Design science research has developed strongly in the last decades with rich contributions to organization science and, more specifically, to organizational change. These contributions were not straightforward and cannot be obtained without strong epistemological and theoretical rigor. In the first part of this chapter, we show why it is critical to encompass a variety of design approaches and methods within a unified theoretical framework that underlines the logic and rationality - namely, the design theory - assumed in each type of design science research. In the second part, we use this framework to compare three families of design science research approaches and underline for each of them their methodological assumptions and the type of organizational changes they aim to achieve. We show that these streams account in different ways, and more or less explicitly, for design as a generative process that includes organizational change. We illustrate each of these approaches with specific research cases from the literature. Finally, we conclude with key insights for organizational change researchers and discuss how design science research could further contribute to the development of organizational change theory.

Les urgences hospitalieres francaises sont sous tension alors qu’elles “ont jusqu’ici fait la preuve d’une forte resilience face a l’accumulation des difficultes” (Cohen et al., 2017) etroitement liees au vieillissement de la population. Dans ce contexte, la Chaire de philosophie a l’hopital et l’agence de design les Sismo ont soumis une proposition fin 2018 a l’appel a projet de la Caisse Nationale de Solidarite pour l’Autonomie intitule “Design social : handicap et perte d’autonomie”. Le projet retenu a pour ambition de s’interesser a la maniere dont le design peut apporter du soin (au sens de care) aux urgences (institution du cure par excellence) dans le cadre d’un proof of care ©. Suivant la meme approche que Lenay et al. (2019), nous nous interessons a la double question du soin apporte (1) par les artefacts mis a l’epreuve lors de l’experimentation (POC) et (2) par la demarche de conception. Pour repondre a ces questions, nous nous appuyons sur la vulnerabilite et les capacites, deux notions cles de l’ethique du care (Nussbaum, 2007 ; Sen, 2010; Tronto et Maury, 2009). Cette etude nous apprend que : (1) les artefacts en situation d’usage permettent de reduire la vulnerabilite des individus en developpant leurs capacites et revelent des formes de vulnerabilites nouvelles, (2) la demarche de construction d’artefact permet de developper les capacites cognitives et sociales des collectifs et provoquer des effets de re-theorisation de l’ethique du care et du design.

AbstractThe literature on design distinguishes between exploration-based experimentation and validation-based experimentation. This typology relies on an assumption that exploration and validation cannot and should not be performed simultaneously in the same experimentation. By contrast, some practitioners, such as les Sismo, propose that proof of concept might combine these two logics. This raises the question of what design logic might enable this type of combination of exploration and validation. We first use design theory to build an experimentation design framework. This framework highlights a typology of proof logics in experimentation related to proof of the known and proof of the unknown. Second, we show that these proof models are supported by les Sismo's cases and describe a diversity of arrangements of exploration and validation mechanisms: sequential, parallel, and combinational. Through the formalisation of proof of concept as a double proof (proof of the known and proof of the unknown), we show that proof of concept can be more than a tool for the go/no-go decision by gradually validating propositions, questioning the relevance of propositions, and discovering new propositions to be investigated and tested.

Pendant la pandemie de la Covid-19, de nombreux produits de sante se sont trouves en tension voire en penurie. Dans cet article, nous examinons comment la preuve de concept (POC) peut soutenir la conception d’une resilience organisationnelle proactive et reactive. Une double etude de cas – celle de la penurie des pousse-seringues electriques et celle des dispositifs d’aide respiratoire –, montre que les POC, en tant qu’outils d’apprentissage collectif sur le connu mais aussi l’inconnu, permettent aux organisations de sante de developper des capacites de resilience. Ainsi, menees de maniere proactive, les POC permettent d’organiser l’exploration collective dans l’inconnu et aider a reveler cet inconnu, tandis que de maniere reactive, les POC permettent de federer les acteurs et leurs initiatives autour d’une action collective et reduire rapidement les “inconnus residuels”.

Une recherche intervention conduite lors de la premiere vague de l’epidemie de Covid19 a permis de montrer que la mise en œuvre de la theorie de la conception dans des situations de gestion de crise permet de faire emerger des formes operationnelles inedites. L’article montre comment un acteur collectif dote d’une rationalite inventive constitue une « war room creative et activatrice » capable de soutenir, articuler voire initier les forces creatives sinon dispersees. Cette forme de gestion de crise est notamment comparee aux cellules de commandement classiquement decrites dans la litterature.

