Hydrogel-based strain sensors (HSSs) hold great promise for flexible and wearable electronics owing to their low modulus, excellent biocompatibility, and strong adhesiveness. However, conventional HSSs typically rely on costly, nonrenewable, and poorly biocompatible conductive fillers. To address this challenge, this study proposes a "hydrothermal coordination‑carbonization" strategy. By doping copper ions into industrial by-product lignosulfonate (LS) molecules to regulate their aggregate structure, highly conductive copper nanoparticle-doped hydroxylated LS-derived nanobiochar (Cu@HLSC) is successfully prepared. Using Cu@HLSC as a green and sustainable conductive filler, a multifunctional composite hydrogel (Cu@HLSC@PAM) is constructed with polyacrylamide (PAM) via a one-pot free radical polymerization method. The resulting hydrogel exhibits outstanding mechanical properties (maximum stress of 66.9 kPa and fracture strain of 792%), high electrical conductivity (0.71 S m-1), a broad strain-sensing range, and a high gauge factor (GF up to 4.36). In addition, the hydrogel displays strong adhesiveness and excellent biocompatibility, enabling stable attachment to various substrates and human skin. Taking advantage of its remarkable strain-sensing capability, the hydrogel can be employed for the real-time monitoring of various human movements (e.g., finger and knee bending, swallowing). Furthermore, by loading activated Cu@HLSC into the PAM hydrogel to serve as an electrode material, an all-hydrogel solid-state supercapacitor was constructed, delivering an areal capacitance of 18.4 mF cm-2 and excellent self-healing performance (capacitance retention >95% after healing). This study provides new insights into the high-value utilization of lignin and the development of multifunctional, self-powered flexible electronic devices.

The development of green, low-cost, renewable, high-performance, and multifunctional rubber fillers is of significance to the rubber industry. As one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, lignin plays crucial biological roles in plants. The paper-making industry produces a huge amount of lignin annually, and its production continues to increase every year. Unfortunately, most of this lignin is currently burned to produce energy, which is a low-value utilization. Research into high-value-added applications of lignin is highly desired. Lignin possesses excellent properties such as low cost, renewability, high abundance, low density, and environmental friendliness, making it a promising filler for rubber. Lignin can impart rubber with reinforcement and additional functionalities, such as antioxidant capability, flame retardancy, and UV-blocking ability. Moreover, rubber/lignin composites with interfacial dynamic bonds exhibit appealing recyclability, shape memory and self-healing properties. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the design, fabrication, and properties/applications of rubber-lignin composites. Additionally, the current challenges and future opportunities for the development of high-performance rubber/lignin composites are discussed.

The rapid development of wearable and deformable electronics has created an urgent need for energy storage devices that combine high mechanical adaptability, environmental sustainability, and robust electrochemical performance. Although flexible zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs) offer high capacity and fast charge-discharge characteristics, their stretchability remains limited. Here, we address this challenge by employing direct laser writing (DLW) to in situ convert lignin into B/N/O/Zn heteroatom-doped lignin-derived porous laser-induced graphene (LPLIG) as the cathode on a zinc borate (ZB)-modified lignin/XNBR composite (THZLX). ZB significantly reduces lignin aggregation and forms multiple sacrificial bonds (hydrogen bonds, coordination bonds, and borate ester bonds) at the lignin-rubber interface. These sacrificial bonds constitute a dynamic thermally-responsive network, enhancing the mechanical strength of THZLX to similar to 18 MPa while maintaining a high elongation at break (597%). More importantly, they endow the THZLX substrate with high thermally-triggered healing efficiencies of 83.9 +/- 3% (strength) and 77.8 +/- 2% (elongation) after healing at 100 degrees C. In addition, synergistic B/N/O/Zn heteroatom doping improves the hydrophilicity and electrochemical activity of the LPLIG cathode. By integrating an electrodeposited zinc anode and a CMC-Alg dual-network organic solid-state gel electrolyte, we constructed a "dumbbell-shaped'' rubber-based ZHS that delivers an areal capacitance of 782.6 mF cm(-)(2) at 0.1 mA cm(-)(2) and retains 350 mF cm(-)(2) at 3 mA cm(-)(2). The device maintains 96.53% capacitance after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, a kirigami-inspired "fishnet-like'' configuration enables stable operation under stretching. This work provides a scalable strategy for developing mechanically robust, stretchable, and sustainable ZHSs for next-generation flexible electronics.

