Research on the nature of sports audiences has been predominantly concerned with those attending live events and overlooks how sport is consumed within people’s everyday lives.[1] Recent research into the nature of football fandom has offered ethnographic accounts detailing more complex relationships between supporters and their clubs[2] that indicate associations that go beyond match day scenarios. Forming the basis of a recent doctoral research project, this article offers a theoretical formulation of the embedded position of football as a part of the fabric of people’s everyday lives. In contrast to Robson’s[3] work on embodied football identities, a more fluid exploration of how football culture affects individuals’ notions of self identity, belonging and interpersonal relations is offered through the theoretical ideas of Baumah, Butler and Maffesoli.[4]

The most popular and most complete desktop reference book on Mac OS X now covers Tiger! Apple's Mac OS X operating system continues to capture the attention of consumers and programmers alike with its ability to run older Mac programs, classic Unix applications, and innovative open source software. And the latest and greatest version, Mac OS X 10.4--otherwise known as "Tiger"--is more powerful and versatile (not to mention easier to use, faster, and better looking) than ever before. With unparalleled, up-to-the-minute detail on Tiger, Mac OS X Tiger in a Nutshell is loaded with new and updated material on practically every page. Sure, Mac OS X Tiger in a Nutshell covers all the essentials and most-talked-about new features of Tiger, including big-ticket items such as Spotlight for effortless searching, iChat AV for video conferencing, and Dashboard for one-click access to a calculator, weather reports, stock prices, flight times, and more. But this fully updated edition also covers the hundreds of nips and tucks Tiger made to its underlying technologies and existing applications, including improvements to graphics and the Unix-based core and an easy way to automate time-consuming, repetitive manual or batch tasks. Mac OS X Tiger in a Nutshell offers a wealth of detail about the new user-interface elements, system and network administration, and scripting and development. It covers enhancements to the Finder, Safari RSS, Mail 2, and System Preferences. This indispensable guide also includes the most complete Unix command reference found in print--each command and option has been painstakingly tested and checked against Tiger. Even the manpages that ship with the system can't compete in accuracy! For longtime Mac loyalists as well as recent converts, for consumers, developers and programmers, this fully updated edition provides the perfect overview of Mac OS X and all the nitty-gritty hints and how-tos you need to make it your all-purpose, must-have Tiger guide.

Brownfield site redevelopment initiatives in the UK have attracted significant political attention in recent years for reasons including the contribution of the activity towards sustainable regeneration goals. Options for the reuse of such sites include tourism, recreation and leisure uses, but the potential of many is frequently diminished as a direct result of the destruction of existing built features that frequently occurs during redevelopment. Government policy relating to brownfield redevelopment is evolving towards promoting the retention of heritage features within redevelopment, but there is a lack of best-practice guidance on this subject to guide land-use decision-makers. This paper sets out to contribute to debate on the matter through primary research. It presents case studies of three popular English industrial heritage attractions – Ironbridge Gorge, Magna and Saltaire – that have been developed on brownfield sites where existing built features were deliberately retained. It examines how redevelopment issues at each were addressed within the context of the English planning system. The paper concludes that, where appropriate, integrating historic features of brownfield sites into redevelopment proposals to provide opportunities for tourism and related development should be positively encouraged, and this in turn can contribute significantly to sustainable regeneration goals. Preliminary lessons for best-practice guidance regarding brownfield redevelopment are advanced.

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Mac OS X Panther in a Nutshell, 2nd Edition offers a thorough treatment of Mac OS X Panther, from its BSD Unix foundation to the finer points of its user interface. It familiarizes readers with the Finder and the Dock, file management, system configuration, network administration issues, and more, including a clear picture of what's new. The book also includes the most complete Unix command reference found in print--with each command and option painstakingly tested and checked against Panther.

The resistance of HIV clinical isolates with or without M184V was analysed in relation to plasma HIV-1-RNA level and time on therapy. The number of thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) was lower in isolates with M184V, this was independent of plasma HIV-1-RNA level and time on therapy for T215F/Y, D67N and L210W. This suggests a direct effect of M184V on the reduced selection of TAMs. Lamivudine use was significantly associated with lower median fold resistance to zidovudine and stavudine.