Although there has been an increasing use of 'proof-of-concept' in practice, the literature is highly poor on the subject. We investigate a basic research question: what does proof-of-concept really do? We perform an historical study and a case study of PoC practices of a French design studio 'The Sismo'. Generativity and robustness allow us to compare PoC practices related to TRLs, medicine, security, start-up, and design. The study clarifies the polysemous practices to help stakeholders to know why and how PoC is a design tool to establish and sustain collaborative exploratory communities.

Even though proof-of-concept (POC) has become a common practice of organizations in decision-making, and internal and external coordination processes, the literature on strategic management has so far little taken on the subject. In this paper, we looked at the following questions: Where does the concept of ‘proof-of-concept’ come from and how has it evolved over time? How does ‘proof-of-concept’ relate to a peculiar category of proof? To answer these questions, we first conducted a historical perspective of the genesis of the concept, namely in the U.S. aerospace and aeronautical ecosystem. Then, we conducted an analytical study of the transfer of the notion in the ecosystems of biomedical, public research, new product development / innovation / entrepreneurship and finally information technologies. This paper showed that the term, which was born in the 1960s, gradually met with success in contexts where new actors had to be brought into the previously highly integrated design value chain, and this often upstream. In this sense, POC, as proof of validation and exploration, appears to be a particularly useful tool for ‘buyers’ and ‘sellers’ in processes with an exploratory dimension.

The aim of the paper is to investigate whether Proofs-of-concept (PoCs) are generative in both cognitive and social aspects and what are the methods to reach this potential generativity. This study contributes to the literature of four fields: proof-of-concept, innovation ecosystems, innovation management and NPD, and management in general. In this paper, we adopted a theory-building approach based on a multiple-case study with embedded units of analysis which was allowed by the intervention research at Sismo, a French design studio internationally recognised for its PoC expertise. The main results of this study is that (1) Sismo performs PoCs that are certainly 'validation' but which also carry double generativity and (2) the generativity on the organisation is rather stronger than on the object. Their action-learning method is geared to this end, namely to maximise learning especially organisational learning, put the 'buyers of the PoC' in action, push them to make discoveries by themselves and even discover themselves.