With the growing demand for long-lasting and comfortable wearable electronics, flexible zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) face challenges due to limited stretchability and a narrow temperature tolerance. Herein, we propose a green and scalable strategy to fabricate intrinsically stretchable and wide-temperature-tolerant rubber-based ZIBs by utilizing biomass-derived lignin with a dual role: as a sustainable reinforcing filler for rubber and as a carbon precursor for laser-induced graphene (LIG). On a zinc borate-modified lignin/XNBR elastomer substrate (ZLX), lignin is photothermally converted into patterned, heteroatom-doped porous LIG (HLIG) via direct laser writing, enabling the in situ electrodeposition of Zn and MnO2 as flexible anode and cathode materials. Combined with a CMC-Alg organogel electrolyte, the HLIG-based ZIB delivers a high capacity of 111.5 mAh g(-1) with a high reproducibility (RSD < 4.55%), broad voltage window (0.8-1.8 V), excellent rate performance, and superior cycling stability over a wide-temperature range (-40 to 80 degrees C), retaining more than 75% of its capacity. After 100 charge-discharge cycles, its specific capacity remains at 64.4 mAh g(-1). Moreover, a stretchable ZIB with an "island-bridge" architecture is fabricated on a ZLX via laser cutting and liquid-metal wiring, stably powering a 1.75 V red LED under stretching. This work demonstrates a sustainable and customizable pathway for high-performance wearable energy storage and highlights the high-value utilization of lignin in advanced electronics.

Spin crossover (SCO) complexes hold immense potential for thermoelectric applications due to their temperature sensitivity. Herein, a kind of thermoelectric composite material based on SCO iron (II) complex [Fe(NH2trz)3] (BF4)2 and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) has been fabricated for advanced temperature sensing applications. When the mass ratio of SCO to SWCNTs is 3:20 and the temperature is 300 K, the composite has an electrical conductivity of 2033.1 f 26.6 S cm- 1 and a power factor of 144.4 f 3.8 mu W m- 1 K-2. In contrast, pure SWCNTs only have an electrical conductivity of 1414.6 f 22.5 S cm- 1 and a power factor of 88.2 f 4.2 mu W m-1 K-2 at the same temperature. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of the composite changes more with temperature than that of pure SWCNTs when the temperature rises from 300 K to 400 K, which indicates that the composite is more sensitive to temperature. Therefore, a thermoelectric material with enhanced thermoelectric performance and temperature sensitivity has been successfully fabricated and has potential application in the field of temperature sensing.

