A total of 96 pigs (average initial wt of 201 lb) was used to determine the DE content of corn and triticale. The pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry, blocked by weight, and assigned with 12 pigs/pen and four pens/treatment. The diets were corn (97.5% of the formulation) and triticale (97.8% of the formulation) with added vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Feed (meal form) and water were consumed on an ad libitum basis. The pigs were allowed to adjust to the experimental diets for 4 d. On the afternoon of d 4 and morning of d 5, feces were collected from no less than six pigs/pen (via rectal massage). The feed and fecal samples were dried, ground, and analyzed for concentrations of DM, N, and GE with chromic oxide used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility of DM was greater (P 0.26) among the cereal grains. However, when the gross energy for the cereals was multiplied by their respective digestibility coefficients, triticale grain had greater (P<0.02) DE with a value of 1,531 kcal/lb vs 1,479 kcal/lb for corn. The DE of the corn used in this experiment was low compared to NRC values, but nonetheless our results indicated that this particular triticale was utilized well by finishing pigs supporting greater digestibility of N and having greater DE than corn.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value of corn- and sorghum-based dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In Exp. 1, 120 finishing pigs (average initial weight of 244 lb) were used in a 19-d DE determination. The reference diet was 97% corn with vitamins, minerals, and amino acids added to meet or exceed all NRC suggested nutrient concentrations. Treatments were corn-based (Sioux River Ethanol, Hudson, SD and MGP Ingredients, Atchison, KS) and sorghum-based (US Energy Partners, Russell, KS and Western Plains Energy, Oakley, KS) DDGS substituted as 50% of the reference diet in place of corn. Comparisons among the treatments indicated that DDGS from corn had 101 kcal/lb greater DE than DDGS from sorghum (P<0.02). However, DE was different among the sources of corn-based DDGS (P<0.001) and sorghum-based DDGS (P<0.03) suggesting that plant of origin affects DE of DDGS. In Exp. 2, 176 finishing pigs (average initial weight of 141 lb) were used in a 72-d growth assay. There were 11 pigs/pen and four pens/treatment with feed and water consumed on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were slaughtered at an average weight of 286 lb. Treatments were a corn-soybean meal-based control diet and diets with 40% corn-based, high-energy DDGS (Sioux River Etha-nol), 40% corn-based, moderate-energy DDGS (MGP Ingredients), and 40% sorghum-based, moderate-energy DDGS (US Energy Partners). Pigs fed the control diet had greater overall ADG (P<0.003) and digestibility of DM (P<0.001), N (P<0.02), and GE (P<0.001) compared to pigs fed the DDGS treatments. Among the DDGS treatments, pigs fed the high-energy product had lower overall ADG (P<0.06), ADFI (P<0.02), and digestibility of DM (P<0.03) but tended to have better F/G (P<0.07) than pigs fed the moderate energy DDGS sources. As for carcass data, hot carcass weight (P<0.001) and dressing percentage (P<0.003) were greater and iodine value of jowl fat lower (P<0.001) for pigs fed the control vs DDGS treatments. Among the DDGS treatments, pigs fed the sorghum-based DDGS had greater dressing percentage (P<0.04) and lower iodine value (P<0.001) than pigs fed the corn-based DDGS. Backfat thickness (P>0.58) and percentage carcass lean (P>0.25) were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, plant of origin and substrate used in the fermentation process (corn vs sorghum) affected the nutritional value of DDGS for finishing pigs.; Swine Day, 2007, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2007

time points, P3 progeny had greater (P < 0.009) concentrations of circulating IgG than P1 progeny. Piglet BW did not differ between parities. These results suggest that circulating Ig concentrations in neonatal pigs may be affected by dam parity. It remains to be determined whether the increase in circulating Ig observed in P3 progeny occurred because P3 females had greater capacity to provide passive transfer of Ig during lactation. Additional work is needed to determine whether these effects afford the progeny of dams of increasing parity advantages in health and performance during subsequent growth phases.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of replacing corn (none, 1/3, 2/3, and all) with triticale on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in pigs. For the 34-d nursery experiment, 168 weanling pigs (avg initial weight of 14.8 lb and avg initial age of 21 d) were used. On d 24, fecal samples were collected to allow determination of nutrient digestibility. Overall, pigs consuming diets with 1/3 of the corn replaced with triticale improved ADG (cubic effect, P<0.08) and F/G (linear effect, P<0.01). Digestibility of DM, N, and GE were not affected (P>0.18). For the finishing experiment, 184 pigs (avg initial weight of 131 lb) were used, and fecal samples were collected on d 46. Overall, ADG (linear effect, P<0.02) and ADFI (linear effect, P<0.06) were decreased by 6% as replacement of corn with triticale was increased from none to 100%. But F/G and digestibility of nutrients were not affected (P>0.16), and the negative effects on ADG and ADFI were evident only at 2/3 replacement and replacement of all corn with triticale. In conclusion, replacing corn with triticale improved growth performance in nursery pigs, but reduced ADFI and, thus, ADG in finishing pigs, when more than 1/3 of the corn was replaced.; Swine Day, 2006, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2006