Event Abstract Back to Event Atmospheric-pressure and low-pressure plasma amination of stent alloy for bioactive protein immobilization Charlotte Rasser1, 2*, Pascale Chevallier3*, Frédéric Chaubet2*, Caroline Jobin1, 2, Diego Mantovani3*, Michael Tatoulian1, Giuseppina Caligiuri2* and Cédric Guyon1* 1 Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Laboratory 2PM, France 2 Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science - Inserm U1148, France 3 Laval University, Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Introduction: Percutaneous implantation of metallic arterial stents is a keystone in the treatment of coronary artery stenosis. Although relatively modest (8-10%), the 4-year mortality associated with the use of arterial stents is a significant medical concern, because the use of these technologies is widespread. The life-threatening complications associated with the use of coronary stents are thrombosis and restenosis [1],[2]. They are linked to the reaction of the blood/vessel interface to the exogenous material. To avoid this reaction, we aim at coating the stent alloy with a biomimetic protein, able to stimulate fast endothelialization while preventing leukocytes and platelets activation. Direct grafting of such agent on the alloy (L-605 CoCr) can be performed by plasma amination of the surface, followed by covalent bonding of the peptide using a carbodiimide. The objective of this work was to set up a suitable plasma amination protocol. Materials and Methods: Plasma amination was carried out either by ICP-RF low-pressure (LP) plasma (Plasmionique’s FLR-300) or by atmospheric-pressure (AP) cold plasma jet (Acxys’ ULS). N2 and H2 were used as plasma gas (total flow: 100 sccm in LP plasma, 35 L/min in AP plasma). A plasma pre-treatment was applied in some cases, with Ar and O2 as plasma gas (25 sccm Ar, 25 sccm O2). XPS analyses were performed on a PHI 5600-ci spectrophotometer (Physical Electronics), with a standard Al anode. Figure 1. Atomic percentages obtained from XPS survey of L-605 CoCr samples treated by atmospheric-pressure plasma. Plasma gas: 97% N2, 3% H2, total flow 40L/min. Plasma source frequency: 200 kHz. Power: 600 W. Figure 2. Atomic percentages obtained from XPS survey of L-605 CoCr samples treated by low-pressure plasma. Pre-treatment: Ar-O2 plasma, 25-25 sccm, 5 min, 100 W, 4 Pa. Treatment: N2-H2 plasma, total flow 100 sccm, 20 min, 100 W, 40 Pa. Results and Discussion: Figure 1 shows the atomic percentages of C, O and N obtained from the XPS survey of AP plasma-treated samples. The influence of the speed and number of sweeps of the plasma torch over the surface was studied. Maximum nitrogen content (2.7%) is achieved with 4 sweeps of the plasma torch, at 300 mm/s. Figure 2 shows the influence of pre-treatment and N2-H2 mix composition on the quantity of nitrogen deposited on plasma-treated samples. The amount of grafted nitrogen increases with hydrogen content of the gas mix. This effect can be explained by hydrogen promoting the formation of reactive NH species in the plasma. Higher nitrogen surface atomic percentage is achieved without Ar-O2 plasma pre-treatment. By eliminating part of the carbon species on the surface of the samples, pre-treatment might reduce the efficacy of nitrogen species grafting. The maximum nitrogen surface atomic percentage achieved (5.5%) can be highly sufficient for ensuring good covering of the surface by peptide grafting – if a significant part of the deposited nitrogen is in the form of primary or secondary amines. This will be later determined by chemical derivation. Conclusion: Optimization of LP and AP plasma amination of CoCr samples was performed. Both plasma methods achieved significant nitrogen grafting, thus making it possible to proceed to the next steps of the project: quantification of grafted amines by chemical derivation and covalent bonding of proteins to the amines. Thus, a new step towards direct grafting of bioactive peptide on stent surface has been realised. References:[1] Bertrand OF, Sipehia R, Mongrain R, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Sep 1;32(3):562–71[2] Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Jul 4;48(1):193-202 Keywords: biomaterial, Biocompatibility, Surface modification, Bioactive molecule Conference: 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada, 17 May - 22 May, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Plasma/high-energy processing of biomaterials Citation: Rasser C, Chevallier P, Chaubet F, Jobin C, Mantovani D, Tatoulian M, Caligiuri G and Guyon C (2016). Atmospheric-pressure and low-pressure plasma amination of stent alloy for bioactive protein immobilization. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress. doi: 10.3389/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.01678 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Mar 2016; Published Online: 30 Mar 2016. * Correspondence: Dr. Charlotte Rasser, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Laboratory 2PM, Paris, France, Email1 Dr. Pascale Chevallier, Laval University, Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Québec, QC, Canada, pascale.chevallier@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca Dr. Frédéric Chaubet, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science - Inserm U1148, Paris, France, frederic.chaubet@univ-paris13.fr Dr. Diego Mantovani, Laval University, Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Québec, QC, Canada, diego.mantovani@gmn.ulaval.ca Dr. Giuseppina Caligiuri, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science - Inserm U1148, Paris, France, giuseppina.caligiuri@inserm.fr Dr. Cédric Guyon, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Laboratory 2PM, Paris, France, cedric.guyon@chimie-paristech.fr Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Charlotte Rasser Pascale