Abstract To bridge the gap between materials synthesis and intelligent systems engineering, this article presents an interdisciplinary innovative experiment based on fully biobased flexible functional devices for undergraduate materials science and engineering students. Students prepare a flexible substrate through latex compounding and acid coprecipitation, using interfacial hydrogen bonding between plant-derived lignin and natural rubber latex to suppress lignin self-aggregation. Direct laser writing is then introduced, in which the photothermal effect of a CO2 laser beam converts the insulating lignin in situ into conductive, porous laser-induced graphene (LIG). On this platform, students construct and evaluate five types of functional devices: resistive strain and pressure sensors evaluated using a universal testing machine and digital multimeters; a serpentine temperature sensor that exploits polymer thermal expansion; a capacitive humidity sensor based on a graphene oxide/NaOH dielectric film, characterized across saturated salt solutions using an LCR meter; and an electrothermal Joule heating actuator evaluated using a DC power supply and an infrared thermal camera. Finally, students collect real-time resistance signals from their self-fabricated knee-joint strain sensors and use a deep-learning model for human motion recognition with over 97% accuracy. Implemented across two consecutive semesters with 58 students, this experiment helps students develop a systematic “Materials–Devices–Data–Applications” engineering perspective in green electronics.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are considered highly promising flexible thermoelectric materials because of their excellent electrical transport properties, mechanical flexibility, and solution processability. However, their thermoelectric performance is still limited by the difficulty of simultaneously optimizing electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. In this work, semiconducting nonmetallic carbon- and metallic iron- doped exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride nano-sheets (BNNSs) have been firstly synthesized by hightemperature pyrolysis and microwave-assisted synthesis method, respectively. Then, the as-prepared C(Fe)doped BNNSs are incorporated into SWCNT networks to construct composite films with designed heterointerfaces for improved thermoelectric performance. The introduction of Fe-BNNSs and C-BNNSs creats abundant heterointerfaces, inducing an energy-filtering effect and increasing the Seebeck coefficient. Notably, CBNNS forms a conformal coating on SWCNTs, and C-BNNS enhances pi-pi interactions with SWCNTs, improving their dispersion and facilitating carrier transport. Meanwhile, the stable coated heterojunction synergistically boosts electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient, further enhancing thermoelectric properties. In this system, carbon doping plays a dual role by simultaneously realizing band engineering of BNNSs and interfacial regulation within the SWCNT network, whereas iron doping mainly contributes through band structure modulation. As a result, the optimized C-BNNS/SWCNT composite film achieves a maximum power factor of 389.7 mu W m- 1 K- 2. In addition, the assembled thermoelectric device delivers a normalized power density of 1.9 & times; 10- 2 W m- 2 K- 2. Therefore, this work demonstrates that element-doped BNNSs serve as efficient nano-fillers to modulate charge transport behavior and interfacial properties in SWCNT films, which offers a feasible route toward highperformance carbon nanotube-based thermoelectric composites.

With the proliferation of flexible wearable electronics, developing compact energy transducers for self-powered systems has become critical. Flexible thermoelectric devices (F-TEDs) offer a promising solution due to their direct thermal-to-electrical conversion capabilities. In this study, we fabricated patterned, porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide films using direct laser writing (DLW). A p-type conductive polymer, PEDOT:PSS, was subsequently loaded onto the patterned conductive LIG scaffold via a facile drop-casting method to create highly flexible composite films. Optimization experiments revealed that a laser power of 11% and a scanning speed of 300 mm s(-1) yielded LIG with optimal structural quality. Furthermore, drop-casting 400 & micro;L of PEDOT:PSS onto the LIG pattern resulted in superior thermoelectric performance at room temperature, achieving a maximum Seebeck coefficient of 12.09 mu V K-1 and an electrical conductivity of 23.95 S cm(-1). Leveraging the rapid prototyping capability of DLW and a kirigami-inspired design, a wrist-worn F-TED integrating 12 seriesconnected LIG/PEDOT:PSS composite units was assembled. This device generated an open-circuit voltage of 7.50 mV under a temperature difference of 60 K. This work presents a facile, scalable, and cost-effective approach for the rapid fabrication of flexible thermoelectric devices for wearable energy applications.

Strain sensors based on crack-sensitive structures have gained attention for their exceptional sensitivity. However, the geometry of the crack structures significantly impacts the balance between sensitivity and strain range, while the controllable formation of such cracks remains a challenge, often leading to performance variations. Herein, we developed an ultrasensitive strain sensor using a mesh-like polymer-mediated electroless plating (MPMEP) strategy to construct controlled nickel microcrack structures on natural rubber (NR). Poly(acrylic acid) brushes grafted via surface-initiated ATRP on NR served as interfacial layers, ensuring consistent crack morphology. The sensor achieved a high gauge factor of 417, a wide strain range of 50 %, and rapid response/ recovery times (46/58 ms), with stable performance over 10,000 cycles. Compared to existing technologies, our MPMEP strategy uniquely combines high sensitivity with scalability. Moreover, its robustness and flexibility position it for wearable applications, including real-time human motion monitoring and health management. This work addresses long-standing challenges in crack-based strain sensors, presenting a reproducible and scalable platform for next-generation flexible electronics.