1 Hôpital de la Pitie Salpetriere, Paris, France, 2 Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain, 3 Allgemeines Krankenhaus St Georg, Hamburg, Germany, 4 Universitatsspital, Zurich, Switzerland, 5 Auguste‐Viktoria‐Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany, 6 Ospedale Civico, Lugano, Switzerland, 7 Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France, 8 Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, and 9 HIV and Opportunistic Infections Development Group, Glaxo Wellcome R&D, Greenford Road, Middlesex UB6 0HE, UK Objectives To evaluate antiretroviral efficacy of abacavir (ABC) in antiretroviral‐experienced patients, by intensifying current antiretroviral therapy (CART) in patients with stable, detectable plasma HIV‐1 RNA.Methods Thirty‐two European centres recruited HIV‐1 positive patients with ≤ 36 months of CART experience. Patients were randomized to receive either ABC (300 mg twice daily) plus CART (ABC + CART) or ABC placebo plus CART (CART). We assessed efficacy as measured by plasma HIV‐1 RNA and CD4+ cell counts and safety at baseline, weeks 2, 4 and every 4 weeks thereafter until week 48. Protocol‐defined criteria enabled patients to switch to open‐label ABC from week 8 onwards.Results Ninety‐two patients with a median plasma of 3.66 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and a median CD4+ cell count of 408 cells/μL were randomized to ABC + CART and 93 patients with a median plasma of 3.52 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and a median CD4+ cell count of 411 cells/μL were randomized to CART. From weeks 8–48, 11 (12%) patients in the ABC + CART group and 34 (37%) patients in the CART group switched to open‐label ABC. At week 48, significantly more patients on ABC + CART (23/92, 25%) than on CART (5/93, 5%) had plasma ≤ 400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL (P < 0.001, intent‐to‐treat switch = failure population). Neither duration of previous nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor treatment (up to 18 months) nor prior lamivudine therapy affected ABC efficacy. In the ABC + CART group, 16/25 (64%) patients with the M184V mutation at baseline had ≤ 400 copies/mL or a decrease ≥ 1 log10 copies/mL at week 16. More patients (19/46, 41%) with baseline viral load ≤ 5000 copies/mL had plasma < 400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL at 48 weeks than those > 5000 copies/mL (4/44, 9%). CD4+ cell counts increased by 102 cells/μL and 57 cells/μL at week 48 for the ABC + CART and CART groups, respectively (intent‐to‐treat, switch included). ABC addition had minimal impact on the CART safety profile.Conclusions ABC intensification, in CART‐experienced patients with low viral loads and limited reverse transcriptase mutations, most of whom had previously been on double‐therapy, resulted in a significant and durable plasma HIV‐1 reduction and concomitant increase in CD4+ cell count. The presence of M184V at baseline had minimal impact on the efficacy of ABC.

To compare the antiviral activity of abacavir (ABC) with stable background therapy (SBG) and SBG alone in antiretroviral therapy-experienced subjects as demonstrated by the proportion of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA < or = 400 copies/ml, plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell count profiles, and safety and tolerance of the two regimens over 16 weeks.One-hundred and eighty-five HIV-1 infected adults, with CD4 cell counts > or = 100 x 10(6)/l and plasma HIV-1 RNA of 400-50,000 copies/ml and who had received SBG therapy for at least 12 weeks, were randomized to receive ABC (300 mg twice daily) or placebo in a double blind, multi-centre study.Antiretroviral activity was assessed by measuring changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 cell counts. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance was determined at baseline and week 16. Evaluation of safety and tolerance was based on clinical adverse events and laboratory analyses.At week 16 significantly more subjects receiving ABC + SBG had plasma HIV-1 RNA < or = 400 copies/ml (36/92, 39%) than subjects receiving SBG alone (7/93, 8%; P < 0.001). A similar response was observed in both the lamivudine naive and lamivudine-experienced subjects. The presence of the M184V mutation did not preclude an antiviral response to ABC; 73% of subjects with the M184V mutation alone experienced a > or = 1.0 log10 copies/ml reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA or had a value of < or = 400 copies/ml by week 16.ABC was generally well tolerated and exerted significant antiviral effect when added to combination antiretroviral therapy over 16 weeks.