Chevallier Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Diego Mantovani Michael Tatoulian Giuseppina Caligiuri Cédric Guyon Google Charlotte Rasser Pascale Chevallier Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Diego Mantovani Michael Tatoulian Giuseppina Caligiuri Cédric Guyon Google Scholar Charlotte Rasser Pascale Chevallier Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Diego Mantovani Michael Tatoulian Giuseppina Caligiuri Cédric Guyon PubMed Charlotte Rasser Pascale Chevallier Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Diego Mantovani Michael Tatoulian Giuseppina Caligiuri Cédric Guyon Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Anti-thrombotic properties of a CD31-derived peptide coated on a surface Charlotte Rasser1, Frédéric Chaubet1, Caroline Jobin1, Giuseppina Caligiuri1 and Véronique Ollivier1 1 Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science - Inserm U1148, France Introduction: Thrombosis is a major concern in the design of most biomaterials, especially in those for vascular applications. Coating the biomaterial surface with a bioactive agent is one of the possible strategies to avoid thrombosis. CD31 (also known as PECAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein present on endothelial cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets. CD31 has been demonstrated to inhibit platelet activation and thrombus formation[1],[2] and to modulate thrombin-induced tissue factor expression on endothelial cells[3].We therefore assessed the potential of a CD31-agonist peptide as an anti-thrombotic coating for biomaterials. Materials and Methods: The CD31-agonist peptide was left to adsorb on a 96-well plate with high binding affinity (Immulon® 2 HB, Thermo Scientific). Excess peptide was rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Unmodified wells of the same plate were used as control. In a first set of experiments, thrombin generation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was performed using a Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT) in presence of 0.5 pM tissue factor (TF), in a Fluoroskan Ascent (Thermo Scientific). In a second set, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were cultured in a 96-well plate with or without peptide coating until confluence was reached. Then, thrombin generation was measured at the surface of the cells in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and in presence of 1 pM TF. To estimate cell viability, a tetrazolium (MTT, Sigma Aldrich) colorimetric assay was performed in parallel. Figure 1. Typical curve of thrombin generation in PRP in presence of 0.5 pM TF, in control wells or peptide-coated wells. n=6. Figure2. a) Typical curve of thrombin generation in PPP, in presence of 1 pM TF, at the surface of endothelial cells cultivated either in control wells or peptide-coated wells. b) MTT assay. n=3. Results and Discussion: Figure 1 presents the anti-platelet action of the peptide (thrombograms acquired in PRP, without endothelial cells). Thrombin generation is significantly reduced (-40%) in the peptide-coated wells, suggesting that the CD31-derived peptide is able to control the activation of the platelets coming into contact with the surface. In addition, thrombin generation at the surface of endothelial cells was reduced by 50% when the cells were cultured onto the peptide-coated wells (Figure 2a) as compared to unmodified wells. Since the number of endothelial cells in the two types of wells was not significantly different, as demonstrated by the MTT assay (Figure 2b), the peptide has most likely acted on the phenotype of the endothelial cells, promoting their anti-thrombotic phenotype. Conclusion: Our data show that coating surfaces with a CD31-agonist peptide results in a dual anti-thrombotic action: on the platelets coming into direct contact with the coated surface as well as on endothelial cells that shall grow on it. The CD31-derived peptide thus appears as a promising bioactive agent for biomaterial coating in applications such as vascular stents. References:[1] Cicmil, M., Thomas, J. M., Leduc, M., Bon, C., & Gibbins, J. M. (2002). Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 signaling inhibits the activation of human platelets. Blood, 99(1), 137-144.[2] Falati, S., Patil, S., Gross, P. L., Stapleton, M., Merrill-Skoloff, G., Barrett, N. E., ... & Gibbins, J. M. (2006). Platelet PECAM-1 inhibits thrombus formation in vivo. Blood, 107(2), 535-541.[3] Zhang, J. J., Kelm, R. J., Biswas, P., Kashgarian, M., & Madri, J. A. (2007). PECAM‐1 modulates thrombin‐induced tissue factor expression on endothelial cells. Journal of cellular physiology, 210(2), 527-537. Keywords: Biocompatibility, endothelialization, Bioactive molecule, bioactive interface Conference: 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada, 17 May - 22 May, 2016. Presentation Type: General Session Oral Topic: Biomaterials in thrombosis and hemostasis Citation: Rasser C, Chaubet F, Jobin C, Caligiuri G and Ollivier V (2016). Anti-thrombotic properties of a CD31-derived peptide coated on a surface. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress. doi: 10.3389/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.01713 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Mar 2016; Published Online: 30 Mar 2016. Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Charlotte Rasser Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Giuseppina Caligiuri Véronique Ollivier Google Charlotte Rasser Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Giuseppina Caligiuri Véronique Ollivier Google Scholar Charlotte Rasser Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Giuseppina Caligiuri Véronique Ollivier PubMed Charlotte Rasser Frédéric Chaubet Caroline Jobin Giuseppina Caligiuri Véronique Ollivier Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.