Wearable biosensors are promising tools for real-time analysis and tracking of human physiological dynamics. However, their fabrication often requires additional electrocatalysts deposited on inert electrode materials, which consistently limits large-scale application. In this study, cobalt-iron Prussian blue analogues (Co-Fe PBA)mediated sodium lignosulfonate (LS) nanohybrids (PBA-LS) were incorporated into carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) by latex compounding technology to yield a flexible substrate (PLX). Through CO2 direct laser writing (DLW), PBA-LS was in-situ transformed into Co-Fe transition metal compound-doped laser-induced graphene (TMC@LIG) electrodes on the PLX surface. For non-invasive and real-time sweat glucose detection, a wearable glucose biosensor was fabricated by directly loading glucose oxidase (GOx) on TMC@LIG, followed by simple microfluidic packaging and connection to a portable miniature electrochemical workstation. The resulting enzymatic glucose biosensor exhibited a sensitivity of 31.28 mu A mM-1 cm-2 and a detection limit of 25 mu M. To enhance pathological diagnosis and analysis after identifying health issues through the wearable glucose biosensor, this study further developed a non-enzymatic TMC@LIG-based glucose sensor in an alkaline system with higher sensitivity (340.68 mu A mM-1 cm-2), a lower detection limit (10 mu M), and a wide detection range (0.01-8 mM), enabling precise body fluid analysis. The two TMC@LIG-based biosensors facilitate comprehensive glucose health monitoring and analysis on the same platform, which offers new insights into the rapid fabrication and systematic application of glucose biosensors.

Nanocarriers have been extensively utilized to improve the stability of photothermal agents in vivo, enhance delivery efficiency, and reduce drug side effects. However, challenges, such as the low safety of carrier materials, insufficient loading of therapeutic agents, and complex preparation procedures, still persist. In this study, the photothermal agent IR780 was encapsulated in network TA-Fe3+ (TF) which was self-assembled by tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+ to synthesize an acid-responsive multifunctional nanophotothermal agent TF@IR780 (TR). In the slightly acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), network shell TF is degraded, and the internal photothermal agent IR780 is exposed. On the one hand, the TF network can improve the solubility and stability of photothermal agent IR780 in vivo and significantly increase the uptake efficiency in tumor cells. On the other hand, Fe3+ exhibits magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functionality, which combined with the fluorescence imaging of IR780 endows TR with multimodal imaging capabilities. In addition, TR is easy to release photosensitizers through acid response in the low pH environment of TME, and achieves precise damage to mitochondria through mitochondrial anchoring and light regulation. This overcomes the drawbacks of traditional tumor treatment methods, such as poor specificity, and demonstrates efficient and controllable antitumor activity.

Optimizing carrier concentration and transport has been demonstrated to be a practical strategy to improve the thermoelectric efficacy of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based composite films, which have potential application in self-powered wearable electronics. In this study, nonmetallic heteroatoms (boron, sulfur, and phosphorus) are selected to dope g-C3N4 to adjust the energy band structure for fabricating g-C3N4/SWCNT with high thermoelectric performance. Heteroatom doping of g-C3N4 improves the energy band structure and mobility of g-C3N4, which promotes the carrier transport between g-C3N4 and SWCNT and optimizes the carrier mobility and concentration of the composite, substantially improving both the Seebeck coefficient (S) and the electrical conductivity (sigma) of g-C3N4/SWCNT. The results show that boron doped g-C3N4/SWCNT exhibits the maximum room temperature power factor (PF) of 198.4 mu W m- 1 K- 2 alongside a Seebeck coefficient of 31.4 mu V K- 1 among the prepared nonmetallic heteroatom doped g-C3N4/SWCNT composite films. Furthermore, under a temperature difference of 60 K, the flexible thermoelectric device made of the composite film produces a high output power of 5.7 mu W and a large open-circuit voltage of 50.3 mV. Thus, this study presents an innovative method for improving the efficacy of composite thermoelectric materials utilizing SWCNT and inorganic materials, demonstrating potential applications in flexible electronics.

The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft, innovative, and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring. The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency, providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health management. Among many candidates, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin films. While previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene, the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications, particularly in smart interaction and integrated functionalities. This review aims to consolidate recent progress, highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials, and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable biodevices. We begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages, sensing mechanisms, and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice fabrication. Following this, we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human body. Special attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices, mainly including self-power supply, integrated diagnosis/treatment, and human–machine interaction. Finally, the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of 2D materials for advanced biodevices.

