughout one collegiate season in two groups of athletes (traveling team (TT) and the development team (DT)). METHODS: Seventy-seven football players (Mean ± SD; age = 20.6 ± 2.2 years TT; 18.3 ± 2.2 years DT) participated in in this study (TT = 46, DT = 31). Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to asses FFM, FM, body weight, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), BMI, and FMpercentage. Within each group, participants were divided into sub-groups based on their positions (Big, Mid, and Skill) and all participants followed the strength training plan developed and implemented by the Director of Sports Performance for Football. A three-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for differences between team, position, and measurement time. Follow-up pairwise comparisons were calculated for significant main effects or interactions. All analysis was conducted with an alpha level of 0.05. RESULTS: Within the TT, a statistically significant interaction between time and weight was observed (MD = -3.201 lbs., p = 0.001; TTPre 233.4 ± 42.4, TTpost 230.1 ± 43.3) and between time and BMI (MD = -0.528, p = 0.002; TTPre 30.1 ± 4.4, TTpost 29.5 ± 4.7). Conversely on the DT, there was a statistically significant interaction between time and FFM (MD = 3.244 lbs., p = 0.001; DTPre 184.7 ± 24.1, DTpost 187.8 ± 24.7) and between time and SMM (MD = 2.293 lbs., p = 0.0001; DTPre 106.6 ± 14.1, DTpost 108.9 ± 14.4). There were no significant differences between the TT and DT. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study suggest that a effective in-season training programs can negate the decreases in FFM and increases in FM typically observed in the active players on the TT during the competitive season and assist in increasing FFM and SMM in the DT players.

PURPOSE: To examine the acute effects of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, gas exchange, and psychological factors during low-intensity exercise. METHODS: Twelve male subjects (mean ± SD: age = 22.8 ± 2.4 years; body mass = 82.7 ± 8.6 kg; height = 176.3 ± 8.8 cm) classified as recreationally-trained (resistance training = 4.4 ± 1.8 h·wk-1; aerobic training = 1.4 ± 1.4 h·wk-1) volunteered to complete two bouts of 60 minutes of treadmill exercise with measurements of gas exchange on separate days following ingestion of a pre-workout supplement or placebo in random order. Subjects completed a questionnaire to assess feelings of fatigue, energy, focus, and alertness prior to ingestion (baseline), 30-minutes post-ingestion (immediately pre-exercise), and at the 30-minute time point of exercise. Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures and follow-up paired-samples t-tests were used to compare energy expenditure and oxygen uptake as well as fat and carbohydrate oxidation between the treatments (pre-workout, placebo) at the common time points (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes). Subjective feelings of fatigue, energy, focus, and alertness were assessed between treatments and time with Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests. RESULTS: The pre-workout supplement resulted in significantly greater energy expenditure (4.51 kcal·min-1 vs. 4.23 kcal·min-1, p < 0.001) and oxygen uptake (1.12 L·min-1 vs. 1.05 L·min-1, p < 0.001) compared to placebo (collapsed across time). There were no differences, however, for rates of fat or carbohydrate oxidation. In addition, there were no differences between conditions for the psychological factors at baseline, but feelings of energy (p = 0.034), focus (p = 0.005), and alertness (p = 0.015) were greater 30-minutes post-ingestion for the pre-workout condition. At the 30-minute time point of exercise, the pre-workout condition resulted in lower feelings of fatigue (p = 0.014), but there were no differences for energy, focus, or alertness. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicated that the pre-workout supplement increased feelings of energy, focus, and alertness 30-minutes post-ingestion and improved energy expenditure, oxygen uptake, and feelings of fatigue during the 60-minute low-intensity work bouts.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between training load and next-day recovery in collegiate American football (AF) players during pre-season. Methods: Seventeen athletes (Linemen, n = 6; Non-linemen, n = 11) participated in the 14-day study wearing monitoring (accelerometer + heart rate) sensors during on-field practice sessions throughout pre-season to assess the physiological (PL), mechanical load (ML) and recording of session RPE (sRPE load) immediately post-practice. Prior to practice, participants completed a drop-jump reactive strength index (RSI) test and reported perceived recovery status (PRS). Loaded counter movement vertical jump was assessed before and after pre-season. Results: For every one unit increase in sRPE load, RSI declined by 0.03. Non-linemen had a lower RSI value of 73.1 units compared to linemen. For every one unit increase in ML, the PRS decreased by 0.01. Non-linemen recorded higher average ML during week 2 (ES = 1.17) compared to linemen. Non-linemen recorded higher RSI values in weeks 1 (ES = -1.41) and 2 (ES = -1.72) compared to linemen. All training load and recovery parameters were lower week 2 compared to week 1 (p < 0.05) for all players. Conclusions: Next-day RSI values were influenced by sRPE load while next-day PRS appears to be more influenced by ML. No difference in PL or sRPE load was observed been groups despite non-linemen completing a higher ML throughout the preseason. A combination of training load and recovery metrics may be needed to monitor the fatigue and state of readiness of each player.