Objective: To compare the antiviral activity of abacavir (ABC) with stable background therapy (SBG) and SBG alone in antiretroviral therapy-experienced subjects as demonstrated by the proportion of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA less than or equal to 400 copies/ml, plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell count profiles, and safety and tolerance of the two regimens over 16 weeks.Design: One-hundred and eighty-five HIV-1 infected adults, with CD4 cell counts greater than or equal to 100 X 10(6)/l and plasma HIV-1 RNA of 400-50 000 copies/ml and who had received SEC therapy for at least 12 weeks, were randomized to receive ABC (300 mg twice daily) or placebo in a double blind, multi-centre study.Methods: Antiretroviral activity was assessed by measuring changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 cell counts. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance was determined at baseline and week 16. Evaluation of safety and tolerance was based on clinical adverse events and laboratory analyses.Results: At week 16 significantly more subjects receiving ABC + SBG had plasma HIV-1 RNA less than or equal to 400 copies/ml (36/92, 39%) than subjects receiving SBG alone (7/93, 8%; P < 0.001). A similar response was observed in both the lamivudine naive and lamivudine-experienced subjects. The presence of the M184V mutation did not preclude an antiviral response to ABC; 73% of subjects with the M184V mutation alone experienced a greater than or equal to 1.0 log(10) copies/ml reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA or had a value of less than or equal to 400 copies/ml by week 16.Conclusions: ABC was generally well tolerated and exerted significant antiviral effect when added to combination antiretroviral therapy over 16 weeks. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Objective: To examine changes in HIV-1 susceptibility (genotype and phenotype) during an initial abacavir monotherapy phase followed by the addition of zidovudine and lamivudine.Design: Sixty HIV-1 infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects were randomized to receive 100, 300 or 600 mg abacavir twice daily. Subjects completing 24 weeks of randomized therapy or meeting a protocol defined switch criterion could switch to open label abacavir/zidovudine/lamivudine.Methods: Plasma HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was genotyped at baseline, week 12, and at the last time point on ABC monotherapy. Drug susceptibility was analysed at baseline and on subsequent samples with sufficient HIV-1 RNA levels using the recombinant virus assay. Virological responses (week 24) were correlated to week 24 genotypes.Results: Mutant viruses were not detected before week 12 with the exception of one subject. At the latest time point on abacavir monotherapy (range, weeks 6-48), 21 out of 43 subjects harboured virus with resistance conferring mutations including single, double and triple combinations of K65R, L74V, Y115F and M184V. The most common mutational pattern was L74V + M184V (11/21 cases). Twenty of the 21 subjects with isolates containing abacavir-associated mutations reached week 48, and upon addition of lamivudine/zidovudiine, 16 out of 20 (80%) had week 48 plasma HIV-1-RNA below 400 copies/ml. At week 48, 16 out of 46 genotypes were obtained; one of these was wild-type; 15 contained M184V either alone, in combination with K65R and/or L74V and/or Y115F or with thymidine analogue-associated mutations. Week 48 viral load levels for these 15 subjects was low (median 3.43 log(10) copies/ml or -1.99 log(10) copies reduction from baseline). Genotype correlated well with phenotypic resistance to ABC; four samples with three abacavir-associated mutations had high level abacavir resistance (> 8-fold) and six samples with two or three mutations showed intermediate (4-8-fold) resistance. All samples with single mutations retained full ABC susceptibility.Conclusions: Resistance conferring mutations to abacavir were relatively slow to develop during the monotherapy phase, and did not preclude durable efficacy of abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine up to 48 weeks. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

It is commonly held that the most effective environmental protection policies address the prevention rather than the cure of the effects of pollution. Chris Stone and Sue Walker discuss the nature of environmental impact assessment, a major preventative tool in environmental policy, and offer practical insights from an appraisal of a new ski development in the Scottish Highlands.