Lignin, the most abundant aromatic biomaterial on Earth, is widely available as a byproduct of the papermaking and biorefinery industries and could serve as a green filler for rubber. However, preparing high-performance and multifunctional rubber/lignin composites remains challenging due to the inhomogeneous dispersion of lignin in the rubber matrix and poor lignin-rubber interfacial adhesion. In this article, a facile lignin modification approach was proposed. Namely, we used a deep eutectic solvent (DES), composed of choline chloride and ZnCl2, to simultaneously improve lignin dispersion and enhance the rubber-lignin interaction by constructing metal-ligand coordination bonds at the rubber-lignin interface. The resulting elastomer composites exhibited significantly enhanced mechanical and oil-resistance properties. Moreover, the introduction of DES could improve the photothermal effect of the rubber/lignin composite. This scalable and environmentally friendly strategy is anticipated to provide novel inspiration for the large-scale utilization of lignin in elastomers.

The inherent trade-off between electrical conductivity (6) and the Seebeck coefficient (S) poses a fundamental challenge for developing high-performance conductive polymer/SWCNT thermoelectric composites in wearable electronics. In this study, an innovative synergistic strategy integrating molecular engineering with a multi-level composite architecture is used, and a one-step electrochemical method is used to synthesize an aniline (ANI) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) copolymer (P(ANI-co-EDOT)) directly on the SWCNT network. The incorporation of EDOT units into the polyaniline (PANI) chain enlarges the delocalized electron system and enhances carrier mobility, boosting the 6 of the composite film to 4.0 times that of pristine SWCNT and 2.0 times that of PANI/SWCNT. This results in a remarkable 6 of 2681.1 S cm-1 and a power factor (PF) of 196.0 mu W m- 1 K- 2. Furthermore, we have achieved a synergistic enhancement of 6 and S by depositing high-S tellurium (Te) nanoparticles onto high-6 P(ANI-co-EDOT)/SWCNT framework, elevating the PF to 215.1 mu W m- 1 K-2. A solar thermoelectric generator fabricated from this composite film produces an open-circuit voltage of 14.7 mV and an output power of 1137 nW under 2-sun illumination (2 kW m- 2), demonstrating its potential for concentrated solar energy harvesting. Therefore, this work validates that electrochemically driven molecular engineering combining with a multi-level composite design is a highly effective avenue for advancing the performance of conductive polymer/SWCNT thermoelectric materials.

With the increasing demand for long endurance and wearing comfort in wearable devices, flexible supercapacitors (FSCs), as one of the energy supply devices, face significant constraints in terms of low energy density and low stretchability. To address this challenge, this study employed direct laser writing (DLW) technology to in situ convert lignin into B, N, O, S heteroatom-doped porous graphene (HLIG) on flexible zinc borate (ZB) modified lignin/carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) composites (ZLX). ZB served as a "triple-functional modifier" (flame retardant, interface modifier, and dopant), which significantly reduced the dispersion size of lignin in the XNBR matrix and constructed multiple sacrificial bonds at the lignin-XNBR interfaces, thereby enhancing the tensile strength of ZLX to 24.29 MPa while retaining its high stretchability (436 %). Due to the flame-retardant effect of ZB, lignin precursors could bear more intense laser irradiation to produce high-quality porous graphene. More importantly, the co-doping of boron, sulfur and nitrogen atoms was facilitated at a higher laser power, which rendered the lignin-derived graphene a higher electrochemical activity. Therefore, high-performance inplane interdigital FSCs based on the HLIG were directly fabricated on ZLX substrates by DLW, achieving a specific capacitance of 234.8 mF cm-2 and an energy density of 32.61 mu Wh cm-2. To achieve stretchability, a "hollowcarved wristband"-structured stretchable supercapacitor (SSC) was fabricated by connecting three interdigital FSCs in series on ZLX. After 2000 charge-discharge cycles at 5 mA cm-2, the capacitance retention was 80.37 %, and the SSC could light a red LED bulb under stretching conditions, demonstrating excellent electromechanical stability. This research provides a novel solution for flexible wearable energy supply and is of great significance for the development of rubber-based flexible electronics.