Corn steep water (CSW) is a co-product of the wet milling industry and may be used as a liquid feed ingredient for pigs. Samples of CSW (n=3) were analyzed to have a pH of 4.3 45% DM and contain, within DM, 50% crude protein, 2% lysine, 18.0% ash, 5% potassium, 3.3% phosphorus (P), 1.5% magnesium, 0.5% crude fat and 20% lactic acid. The high lactic acid content may reduce pathogen load and stimulate gut development in pigs. In a performance study (4 pens of 8 pigs per treatment; 63 to 105 kg BW), pigs were fed with a computer controlled liquid feeding system, and corn and soybean meal based diets that contained 0, 5 or 10% CSW on a dry matter basis. Growth rate (1.10, 1.17, 1.06 kg/d; SE 0.03) and gain:feed (2.46, 2.30, 2.45; SE 0.05; 88% DM basis) were not inuenced (P>0.10) by dietary treatment. In corn condensed distillers’ solubles (CDS) most P is phytate-bound. In an attempt to release phytate-bound P, 200 ml samples of CSW were steeped with a commercially available phytase (Natuphos) at 4 inclusion levels (125, 250, 500 and 750 FTU kg-1 DM), at two temperatures (40°C and 50°C), and with 3 replicates per treatment combination. The samples were continuously agitated. Release of phytate P was measured as the appearance of soluble P at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h after adding phytase. At 0 h, CDS contained 6 gP kg-1 DM (SE 0.11) soluble P and 30.7 gP kg-1 DM (SE 0.43) total P. Rate of phytate P release was increased (P<0.05) with both temperature and phytase inclusion level. At 50°C and with 750 FTU kg-1 appearance of soluble P was maximized at 27.17 gP kg-1 DM (SE 0.28) of total P after 24 h. For all treatment combinations, there was no further increase (P>0.10) in soluble P after 48h of steeping. These studies indicate that CSW can be an effective feed ingredient for pigs and can supply signicant amounts of available P.

A total of 312 finishing pigs (average initial weight of 142 lb) were used in a 62-d experiment to determine the effects of xylanase and wheat middlings on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics. Treatments were a control diet based on corn-soybean meal, without and with 750 g/ton xylanase product (to supply none and 1,050 units of xylanase activity per lb of diet), and wheat middlings (none, 15%, and 30%) arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial. The pigs were sorted by sex and ancestry and blocked by weight, with 13 pigs/pen and 4 pens/treatment. Feed and water were provided on an ad libitum basis until the pigs were killed (average weight of 266 lb) at a commercial slaughter facility. Overall, there were no interactions among xylanase addition and concentration of wheat middlings in the diet for ADG, ADFI, F/G, dressing percentage, last-rib backfat thickness, or percentage carcass lean (P>0.26). For main effects, addition of xylanase did not change growth performance or carcass measurements (P>0.16), but, as concentration of wheat middlings was increased from none to 30%, there were linear decreases in overall ADG (P<0.003); efficiency of gain (P<0.002); hot carcass weight (P<0.001); dressing percentage (P<0.002); and digestibility of DM (P<0.001), N (P<0.04), and GE (P<0.001). Last-rib backfat thickness (P<0.06) decreased and percentage carcass lean increased (P<0.03) as wheat middlings concentration in the diet was increased from none to 30%. But these improvements in carcass leanness resulted from the light carcasses for pigs fed wheat middlings, and disappeared when hot carcass weight was used as a covariate (P>0.12). In conclusion, increasing the concentration of wheat middlings, in diets from none to 30% reduced growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. Addition of xylanase did not prevent these negative effects.; Swine Day, 2006, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2006