Objective: To test the a priori hypothesis that longer duration of ruptured membranes is associated with increased risk of vertical transmission of HIV.Design: The relationship between duration of ruptured membranes and vertical transmission of HIV was evaluated in an individual patient data meta-analysis.Methods: Eligible studies were prospective cohort studies including at least 100 mother-child pairs, from regions where HIV-infected women are counselled not to breastfeed. Analyses were restricted to vaginal deliveries and non-elective Cesarean sections; elective Cesarean section deliveries (those performed before onset of labour and before rupture of membranes) were excluded.Results: The primary analysis included 4721 deliveries with duration of ruptured membranes less than or equal to 24 h. After adjusting for other factors known to be associated with vertical transmission using logistic regression analysis to assess the strength of the relationship, the risk of vertical HIV transmission increased approximately 2% with an increase of 1 h in the duration of ruptured membranes [adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.04; for each 1 h increment]. There were no significant interactions of duration of ruptured membranes with study cohort or with any of the covariates, except maternal AIDS. Among women diagnosed with AIDS, the estimated probability of transmission increased from 8% to 31% with duration of ruptured membranes of 2 h and 24 h respectively (P < 0.01).Conclusions: These results support the importance of duration of ruptured membranes as a risk factor for vertical transmission of HIV and suggest that a diagnosis of AIDS in the mother at the time of delivery may potentiate the effect of duration of ruptured membranes. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Of the 4720 children enrolled in the Italian Register, 4554 were born to seropositive mothers. Of the latter, at the latest update 2989 (65.6%) had seroreverted, 440 (9.7%) were in indeterminate infection status, while 1125 (24.7%) were infected. Among these, 382 died of HIV-associated illnesses. The median age of those still alive was 82.5 months (range 1.4-192.8 months). The last survival curve highlighted an improvement in survival probability (51% at 130 months). The causes of death differed between infants and older children, with a higher proportion of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the former. Only a fraction of infected children (< 3%) become long-term non-progressors (LTNPs). Immunological and clinical deterioration may occur at any age and in any child, including LTNPs. A targeted analysis revealed a poor prognostic indication of the clinical and immunological categories of the current CDC classification system for HIV infection in children. Both infected and uninfected exposed children are at high risk of separation from their family due to either parents' death or drug use. Given the high proportion of intravenous drug users among HIV-positive mothers, about three-quarters had hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and some of their children who escaped infection with HIV acquired HCV. An increasing proportion of HIV-infected children are approaching adolescence. This raises important new problems, such as when and how to communicate the diagnosis to these children, who need adequate psychological support to face the impact of knowing they are carriers of such an infection.

A retrospective study on 357 children admitted to four Pediatric Infectious Disease Centers in Rome, affected by acute meningitis, during 10 years period, between January, 1, 1985 and December, 31, 1994 was carried out. Haemophilus influenzae type b was detected in 110 patients; all children aged between 1 month and 5 years; the maximum incidence (74.5%) was observed in patients under two years. The following diagnostic criteria were utilized: Gram stain of CSF; Latex test on CSF, blood, urine; CSF and blood cultures. The in vitro sensitivity of 65 isolates was tested by using the Kirby-Bauer method. We detected 15.3% of strains resistant to Ampicillin and 1.5% resistant to CAF. We also observed a high number of Hib strains resistant to Erythromycin and Cotrimoxazole. Only one strain Ceftriaxone resistant was isolated, confirming the high in vitro sensibility Hib to III generation cephalosporins that still remain the first choice drugs in Hib meningitis.

Some data suggest that cesarean section reduces mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. To assess the influence of mode of delivery and other maternal and infant factors on the rate of transmission, we analyzed the data of 1,624 children prospectively followed from birth. Of these, at the last visit 1,033 were > 18 months of age or would have been had they not died of HIV-related illness. Among the 975 first singleton children, 180 [18.5%; 95% confidence limits (CL), 16.1-20.9] acquired infection, as did 8 of 56 (14.3%; 95% CL, 5.1-23.5) second-born children. Multivariate stepwise analysis showed that vaginal delivery and development of symptoms in the mother were significantly and independently associated with a higher transmission rate (vaginal delivery: odds ratio, 1.69; 95% CL, 1.14-2.5; symptoms: odds ratio, 1.61; 95% CL, 1.12-2.3), In contrast, a history of maternal drug use, birth weight, breastfeeding (only 37 infants were breast-fed), and child's sex did not have a significant impact on viral transmission. The percentage of infected children was highest (30.7%) among very premature infants (less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation); this significant trend subsequently decreased to 11.9% at the week 42 (p < 0.001), suggesting a parallel reduction in peripartum transmission. The reduced rate of infection observed in infants born by cesarean section underlines the urgent need for randomized controlled trials to evaluate the protective role of surgical delivery in preventing perinatal HIV-1 transmission.