Electronic skin (e-skin) is showing a huge potential in human-computer interaction, intelligent robots, human health, motion monitoring, etc. However, it is still challenging for e-skin to realize distinguishable detection of stretching strain, vertical pressure, and temperature through a simple noncoupling structure design. Here, a stretchable multimodal biomimetic e-skin was fabricated by integrating layer-by-layer self-assembled crumpled reduced graphene oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes film on natural rubber (RGO/MWCNTs@NR) as stretchable conductive electrodes and polyacrylamide/NaCl ionogel as a dielectric layer into an ionotropic capacitive mechanoreceptor. Unlike natural skin receptors, the sandwich-like stretchable ionogel mechanoreceptor possessed a distinct ionotropic capacitive behavior for strain and pressure detection. The results showed that the biomimetic e-skin displayed a negative capacitance change with superior stretchability (0-300%) and a high gauge factor of 0.27 in 180-300% strain, while exhibiting a normal positive piezo-capacitance behavior in vertical pressure range of 0-15 kPa with a maximal sensitivity of 1.759 kPa-1. Based on this feature, the biomimetic e-skin showed an excellent synchronous detection capability of planar strain and vertical pressure in practical wearable applications such as gesture recognition and grasping movement detection without a complicated mathematical or signal decoupling process. In addition, the biomimetic e-skin exhibited a quantifiable linear responsiveness to temperature from 20-90 °C with a temperature coefficient of 0.55%/°C. These intriguing properties gave the biomimetic e-skin the ability to perform a complete function similar to natural skin but beyond its performance for future wearable devices and artificial intelligence devices.

Hydrogel-based flexible sensors have garnered considerable interest in the fields of soft electronics, robotics, and human-machine interfaces. For better practical applications, integrating multiple properties-such as selfadhesive, anti-freeze, anti-volatile, self-healing, and antibacterial-into a single gel for flexible sensors remains a challenge. In this paper, a multifunctional lignin-based polyvinyl alcohol gel, containing dynamic covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and coordination bonds, is constructed by a simple one-pot method, in which ethylene glycol/water chosen as a binary solvent and KI as a conductive medium. The resulting organogel exhibits self-healing, long-lasting adhesion, UV shielding, antibacterial properties, excellent frost resistance (-20 degrees C), and volatile resistance properties. In addition, the organogel-based sensor demonstrates satisfactory sensitivity in detecting joint movements and facial expressions. This study provides a new strategy for developing a versatile flexible sensor through the introduction of renewable and bio-based lignin, promising applications in the fields of wearable electronics.

The rising Internet-of-Things industry has generated considerable interest in self-sustainable multimodal flexible wearable electronics. However, it remains challenging to fabricate various functional modules for self-sustainable flexible electronics using a single process and material. In this study, monodispersed lignin sulfonate-reduced graphene oxide nanosheets were transformed into 3D self-assembled porous carbon microcapsules (LRCMCs) through ethanol-assisted spray-drying and carbonization. Due to their well-developed porous structure, good conductivity and dispersibility in specific solvents, the resulting LRCMCs could serve as a versatile platform for fabricating various patterned flexible sensors and supercapacitors on flexible Ecoflex substrates through simple solvent drop-casting and transfer printing technology. Results indicated that the sensitivity and detection range of LRCMCs-based flexible strain sensors could be effectively tailored through patterned designs. Therein, the straight-line patterned flexible sensor exhibited an extremely high gauge factor (GF) of similar to 219, wide detection range (0-225 %), excellent mechanical durability, and cyclic stability (3000 cycles) for human physiological and physical activities detection. Moreover, a flexible LRCMCs-based humidity sensor was constructed, which could quantitatively measure ambient humidity and monitor human perspiration behavior. For achieving the self-sustainability of multimodal flexible electronics, a flexible supercapacitor was also fabricated using LRCMCs as electrode materials to provide sufficient energy density and driving voltage.